适用于星敏感器的导航星表构造算法研究

导航星表的性能对于星敏感器姿态测量的实时性及精度至关重要。为了克服星等过滤算法的缺点,将支持向量机应用于导航星表的构造算法中。将基本星表中的恒星视为待分类的数据点,选取抽样视场中最亮的k颗星作为导航星,而非导航星的数量由抽样视场中恒星的密度决定。为了获得具有最大推广能力的抽样数据,采用了一种球面螺旋形算法生成抽样视场视轴指向,使用抽样数据构建最优导航星分类器,应用最优导航星分类器对基本星表中每一颗恒星进行分类判决。仿真结果表明,在满足8°×8°视场中至少出现3颗导航星的条件下,该算法生成的导航星表导航星总数约为星等过滤算法的33%,比传统支持向量机算法减少了7.8%,其标准差仅为星等过滤算法的21%,这表明本算法在导航星表容量及导航星分布均匀性方面大大优于星等过滤算法和传统支持向量机算法。     

Quasi-confocal fluorescence sectioning with dynamic speckle illumination

We present a simple modification to a conventional wide-field fluorescence microscope that provides depth discrimination in thick tissues. The technique consists of illuminating a sample with a sequence of independent speckle patterns and displaying the rms of the resultant sequence of fluorescence images. The advantage of speckle illumination is that it provides diffraction-limited illumination granularity that is highly contrasted even in scattering media. We demonstrate quasi-confocal imaging in a mouse olfactory bulb labeled with green fluorescent protein.     

Quantitative Effect of Reducing Body Thickness on Visualizing Murine Deep Abdominal Lymph Nodes by In Vivo Fluorescence Reflectance Imaging

Scattering and absorption in the tissues are major problems for in vivo imaging based on a fluorescence reflectance imaging technique. We evaluated the quantitative relationship between body thickness and fluorescent signals from a deep abdominal source in intact mice. Mice were injected with quantum dots (peak emission, 800 nm) into the right rear footpad, and fluorescent signals from the iliac lymph node located deeply in the abdomen were assessed by fluorescence reflectance imaging. Stepwise compression of the mouse abdomen to reduce the body thickness was attained using a homemade simple device. The iliac node signals were weak and diffuse without compression but became stronger and more localized with decreasing body thickness. Using excitation light of approximately 710 nm wavelength, the lymph node/background contrast increased about 16 times with a 4 mm reduction in body thickness. Contrast enhancement was more evident using shorter wavelength excitation light. Overlying tissues profoundly affect signals from a deep source in fluorescence reflectance imaging. Our simple compression method may contribute to quantitatively assessing deep fluorescent sources.     

星体跟踪星图识别算法

针对天文/惯性组合导航中对星敏感器快速姿态测量的要求,提出了一种基于星体跟踪的星图识别算法应用于星敏感器姿态测量。建立了基于星区的导航星库便于快速搜索导航星。实验结果表明,该算法比传统星图识别算法有着明显的优点,识别速度快,识别成功率高。     

一种改进的全天自主三角形星图识别算法

三角形算法是一种当前使用最为广泛的星图识别算法 ,但作为其识别基元的三角形的特征维数比较低 ,容易出现冗余匹配或误匹配 ,因而对测量误差比较敏感。针对这一缺点 ,从导航星的选取、星座数据库的构造和算法的实现三方面着手对传统三角形算法进行改进 ,提出了新的导航星自动选取方法和导航星座数据库构造方法 ,并在此基础上实现了改进三角形算法 ,其数据库容量和实时性都略优于传统三角形算法 ,且识别成功率接近多边形算法     

Refocusing and locating effect of fluorescence scattering field

Optical imaging deep inside scattering medium has always been one of the challenges in the field of bioimaging, which significantly drawbacks the employment of con-focal microscopy system. Although a variety of feedback techniques, such as acoustic or nonlinear fluorescence-based schemes have realized the refocusing of the coherent light, the problems of non-invasively refocusing and locating of linearly-excited fluorescent beads inside the scattering medium have not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we linearly excited the fluorescent beads inside a scattering medium by using our homemade optical con-focal system, collected the fluorescence scattering light as the optimized target, and established a theoretical model of target contrast enhancement, which is consistent with the experimental data. By improving both the cost function and variation rate within the genetic algorithm, we could refocus the fluorescence scattering field while improving the contrast enhancement factor to 12.8 dB. Then, the positions of the fluorescent beads are reconstructed by sub-pixel accuracy centroid localization algorithm, and the corresponding error is no more than 4.2 μ with several fluorescent beads within the field of view. Finally, the main factors such as the number of fluorescent beads, the thickness of the scattering medium, the modulating parameter, the experimental noise and the system long-term stability are analyzed and discussed in detail. This study proves the feasibility of reconstructing fluorescent labeled cells inside biological tissues, which provides certain reference value for deep imaging of biological tissues.     

重复高压脉冲产生与成形一体化装置研制

介绍了脉冲变压器与分布参量形成线相结合的高功率脉冲产生与成形一体技术,简要阐述了采用该技术的高压脉冲发生器的基本设计思想。研制的脉冲变压器与形成线一体化装置利用变压器的同轴开环铁芯来充当分布电参量脉冲形成线的内外导体,将脉冲功率源中最重要的两个独立部件有机结合起来,实现了结构的紧凑性。高压脉冲发生器在重复频率100 Hz、变压器工作电压1.65 MV时能够稳定运行,输出脉冲电压760 kV,峰值功率23 GW,脉冲宽度大于40 ns。     

Differential focal anisoplanatism in laser guide star wavefront sensing on extremely large telescopes

Laser guide stars (LGSs) aim at increasing the sky coverage of adaptive optics (AO) as this is highly restricted when using only natural guide stars. With such three-dimensional extended objects, spot elongation may limit the measurement accuracy of wavefronts. We evaluate the effect of differential focal anisoplanatism, induced solely by the longitudinal extension of a side-launched LGS, on the slope measurements performed by a Shack-Hartmann for a 40?m class telescope. We also take this effect into account in the wavefront reconstruction and derive estimations of the resulting wavefront error in a multi-LGS AO system. We find an error of 100?nm in the worst case at the subaperture level and a small error of the order of 10?nm for six LGSs after wavefront reconstruction.     

Metabolism-enhanced tumor localization by fluorescence imaging: in vivo animal studies

We present a high-sensitivity near-infrared optical imaging system for noninvasive cancer detection and localization based on molecularly labeled fluorescent contrast agents. This frequency-domain system utilizes the interferencelike pattern of diffuse photon density waves to achieve high detection sensitivity and localization accuracy for the fluorescent heterogeneity embedded inside the scattering media. A two-dimensional localization map is obtained through reflectance probe geometry and goniometric reconstruction. In vivo measurements with a tumor-bearing mouse model by use of the novel Cypate-mono-2-deoxy-glucose fluorescent contrast agent, which targets the enhanced tumor glycolysis, demonstrate the feasibility of detection of a 2-cm-deep subsurface tumor in the tissuelike medium, with a localization accuracy within 2-3 mm.     

Efficient phase estimation for large-field-of-view adaptive optics

We propose a maximum a posteriori-based estimation of the turbulent phase in a large field of view (FOV) to overcome the anisoplanatism limitation in adaptive optics. We show that, whatever the true atmospheric profile, a small number of equivalent layers (two or three) is required for accurate restoration of the phase in the whole FOV. The implications for multiconjugate adaptive optics are discussed in terms of the number and conjugated heights of the deformable mirrors. The number of guide stars required for wave-front measurements in the field is also discussed: three (or even two) guide stars are sufficient to produce good performance.     

Two-color, double-slit in vivo flow cytometer

The in vivo flow cytometer enables the real-time detection and quantification of fluorescent cells circulating within a live animal without the need for incisions or extraction of blood. It has been used in demonstrating flow velocity disparities in biological flows, and in the investigation of the circulation kinetics of various types of cells. However, a shortcoming of this in vivo flow cytometer is that it provides only one excitation slit at one wavelength, resulting in several performance limitations. Therefore, a second in vivo flow cytometer that provides two different laser wavelengths, 473 and 633 nm, and one or two excitation slits has been designed and built. Thus far, the two-color system has been used to acquire circulation kinetics data of two different cell populations each labeled with a different marker, one cell population labeled with two different markers, and one cell population expressing the green-fluorescent protein gene. In addition, accurate arterial red blood cell velocities within a mouse have been determined using the cytometer.     

SOFM星三角聚类的星图识别算法

介绍了一种利用SOFM(自组织特征映射)网络的聚类功能进行全天星图识别的算法。应用C 软件编程，对全天导航星星表的星信息进行了星三角采样、分类，指出SOFM网络可以很好地提取、反映星表中的复杂信息。从实际观测星图的识别结果可以看出该算法能在中型以上视场的星图识别中发挥很好的作用，虽然识别时间比三角形算法长了些，但其抗噪能力远超过任何其他方法。     

Impact of telescope seeing on laser adaptive optics

Atmospheric turbulence in the internal light path of a telescope produces noncommon path phase differences that degrade the image quality of adaptive-optics systems employing laser guide stars. The spatial covariance and rms wavefront errors produced by this effect are derived. It is found that the tilt-removed wavefront error ranges from about 12 nm for a representative 30 m telescope to 59 nm for a 100 m telescope of similar optical design. For adaptive-optics systems that aim to derive tip-tilt information from the laser guide stars the error is considerably larger, ranging from 22 nm for the 30 m telescope to 256 nm for the 100 m telescope. This effect can be a significant impediment to the performance of such systems.     

16 mv精细导星星库构建与评价

精细导星星库是空间大口径望远镜开展导星过程的必要组成部分,是用来确定空间望远镜视轴绝对指向的关键依据。基础星表的挑选、导星星库的容量、划分方式和天区搜索速度对于实现精细导星功能和性能指标都极为重要。在视场约为0.08 deg2精度要求高的条件下,选用UCAC4星表作为基础星表,提出混合分区星等过滤算法进行导星筛选,为了实现星表的快速搜索,对导星星表的存取方式进行了详细分析,构建了一个由约400万颗10 mv~16 mv导星组成的精细导星星库,并进行星库均匀性和搜索速度分析。仿真结果表明,基于UCAC4星表构建的16 mv精细导星星库全局均匀性达到0.44,导星搜索时间0.05 s,视场中星数适中,能被高效识别的概率达到75.51%,可作为精细导星星图识别的基准,支撑未来大口径空间望远镜的观测。     

基于波长330nm激光激发多色激光导星回波光子数的数值计算与探讨

采用无模激光器发射波长为330 nm的激光激发多色激光导星,需要考虑脉冲激光重频率、激光带宽、激光初始光斑直径以及大气透过率对回波光子数的影响.通过数值模拟,计算了高斯光束的脉冲激光和连续激光激发多色激光导星在实际大气中后向辐射330 nm和2207 nm波长的回波光子数.数值计算结果表明,在垂直发射和接收的情况下,当到达大气中间层的激光能量为1 W时,连续激光能够获得更多的回波光子数,并且回波光子数几乎无起伏.对于脉冲激光,提高脉冲激光重频率达到50 kHz以上时,多色激光导星330 nm的回波光子数随脉冲重频率的增加趋于有限值;当大气能见度小于5 km且大气相干长度为12.8 cm时,大约需要34 W以上的激光发射能量,才能获得满足使用自然星全倾斜探测的330 nm回波光子数.对于连续激光,相同情况下,大约需要20 W以上的激光发射能量.     

鉴别直肠组织癌变的环丙沙星铽络合物荧光染色新方法

用具有较强荧光性能的环丙沙星铽配合物对多例直肠正常和直肠癌组织切片进行了染色研究,并与传统的HE染色结果进行了对比。结果表明用环丙沙星铽配合物染色后的效果与HE染色具有相同的图像和光学反差。并同时通过测定直肠正常和直肠癌组织的荧光光谱和红外光谱得到的组织病变判据,其结论与染色结果相一致。     

高精度星模拟器目标标准源设计

为满足高精度光学导航敏感器地面标定要求,针对传统标定用目标标准源技术特点,给出了一种基于有机电致发光器件(OLED)光源与光纤光导技术相结合的高精度目标标准源设计方法。分析设计方案并给出了目标标准源的整体结构;同时为提高OLED与光纤耦合效率,详细设计了标准目标源的光纤光源耦合机构以及光纤入/出射板的结构;为满足5～10等星的精确控制,对光耦合机构的自聚焦透镜和星等输出模拟系统中的滤光片进行了详细设计,并对自聚焦透镜进行了参数优化。对目标标准源的主要参数星等和星点间距精度进行的理论分析和实际测试表明所设计目标标准源达到了高精度星敏感器标定需要。     

基于Log-Polar变换的星图识别方法

基于Log-Polar变换提取特征模式,并将特征模式进行字符串编码,在KMP算法的基础上给出一种适合于星图识别的字符串匹配算法用以实现观测星和导航星的匹配识别。与栅格算法在相同实验条件下的比较表明:该方法对星点位置噪声和星等噪声具有更强的抗干扰能力,且具有更小的存储容量,但其识别速度还有待于进一步提高。     

Measurement of the binding of DNA to liposomes by resonance energy transfer

A rapid and simple semiquantitative method for monitoring the attachment of DNA to liposomes is described. This technique is based on the measurement of resonance energy transfer between a membrane-embedded fluorescent pyrene lipid donor and DNA labeled with adriamycin as an acceptor.     

TRPM5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium

Background  

The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) in the nasal cavity detects a variety of air borne molecules that provide information regarding the presence of food, predators and other relevant social and environmental factors. Within the epithelium are ciliated sensory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells and microvillous cells, each of which is distinct in morphology and function. Arguably, the least understood, are the microvillous cells, a population of cells that are small in number and whose function is not known. We previously found that in a mouse strain in which the TRPM5 promoter drives expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), a population of ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), as well as a population of cells displaying microvilli-like structures is labeled. Here we examined the morphology and immunocytochemical properties of these microvillous-like cells using immunocytochemical methods.