格子Boltzmann方法模拟自然对流作用下融化传热过程

建立自然对流作用下融化的格子Boltzmann双分布函数模型,根据非线性对流扩散方程的格子Boltzmann模型理论提出一个新的表征融化温度场的分布函数演化方程,并通过变松弛时间方法处理固液两相变热物性传热问题.应用模型对热传导融化及自然对流融化特别固液变热物的融化过程进行模拟.模拟结果与分析解、经典的关联式结果吻合较好,模型的正确性得到了验证.模拟结果表明,自然对流对融化传热过程有着重要的影响,此外固相热传导也对融化传热、融化速率及固液两相温度分布都有一定影响.     

Rarefied Flow Computations Using Nonlinear Model Boltzmann Equations

High resolution finite difference schemes for solving the nonlinear model Boltzmann equations are presented for the computations of rarefied gas flows. The discrete ordinate method is first applied to remove the velocity space dependency of the distribution function which renders the model Boltzmann equation in phase space to a set of hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms in physical space. Then a high order essentially nonoscillatory method due to Harten et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 71, 231, 1987) is adapted and extended to solve them. Explicit methods using operator splitting and implicit methods using the lower-upper factorization are described to treat multidimensional problems. The methods are tested for both steady and unsteady rarefied gas flows to illustrate its potential use. The computed results using model Boltzmann equations are found to compare well both with those using the direct simulation Monte Carlo results in the transitional regime flows and those with the continuum Navier-Stokes calculations in near continuum regime flows.     

Enhancement of the LABSWE for shallow water flows

In the lattice Boltzmann method for the shallow water equations (LABSWE), the force term involves the first order derivative related to a bed slope, which has to be determined using the centred scheme for an accurate solution. However, such calculation contradicts the spirit of only simple arithmetic calculations required in the lattice Boltzmann method. This paper shows how to remove this drawback from the LABSWE by incorporating the bed level into the lattice Boltzmann equation in a consistent manner with the lattice Boltzmann approach. Three numerical tests have been presented to verify the proposed method.     

Comparison between lattice Boltzmann method and Navier–Stokes high order schemes for computational aeroacoustics

Computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulation requires accurate schemes to capture the dynamics of acoustic fluctuations, which are weak compared with aerodynamic ones. In this paper, two kinds of schemes are studied and compared: the classical approach based on high order schemes for Navier–Stokes-like equations and the lattice Boltzmann method. The reference macroscopic equations are the 3D isothermal and compressible Navier–Stokes equations. A Von Neumann analysis of these linearized equations is carried out to obtain exact plane wave solutions. Three physical modes are recovered and the corresponding theoretical dispersion relations are obtained. Then the same analysis is made on the space and time discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations with the classical high order schemes to quantify the influence of both space and time discretization on the exact solutions. Different orders of discretization are considered, with and without a uniform mean flow. Three different lattice Boltzmann models are then presented and studied with the Von Neumann analysis. The theoretical dispersion relations of these models are obtained and the error terms of the model are identified and studied. It is shown that the dispersion error in the lattice Boltzmann models is only due to the space and time discretization and that the continuous discrete velocity Boltzmann equation yield the same exact dispersion as the Navier–Stokes equations. Finally, dispersion and dissipation errors of the different kind of schemes are quantitatively compared. It is found that the lattice Boltzmann method is less dissipative than high order schemes and less dispersive than a second order scheme in space with a 3-step Runge–Kutta scheme in time. The number of floating point operations at a given error level associated with these two kinds of schemes are then compared.     

Thermodynamic Foundations of Kinetic Theory and Lattice Boltzmann Models for Multiphase Flows

This paper demonstrates that thermodynamically consistent lattice Boltzmann models for single-component multiphase flows can be derived from a kinetic equation using both Enskog's theory for dense fluids and mean-field theory for long-range molecular interaction. The lattice Boltzmann models derived this way satisfy the correct mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. All the thermodynamic variables in these LBM models are consistent. The strengths and weaknesses of previous lattice Boltzmann multiphase models are analyzed.     

A multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method for high-speed compressible flows

This paper presents a coupling compressible model of the lattice Boltzmann method. In this model, the multiplerelaxation-time lattice Boltzmann scheme is used for the evolution of density distribution functions, whereas the modified single-relaxation-time(SRT) lattice Boltzmann scheme is applied for the evolution of potential energy distribution functions. The governing equations are discretized with the third-order Monotone Upwind Schemes for scalar conservation laws finite volume scheme. The choice of relaxation coefficients is discussed simply. Through the numerical simulations,it is found that compressible flows with strong shocks can be well simulated by present model. The numerical results agree well with the reference results and are better than that of the SRT version.     

Mass transport theory for the Toda lattices, dispersive and dissipative

To establish mass transport theory on nonlinear lattices, we formulate the Korteweg–deVries (KdV) equation and the Burgers equation using the flow variable representation so as to facilitate comparison with the Boltzmann equation and with the Cahn–Hilliard equation in classical statistical mechanics. We also study Toda lattice microdynamics using the Flaschka representation, and compare with the Liouville equation. Like the linear diffusion equation, the Boltzmann equation and the Liouville equation are to be solved for a distribution function, which is intrinsically probabilistic. Transport theory in linear systems is governed by the isotropic motions of the kinetic equations. In contrast, the KdV perturbation equation derived from the Toda lattice microdynamics expresses hydrodynamic mass transport. The KdV equation in hydrodynamics and the Burgers equation in thermodynamics do not involve a probability distribution function. The nonlinear lattices do not retain isotropy of the mass transport equations. In consequence, it is proposed that in the presence of hydrodynamic flows to the left, KdV wave propagation proceeds to the right. This basic property of the KdV system is extended to thermodynamics in the Burgers system. These features arise because linear systems are driven towards an equilibrium by molecular collisions, whereas the inhomogeneities of the nonlinear lattices are generated by the potential energy of interaction. Diffusion as expressed by the Burgers equation is governed not only by a chemical potential, but also by the Toda lattice potential energy.     

基于总能形式的耦合的双分布函数热晶格玻尔兹曼数值方法

双分布函数热晶格玻尔兹曼数值方法在微尺度热流动系统中得到广泛的应用. 本文基于晶格玻尔兹曼平衡分布函数低阶Hermite展开式, 创新性地提出了包含黏性热耗散和压缩功的耦合的双分布函数热晶格玻尔兹曼数值方法, 将能量场内温度的变化以动量源的形式引入晶格波尔兹曼动量演化方程, 实现了能量场与动量场之间的耦合. 研究了考虑黏性热耗散和压缩功的和不考虑的两种热自然对流模型, 重点分析了不同瑞利数和普朗特数下流场内的流动情况以及温度、速度和平均努赛尔数的变化趋势. 本文实验结果与文献结果一致, 验证了本文数值方法的可行性和准确性. 研究结果表明: 随着瑞利数和普朗特数的增大, 方腔内对流传热作用逐渐增强, 边界处形成明显的边界层; 考虑黏性热耗散和压缩功的模型对流作用相对增强, 黏性热耗散和压缩功对自然对流的影响在微尺度流动过程中不能忽略.     

Modeling electrokinetic flows in microchannels using coupled lattice Boltzmann methods

We present a numerical framework to solve the dynamic model for electrokinetic flows in microchannels using coupled lattice Boltzmann methods. The governing equation for each transport process is solved by a lattice Boltzmann model and the entire process is simulated through an iteration procedure. After validation, the present method is used to study the applicability of the Poisson–Boltzmann model for electrokinetic flows in microchannels. Our results show that for homogeneously charged long channels, the Poisson–Boltzmann model is applicable for a wide range of electric double layer thickness. For the electric potential distribution, the Poisson–Boltzmann model can provide good predictions until the electric double layers fully overlap, meaning that the thickness of the double layer equals the channel width. For the electroosmotic velocity, the Poisson–Boltzmann model is valid even when the thickness of the double layer is 10 times of the channel width. For heterogeneously charged microchannels, a higher zeta potential and an enhanced velocity field may cause the Poisson–Boltzmann model to fail to provide accurate predictions. The ionic diffusion coefficients have little effect on the steady flows for either homogeneously or heterogeneously charged channels. However the ionic valence of solvent has remarkable influences on both the electric potential distribution and the flow velocity even in homogeneously charged microchannels. Both theoretical analyses and numerical results indicate that the valence and the concentration of the counter-ions dominate the Debye length, the electrical potential distribution, and the ions transport. The present results may improve the understanding of the electrokinetic transport characteristics in microchannels.     

A momentum exchange-based immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method for simulating incompressible viscous flows

A momentum exchange-based immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method is presented in this Letter for simulating incompressible viscous flows. This method combines the good features of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the immersed boundary method (IBM) by using two unrelated computational meshes, an Eulerian mesh for the flow domain and a Lagrangian mesh for the solid boundaries in the flow. In this method, the non-slip boundary condition is enforced by introducing a forcing term into the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). Unlike the conventional IBM using the penalty method with a user-defined parameter or the direct forcing scheme based on the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the forcing term is simply calculated by the momentum exchange of the boundary particle density distribution functions, which are interpolated by the Lagrangian polynomials from the underlying Eulerian mesh. Numerical examples show that the present method can provide very accurate numerical results.     

应用格子Boltzmann模型模拟一类二维偏微分方程

针对一类含源的二维非线性偏微分方程, 通过Chapman-Enskog展开技术和多尺度分析提出了带修正项的简单格子Boltzmann模型. 用模型模拟了几类二维偏微分方程, 数值模拟结果与精确解相符合. 成功将格子Boltzmann方法应用到二维偏微分方程的数值求解中. 关键词： 二维非线性偏微分方程 格子Boltzmann模型 Chapman-Enskog多尺度展开     

Analytical solution of axi-symmetrical lattice Boltzmann model for cylindrical Couette flows

Analytical solution for the axi-symmetrical lattice Boltzmann model is obtained for the low-Mach number cylindrical Couette flows. In the hydrodynamic limit, the present solution is in excellent agreement with the result of the Navier–Stokes equation. Since the kinetic boundary condition is used, the present analytical solution using nine discrete velocities can describe flows with the Knudsen number up to 0.1. Meanwhile, the comparison with the simulation data obtained by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method shows that higher-order lattice Boltzmann models with more discrete velocities are needed for highly rarefied flows.     

Development of Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver for Simulation of Incompressible Flows

A lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS) is presented in this work for simulation of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows. The new solver is based on Chapman-Enskog expansion analysis, which is the bridge to link Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations and lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). The macroscopic differential equations are discretized by the finite volume method, where the flux at the cell interface is evaluated by local reconstruction of lattice Boltzmann solution from macroscopic flow variables at cell centers. The new solver removes the drawbacks of conventional lattice Boltzmann method such as limitation to uniform mesh, tie-up of mesh spacing and time interval, limitation to viscous flows. LBFS is validated by its application to simulate the viscous decaying vortex flow, the driven cavity flow, the viscous flow past a circular cylinder, and the inviscid flow past a circular cylinder. The obtained numerical results compare very well with available data in the literature, which show that LBFS has the second order of accuracy in space, and can be well applied to viscous and inviscid flow problems with non-uniform mesh and curved boundary.     

A improved incompressible lattice Boltzmann model for time-independent flows

It is well known that the lattice Boltzmann equation method (LBE) can model the incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) equations in the limit where density goes to a constant. In a LBE simulation, however, the density cannot be constant because pressure is equal to density times the square of sound speed, hence a compressibility error seems inevitable for the LBE to model incompressible flows. This work uses a modified equilibrium distribution and a modified velocity to construct an LBE which models time-independent (steady) incompressible flows with significantly reduced compressibility error. Computational results in 2D cavity flow and in a 2D flow with an exact solution are reported.     

Consistent lattice Boltzmann method

Lack of energy conservation in lattice Boltzmann models leads to unrealistically high values of the bulk viscosity. For this reason, the lattice Boltzmann method remains a computational tool rather than a model of a fluid. A novel lattice Boltzmann model with energy conservation is derived from Boltzmann's kinetic theory. Simulations demonstrate that the new lattice Boltzmann model is the valid approximation of the Boltzmann equation for weakly compressible flows and microflows.     

用格子Boltzmann模型模拟可压缩完全气体流动

采用一种新的格子Boltzmann模型模拟超音速流动。在这种模型中,粒子的速度不受限制,可以取得很广。而平衡分布函数的支集却相对集中,使模型得以简化。粒子速度的这种自适应特性允许流体以较高的马赫数流动。通过引入粒子的势能使得该模型适用于具有任意比热比的完全气体。利用Chapman-Enskog方法,从BGK型Boltzmann方程推导出Navier-Stokes方程。在六边形网格上模拟了马赫数为3的前台阶绕流,得到了合理的结果。     

Kinetic theory based lattice Boltzmann equation with viscous dissipation and pressure work for axisymmetric thermal flows

A lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) for axisymmetric thermal flows is proposed. The model is derived from the kinetic theory which exhibits several features that distinguish it from other previous LBE models. First, the present thermal LBE model is derived from the continuous Boltzmann equation, which has a solid foundation and clear physical significance; Second, the model can recover the energy equation with the viscous dissipation term and work of pressure which are usually ignored by traditional methods and the existing thermal LBE models; Finally, unlike the existing thermal LBE models, no velocity and temperature gradients appear in the force terms which are easy to realize in the present model. The model is validated by thermal flow in a pipe, thermal buoyancy-driven flow, and swirling flow in vertical cylinder by rotating the top and bottom walls. It is found that the numerical results agreed excellently with analytical solution or other numerical results.     

An immersed boundary-thermal lattice Boltzmann method using an equilibrium internal energy density approach for the simulation of flows with heat transfer

In present paper, a novel immersed boundary-thermal lattice Boltzmann method by the name of “an equilibrium internal energy density approach” is proposed to simulate the flows around bluff bodies with the heat transfer. The main idea is to combine the immersed boundary method (IBM) with the thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) based on the double population approach. The equilibrium internal energy density approach based on the equilibrium velocity approach [X. Shan, H. Chen, Lattice Boltzmann model for simulating flows with multiple phases and components, Phys. Rev. E 47 (1993) 1815] is used to combine IBM with TLBM. The idea of the equilibrium internal energy density approach is that the satisfaction of the energy balance between heat source on the immersed boundary point and the amount of change of the internal energy density according to time ensures the temperature boundary condition on the immersed boundary. The advantages of this approach are the simple concept, easy implementation and the utilization of original governing equation without modification. The simulation of natural convection in a square cavity with various body shapes for different Rayleigh numbers has been conducted to validate the capability and the accuracy of present method on solving heat transfer problems. Consequently, the present results are found to be in good agreement with those of previous studies.     

Highly Efficient Lattice Boltzmann Model for Compressible Fluids:Two-Dimensional Case

We present a highly efficient lattice Boltzmann model for simulatingcompressible flows. This model is based on the combination of an appropriatefinite difference scheme, a 16-discrete-velocity model [Kataoka andTsutahara, Phys. Rev. E 69 (2004) 035701(R)] and reasonable dispersion anddissipation terms. The dispersion term effectively reduces the oscillationat the discontinuity and enhances numerical precision. The dissipation termmakes the new model more easily meet with the von Neumann stabilitycondition. This model works for both high-speed and low-speed flows witharbitrary specific-heat-ratio. With the new model simulation results for thewell-known benchmark problems get a high accuracy compared with the analytic or experimental ones. The used benchmark tests include (i) Shock tubes such as the Sod, Lax, Sjogreen, Colella explosion wave, and collision of two strong shocks, (ii) Regular and Mach shock reflections, and (iii) Shock wave reaction on cylindrical bubble problems. With a more realistic equation ofstate or free-energy functional, the new model has the potential tostudythe complex procedure of shock wave reaction on porous materials.     

Lattice Boltzmann computational fluid dynamics in three dimensions

The recent development of the lattice gas method and its extension to the lattice Boltzmann method have provided new computational schemes for fluid dynamics. Both methods are fully paralleled and can easily model many different physical problems, including flows with complicated boundary conditions. In this paper, basic principles of a lattice Boltzmann computational method are described and applied to several three-dimensional benchmark problems. In most previous lattice gas and lattice Boltzmann methods, a face-centered-hyper-cubic lattice in four-dimensional space was used to obtain an isotropic stress tensor. To conserve computer memory, we develop a model which requires 14 moving directions instead of the usual 24 directions. Lattice Boltzmann models, describing two-phase fluid flows and magnetohydrodynamics, can be developed based on this simpler 14-directional lattice. Comparisons between three-dimensional spectral code results and results using our method are given for simple periodic geometries. An important property of the lattice Boltzmann method is that simulations for flow in simple and complex geometries have the same speed and efficiency, while all other methods, including the spectral method, are unable to model complicated geometries efficiently.