一种四元超短基线阵实现高精度定位

由于超短基线自身尺寸较小,随着作用距离增加,其定位误差增大。对此,本文在阵元数较小的情况下,通过优化阵型形成间距不等的四元阵来提高系统定位精度。该阵型既减少了已有八元阵的冗余阵元,也不需要发射端发送跳频信号。本文给出了新阵型的相位补偿公式以及所适用频带的理论分析。理论分析和数值仿真表明:本文所述新阵型与已有的八元阵定位精度相当。可为改善超短基线定位精度提供一些参考。     

不等间距排列的球面高强度聚焦超声相控阵列

讨论了一种新型的不等间距排列的球面高强度聚焦超声相控阵列,通过阵元间的不等间距排列明显的降低了栅瓣,使在陈元间距在 ４λ的情况下,栅瓣低于－２０ ｄＢ．通过优化设计发现在 ０．５ ＭＨｚ的发射频率时,采用 ２３１个直径为 １０ ｍｍ的圆形阵元组成的球面阵列可以在轴向 １０～ １５ ｃｍ,径向半径 ２ ｃｍ的圆柱区域形成声强 ８００ Ｗ／ｃｍ２的高强度聚焦。同时还可形成多焦点,实现大肿瘤的超声热疗。     

基于爬坡算法的片上低栅瓣二维光学相控阵

通过两级定向耦合器结构实现了光学相控阵天线阵列的二维排布,并设计了特殊C形弯曲波导进行热调作为阵元的相位控制器.提出一种针对阵元数量不高的稀布片上光学相控阵远场高阶干涉栅瓣的压缩方法.将均匀的阵元间距通过爬坡算法优化成非均匀间距,以破坏栅瓣产生所需的干涉相长条件,实现对栅瓣的压缩作用.在1 310nm波长,通过时域有限差分法对基于微型光栅耦合器天线的稀布阵列进行计算分析,结果表明优化的阵元间距能实现-6~-7dB的栅瓣抑制比.     

一种稳健的柔性阵波束形成方法

由于航向、航速的改变以及水流、风浪等因素的影响,柔性线列阵在实际应用过程中阵型畸变是不可避免的。一方面,这种畸变使得许多假设阵型无畸变的波束形成方法的性能受到严重的影响;另一方面,目前很多的阵型估计方法仍不是很成熟,很难准确估计阵元的实际位置。本文提出将柔性阵列分为一段阵元位置已知的子阵和若干段阵元未知的子阵,利用不同子阵接收信号的互相关即可获得所需要的波束形成加权系数,从而在不需要知道阵元确切位置信息的情况下实现目标方法的估计。     

强干扰下空间抗混叠宽带波达方位估计

提出了基于改进频率差分(FD)技术的空间抗混叠波达方位(DOA)估计方法,实现了阵元稀疏排布,即在阵元间距远大于入射信号波长时,存在栅瓣模糊情况下多水下声学目标的方位估计。首先,确定目标方位角度搜索范围,建立阵列信号处理模型,对宽带信号不同频率成分之间进行频率差分处理,从而降低信号频率以满足阵元稀疏排布阵列的空间奈奎斯特采样要求。然后,基于投影子空间正交性检验(TOPS)算法构建一个对角变换矩阵,利用对角酉变换矩阵正交性直接对阵列流形进行频率差分处理,使其频率差分处理输出的信号个数与输入信号个数相等。最后,进一步推导频率差分域等效目标方位与真实入射信号角度等价的条件,并基于该等价条件进行频率筛选,最终获得无模糊的空间方位谱结果。经仿真实验验证,所提算法在信噪比为-10～20 dB范围内,估计结果均方根误差低于0.1°,有效抑制了栅瓣且受干扰强度影响较小。经海试数据验证,所提算法可以有效估计出目标方位,并避免空间混叠项干扰。所提空间抗混叠波达方位估计方法能够有效抑制栅瓣模糊,提高目标方位估计精度,且在强干扰条件下仍具有较好的角度估计性能。     

微纳相控线阵超声换能器参数的理论分析*

微纳相控线阵超声换能器参数(阵元数目、阵元宽度及阵元间距)直接影响其横向声场分布,而其横向声场分布是能否实现高成像分辨率、大探测深度的决定性因素,也是制备换能器的主要依据。该文利用数值模拟研究微纳相控线阵超声换能器阵元参数对其横向声场中主瓣强度、-3 dB主瓣宽度、第一级旁瓣及栅瓣的影响。结果表明,主瓣强度随着阵元数目增加而增大,随阵元间距减小而增大,随着阵元宽度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势;-3 dB主瓣宽度随着阵元数目和阵元间距的增大而减小,随着阵元宽度的减小而减小;此外,减小阵元数目、减小阵元间距或增大阵元宽度均可以抑制旁瓣;栅瓣在阵元间距满足一定条件时可以完全消除。通过这些研究为微纳相控线阵超声换能器的优化设计与制备提供理论参考。     

无源声呐稀疏阵无栅瓣性能分析

计算机模拟、实际声呐信号和理论分析证明了在无源声呐中只要信号带宽足够宽(带宽大于1个倍频程),无源声呐中用稀疏阵,即基元间距大于信号波长的基阵,波束图中不会出现栅瓣特性。白化目标信号可满足尽量宽的信号带宽,有利于无栅瓣波束的设计。结论是只要保证足够宽的信号带宽,无源声呐工作频段中最高频率的波长可小于基阵中阵元间隔而可使阵波束特性不出现栅瓣。     

非均匀钹式换能器平面阵指向性特性研究

针对钹式基阵工作频率低、布阵紧凑导致阵元之间互干扰严重、指向性能退化的现象,本文在均匀平面基阵的基础上提出强度可调节的非均匀平面基阵,建立了基阵指向性能的数学模型,通过数值计算的方法分析阵元间距和中心阵元声强度变化对基阵指向性能的影响。研究给出了主瓣宽度、旁瓣个数、栅瓣个数随阵元间距的变化规律,总结了在各种工作频率下,基阵可用的最大阵元间距。研究结果表明:中心阵元强度增大时,基阵的总体指向性稍有降低。所以当通过调整阵元间距和强度来优化基阵指向性能时,应综合考虑它们对基阵其它性能的影响,以获得最佳的总体性能。     

密集阵高功率微波空间功率合成

对基于矩形阵列的高功率微波二维密集阵阵列合成进行了研究。仿真分析了均匀矩形栅格阵列的远场方向图,结果表明采用密集阵可以实现高效的、具有确定主波束的空间功率合成。并分析了阵元间距及阵元初相位对阵列空间功率合成的影响,结果表明:阵元间距越小,栅瓣越少,主波束宽度越宽,具有确定主波束的临界距离越小;当目标高度超过阵临界距离时,阵元初相位相差越小合成效率越高,阵列初相位分布范围超过/2时,阵列得不到确定的主波束,进行阵列设计时应充分考虑阵元间距及初相位对阵列合成的影响。     

前视声呐圆弧接收阵列结构优化设计

针对前视声呐线阵波束形成各向同性较差及半圆阵有效孔径受限的问题,提出了一种优化的圆弧接收阵列结构设计方法。根据不同的成像开角,设计圆弧接收阵圆心角使全部阵元参与所有来波方向的波束形成。建立圆弧接收阵的远近场聚焦模型,并推导圆弧接收阵的指向性函数,根据边界波束栅瓣阈值条件计算具有最佳波束性能的圆弧接收阵半径。对圆弧阵、线阵及半圆阵在不同扇区开角下的波束性能及扫查开角120°、纵深100 m的仿真图像对比表明,在成像开角为90°到130°时,圆弧接收阵主瓣性能提升了8%,边界波束栅瓣级优化了4%,交叉向分辨深度相对线阵与半圆阵分别增加了20 m和45 m,同时参数存储量仅为线阵的2.7%。该阵列兼具有效孔径大、波束各向同性的优点,能有效提高前视声呐系统探测性能,并降低算法实现难度。      

Ultra-fast speed, low grating lobe optical beam steering using unequally spaced phased array technique

In this paper, we present a low grating lobe optical beam steering technique using an unequally spaced phased array, in which the required spacings among the phase elements are quantitatively analyzed so that the grating lobe can be minimized by destructive interference. A large grating lobe is one of the major drawbacks of optical phased array technology because it limits the light efficiency and the quality of the light beam. Thus, the low grating lobe technique presented in this paper could substantially improve the light efficiency and the quality of light beam, and could potentially be used in a variety of applications such as fast speed ladar beam steering, large size high resolution displays, and wide bandwidth free space optics communications.     

Caller sex and orientation influence spectral characteristics of "two-voice" stereotyped calls produced by free-ranging killer whales

This study investigates how particular received spectral characteristics of stereotyped calls of sexually dimorphic adult killer whales may be influenced by caller sex, orientation, and range. Calls were ascribed to individuals during natural behavior using a towed beamforming array. The fundamental frequency of both high-frequency and low-frequency components did not differ consistently by sex. The ratio of peak energy within the fundamental of the high-frequency component relative to summed peak energy in the first two low-frequency component harmonics, and the number of modulation bands off the high-frequency component, were significantly greater when whales were oriented towards the array, while range and adult sex had little effect. In contrast, the ratio of peak energy in the first versus second harmonics of the low-frequency component was greater in calls produced by adult females than adult males, while orientation and range had little effect. The dispersion of energy across harmonics has been shown to relate to body size or sex in terrestrial species, but pressure effects during diving are thought to make such a signal unreliable in diving animals. The observed spectral differences by signaler sex and orientation suggest that these types of information may be transmitted acoustically by freely diving killer whales.     

基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术

大孔径拖曳线列阵受舰艇横向机动、洋流影响和水动力影响时会产生一定的阵形畸变,阵形畸变使得波束形成时阵列流型失配,进而降低了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。在无法进行阵形估计时,基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术将大孔径拖曳线阵分为左右两个子阵分别做波束形成,通过加权广义相关时延估计算法估算对应波束的时延差,再依据估算时延差对左右两个波束进行延时求和得到最终的波束信号。仿真和海试数据证明,相对于全阵直接做波束形成的方法,基于时延估计的分裂阵的时域波束形成技术有效提高了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。     

Beam pattern of sparse array for passive sonar

This work aims at sparse array without grating lobe for passive sonar, in order to increase frequency band of the passive sonar and reduce the cost. According to traditional method, the distance between two contiguous sensors in sonar array should be less than the wavelength of highest frequency of the signal; otherwise the grating lobe appears on beam pattern. The paper realizes that the conclusion of the grating lobe emergence it is not fit to the passive sonar due to the sine wave signal model in traditional method, in fact the input of passive sonar is random signal. Prom three aspect of the computer simulation, real passive sonar signal and theory analysis, it is revealed that the grating lobe does not appear on beam pattern when the distance between two contiguous sensors in passive sonar array is longer than wavelength of highest frequency. Whitening of the radiated noise can widen the frequency band, to ensure the beam pattern without the grating lobe. The conclusion of the paper is: if the band of radiated noise is wide enough (broader than 1 octave), that the wavelength of signal can be shorter than the distance between two contiguous sensors in passive sonar without grating lobe.     

Nonlinear propagation acoustics of dual-frequency wide-band excitation pulses in a focused ultrasound system

In this article, acoustic propagation effects of dual-frequency wide-band excitation pulses in a focused ultrasound system are demonstrated in vitro. A designed and manufactured dual-frequency band annular array capable of transmitting 0.9/7.5 MHz center frequency wide-band pulses was used for this purpose. The dual-frequency band annular array, has been designed using a bi-layer piezo-electric stack. Water tank measurements demonstrate the function of the array by activating the low- and high-frequency layers individually and simultaneously. The results show that the array works as intended. Activating the low- and high-frequency layers individually, results in less than -50 dB signal level from the high- and low-frequency layers respectively. Activating both layers simultaneously, produce a well defined dual-frequency pulse. The presence of the low-frequency pulse leads to compression, expansion, and a time delay of the high-frequency pulse. There is a phase shift between the low- and high-frequency pulse as it propagates from the array to the focus. This makes the latter described effects also dependent on the array configuration. By varying the low-frequency pressure, a shift of up to 0.5 MHz in center frequency of a 8.0 MHz transmitted high-frequency pulse is observed at the array focus. The results demonstrate the high propagation complexity of dual-frequency pulses.     

基于宽带分裂阵列的水下远程被动多目标检测与定向

为获取更高的水下远程多目标检测和定向性能,基于工程中广泛应用的最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)波束形成算法,设计了大间隔分裂线列阵,通过扩大阵列有效孔径改善了空间谱峰锐度。同时提出非相干宽带预处理方法,利用MVDR在多频子带下波束宽度和间隔的非一致性来抵消由于稀布阵元造成的栅瓣效应。最终实现大间隔分裂阵和宽带非相干波束形成的互补。仿真和湖上试验结果表明,与采用宽带MVDR的均匀线列阵和采用互相关法的大间隔分裂阵相比较,所提方法能显著提高对水下远程目标的检测和分辨性能。      

不等间距非直线三元阵在水声平面声源被动定位中的应用

根据实际实验环境和布放需求,在对称直线阵被动定位基本理论基础上,推导了不等间距非直线三元阵进行水声被动定位的精确显式公式,将非直线阵形误差角用于修正测距、测向过程,并采用平均法和卡尔曼滤波法对实测数据的中间处理结果和最终结果进行后置处理。海上试验结果验证了算法的正确性,在近距离有效范围内取得较为满意的目标定位结果。     

提高成像分辨率的远场多孔声全息方法

针对远场声全息成像分辨率较差的问题,提出多孔声全息方法。利用多个小型传声器阵列进行优化布置,可以有效地提高分辨率,达到等效大阵列的声场可视化效果。首先推导了空间多孔加窗对远场Kirchhoff衍射积分声全息带来的干涉叠加效应;然后对主瓣宽度和旁瓣高度进行了定量计算,阐述了多孔优化布置方法,实现了旁瓣抑制条件下的分辨率最优;最后利用双音箱实验,验证了多孔声全息的可行性和理论分辨率,证明了多孔声全息方法的有效性。研究表明,多孔声全息的干涉叠加方法可以有效提高远场测量的重建分辨率,多孔声全息的优化设计方法可以实现旁瓣抑制条件下的分辨率最优。      

The possibility of using the equivalent plane wave model to increase the efficiency of taking bearings of low-frequency signals in shallow water

The possibility of approximating the sound field in the region of interference maxima using the equivalent plane wave model with the actual amplitude and the average ??effective?? phase velocity calculated or measured by the phase gradient at the array aperture is discussed. The method is substantiated by studying the mode, interference, and phase structures of the low-frequency sound field along with the spatial responses of an extended linear array. For bottom-moored or towed geophysical arrays whose sizes are large compared to the wavelength, both the necessity and the possibility of reducing the error in taking the bearing of a sound source in a waveguide are justified. The use of the proposed model is recommended for approximate matching of the array to the transfer function of the waveguide to reduce the bearing error.