入口速度比对射流拟序结构的影响

为了深入了解湍流流动机理以及湍流拟序结构发现过程的影响因素，本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同入口射流伴流速度比的平面湍射流流动进行了数值模拟。采用分步投影法求解动量方程，亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟，压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解，空间方程采用二阶精度的差分格式，在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了平面射流中湍流拟序结构的瞬态发展演变过程，分析了入口速度比对射流拟序结构发展演化过程及宏观流场形态的影响。为进一步研究射流拟序结构及其在湍流流动中的作用提供了基础。     

TRPIV investigation of space-time correlation in turbulent flows over flat and wavy walls

The present experimental work is devoted to in- vestigate a new space-time correlation model for the turbulent boundary layer over a flat and a wavy walls. A turbulent boundary layer flow at Reo = 2460 is measured by tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry （Tomo-TRPIV）. The space-time correlations of instantaneous streamwise fluctuation velocity are calculated at 3 different wall-normal locations in logarithmic layer. It is found that the scales of coherent structure increase with moving far away from the wall. The growth of scales is a manifestation of the growth of prevalent coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer like hairpin vortex or hairpin packets when they lift up. The resulting contours of the space-time correlation exhibit elliptic-like shapes rather than straight lines. It is suggested that, instead of Taylor hypothesis, the elliptic model of the space-time correlation is valid for the wallbounded turbulent flow over either a flat wall or a wavy wall. The elliptic iso-correlation curves have a uniform preferred orientation whose slope is determined by the convection velocity. The convection velocity derived from the space-time correlation represents the velocity at which the large-scale eddies carry small-scale eddies. The sweep velocity rep- resents the distortions of the small-scale eddies and is intimately associated with the fluctuation velocity in the logarithmic layer of turbulent boundary layers. The nondimensionalized correlation curves confirm that the elliptic model is more proper for approximating the space-time correlation than Taylor hypothesis, because the latter can not embody the small-scale motions which have non-negligible distortions. A second flow over a wavy wall is also recorded using TRPIV. Due to the combined effect of shear layers and the adverse pressure gradient, the space-time correlation does not show an elliptic-like shape at some specific heights over the wavy wall, but in the outer region of the wavy wallbounded flow, the elliptic model remai     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流相干结构的影响

采用热线风速仪测量受吹吸扰动的壁湍流边界层的流向速度，用傅里叶变换和子波变换研究 吹吸扰动对壁湍流能谱的影响，结果显示施加的低频扰动使边界层内层大尺度结构的能量减 少，小尺度结构的能量有所增强，远离壁面时扰动强度逐步衰减直到在外层中消失；通过VITA 法和子波变换法检测猝发事件，表明该扰动降低了猝发强度，使猝发周期延长，条件平均速 度波形的幅值降低、持续时间变短，说明扰动明显抑制了相干结构的猝发过程. 利用子波变 换可以实现湍谱分析，能有效检测猝发中的湍流结构，是一种客观的分析工具.     

Scale properties of turbulent transport and coherent structure in stably stratified flows

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to study the scale properties of turbulent transport and coherent structures based on velocity and temperature time series in stably stratified turbulence. The analysis is focused on the scale properties of intermittency and coherent structures in different modes and the contributions of energy-contained coherent structures to turbulent scalar counter-gradient transport (CGT). It is inferred that the velocity intermittency is scattered to more modes with the development of the stratified flow, and the intermittency is enhanced by the vertical stratification, especially in small scales. The anisotropy of the field is presented due to different time scales of coherent structures of streamwise and vertical velocities. There is global counter-gradient heat transport close to the turbulence-generated grid, and there is local counter-gradient heat transport at certain modes in different positions. Coherent structures play a principal role in the turbulent vertical transport of temperature.     

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of the mixing layer flow into coherent structures and turbulent Gaussian fluctuations

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used to decompose fluctuating turbulent flows into a coherent non-Gaussian component and background fluctuations. An application is performed from 2D experimental data of a turbulent plane mixing layer flow. The analyses of the energy spectra and the Probability Density Function of the velocity field show that POD extracts an incoherent part approaching the quasi-Gaussian distribution properties. The background fluctuations are homogeneous with small amplitude. New future applications are then conceivable like the modeling of the incoherent part for particular inflow condition generation methodology and the analysis of the cyclic velocity field variabilities in Internal Combustion engine flow. To cite this article: Ph. Druault et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

湍流边界层拟序结构的实验研究

20世纪60年代后, 先后从流动显示发现了快慢斑、猝发、上升流、下扫流和多种涡结构等湍流边界层的拟序结构. 它们对湍流边界层的摩阻、传热传质和湍动能的产生等特性有重要影响. 涡结构是上述拟序结构的核心, 它影响其它拟序结构的发展和演变. 发卡涡通常被认为是基本涡结构. 发卡涡等涡结构的再生, 是湍流边界层拟序结构能够自持续的必要的因素.壁面低速流上升产生猝发, 是湍流边界层湍能的主要来源; 条件采样是测量猝发频率和其它拟序结构出现频率的重要手段. 流动显示对湍流边界层拟序结构作了大量定性观察, 有许多减阻和增加传热率等应用性研究在此基础上发展起来. 80年代后, 出现了测量湍流边界层的瞬时流速矢量场的多热线法和PIV技术, 三维PIV技术可望将来为湍流边界层的实验研究带来重大进展. 本文评述了流动显示法、多热线法和PIV技术的优点和不足之处, 以及它们在对湍流边界层拟序结构的研究中的贡献.      

Identification of vortex motions in turbulent mixing of choked jets

A specially adapted schlieren system is used to generate fluctuating signals which respond strongly to large scale coherent components of a turbulent mixing jet flow and which have a relatively reduced response to random disturbances. The schlieren signals also provide a direct indication of the presence of vortex-like structures in the turbulent mixing layers by virtue of the phase relationship of the schlieren signals to the pressure field. This system gives a clear resolution of the fluctuating periodic effects associated with vortex structures in the flow from a choked convergent nozzle. It has thus been possible to determine that vortex-like eddies are associated with the feedback screech mechanism, and also generate periodic disturbances due to their passage through the diamond shaped wave structure in the flow. The regular disturbances in the flow move at 0.77 of the fully expanded flow velocity. Phase spectral observations demonstrate clearly the vortex like structure of coherent disturbances in the flow by virtue of the quadrature phase relation between the schlieren and microphone signals. Movement of the sensing microphone in the pressure field external to the flow shows disturbance propagation at the acoustic velocity, and also shows that disturbances at Strouhal numbers above 0.7 emanating from the inner mixing zone can be identified by an additional time delay to reach the microphone and only influence the microphone when it is located downstream of the flow sensing schlieren system due to confinement of pressure disturbances within Mach cones of the flow.     

湍流相干结构的速度与温度特性

本文采用三分量热线同时测量温度和速度的新技术，测量了加热与制冷平板边界层的速度和温度分布，提出了提取相干结构的雷诺应力准则，根据湍流相干结构速度与温度的相关关系，运用子波分析方法首次确定了相干结构的温度特征尺度和波形。对于研究湍流结构相干结构的速度与温度特性，具有重要的意义。此外，本文还应用数字滤波方法对所分析的湍流相干结构进行了滤波处理，确定了相干结构的平均猝发周期，与条件采样方法相比，两者的结果基本一致。本文实验分析结果还表明：壁面温度对湍流相干结构有一定的影响。     

输气管道壁面涂料减阻机理的实验研究

用IFA-300热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了风洞中不同壁面涂料的管道湍流边界层不同法向位置流向速度分量的时间序列信号,利用湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体黏性系数等内尺度物理量的关系和壁面摩擦速度与壁面摩擦切应力的关系,在准确测量湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,间接测量湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力．对不同壁面涂料的壁湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,用子波系数的瞬时强度因子和平坦因子检测管道湍流边界层中的多尺度相干结构,提取不同尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形,对比研究输气管道壁面涂料的减阻机理．     

Decomposition of Mixing Layer Turbulence into Coherent Structures and Background Fluctuations

The eduction of coherent structures from cross-wire rake data in a fully turbulent incompressible mixing layer confirms the feasibility of a decomposition of a turbulent flow field, first suggested by Farge, as non-periodic non-equilibrium coherent structures interacting with a ‘thermalized’ broad-band turbulence. A simple wavelet coefficient decimation algorithm and orthogonalization yields non-periodic dominant flow structures and a background field that has a Gaussian distribution of velocities at the centerline. The coherent structures are classified in terms of their topology. The non-coherent background field has flat energy spectra and normal distribution of velocity components. Most background field statistics depend only weakly on the type of structure on which they are superposed. It may be possible to adapt existing subgrid scale models to this decomposition. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evidences of persisting thermal structures in Couette flows

DNS of passive thermal turbulent Couette flow at several friction Reynolds numbers (180, 250, and 500), and the Prandtl number of air are presented. The time averaged thermal flow shows the existence of long and wide thermal structures never described before in Couette flows. These thermal structures, named CTFS (Couette Thermal Flow Superstructures), are defined as coherent regions of hot and cold temperature fluctuations. They are intrinsically linked to the velocity structures present in Couette flows. Two different 2D symmetries can be recognized, which get stronger with the Reynolds number. These structures do not affect the mean flow or mean quantities as the Nusselt number. However, turbulent intensities and thermal fluxes depend on the width of the structures, mainly far from the walls. Since the width of the structures is related to the channel width, the statistics of thermal Couette flow are to some point box-dependent.     

Characterization of near-bed coherent structures in turbulent open channel flow using synchronized high-speed video and hot-film measurements

High-speed video recordings (500 Hz) of flow visualizations in the near wall region of a turbulent open channel flow were synchronized with hot-film measurements of flow velocity and bed shear stress. Analysis of the video images provided information about the main characteristics of coherent flow structures associated with the occurrence of low-speed streak ejections near the bed. These structures consisted mainly of oscillating shear layers that were converted in the downstream direction and lifted away from the bed. A visual detection criterion was developed to obtain ensemble averaged profiles of the velocity and shear stress data during ejection events, allowing for the characterization of the associated flow field during the occurrence of coherent structures. Conditional averaging suggests that the occurrence of such coherent patterns affects mainly the turbulence structure in the wall region, and that the observed events reveal a plausible mechanism by which energy is extracted from the mean flow by large scale turbulent fluctuations, and then further transferred towards smaller eddies, while the structures lose their coherence. The intermittent nature of production and dissipation of turbulent energy becomes noticeable, taking place about 21% of the time. The results obtained also provide evidence that seems to link the structures responsible for the turbulent vertical transport of momentum, and for the maintenance of the turbulent state, with the mechanism that triggers the entrainment of sediment into suspension. Comparison of present results with other experiments conducted in different types of flows strongly confirms a universal structure of coherent events in wall bounded flows.The support of the Fluid, Hydraulic, and Paniculate System Program of the National Science Foundation (Grant CTS-9210211) and the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society (Grant PRF 24328-G2) is gratefully acknowledged.     

Reconstruction of large coherent structures from SPIV measurements in a forced turbulent mixing layer

A procedure is suggested here for reconstructing the time variation of a three-dimensional (3D) coherent velocity field, based on applying Least Square Method to a very limited number of phase-locked measurements. The measurements are performed in a spanwise plane of a forced turbulent mixing layer by employing the stereo particle image velocimetry system. The forcing is produced by oscillating two- and three-dimensional (3D) flappers placed at the edge of the splitter plate. The feasibility and validity of the procedure for velocity field reconstruction are checked by using Hot Wire Measurements. Very clear patterns are observed of two types of coherent structures: spanwise K-H billows (rolls) and streamwise vortices. These are due to primary and secondary instabilities and their time evolution is presented.     

An Experimental Database for Benchmarking Simulations of Turbulent Premixed Reacting Flows: Lean Extinction Limits and Velocity Field Measurements in a Dump Combustor

This contribution is aimed at drawing the attention of the computational fluid dynamics community on the availability of an experimental database regarding turbulent lean premixed prevaporised (LPP) reacting flows stabilised behind a double symmetric, plane sudden expansion fed by two fully developed turbulent channel flows of air plus propane. This flow configuration can be thought of as a relevant benchmark for testing turbulence and/or combustion models aimed at helping for the design of reliable LPP combustion chambers. This database contains a large amount of raw and processed data regarding essentially the velocity field for one inert and three different reacting flows configurations. Additional pieces of information are available and concern the lean extinction properties and the wall static pressure evolution in the feeding channels. For the reacting flows, the presence of a large scale coherent motion is clearly visible in the velocity spectra and it is shown how a data processing based on the semi-deterministic approach that decomposes the velocity signal into the sum of its steady time average, its coherent fluctuations and its stochastic fluctuations can permit to evaluate their respective contribution to the total velocity fluctuations.     

Turbulent pipe flow downstream a 90° pipe bend with and without superimposed swirl

In the present work, the turbulent flow downstream a 90° pipe bend is investigated by means of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. In particular, the three dimensional flow field at the exit of the curved pipe is documented for non-swirling and swirling flow conditions, with the latter being generated through a unique axially rotating pipe flow facility. The non-swirling flow was examined through snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with the aim to reveal the unsteady behaviour of the Dean vortices under turbulent flow conditions, the so-called “swirl-switching” phenomenon. In respect to the swirling turbulent pipe flow, covering a wide range of swirl strengths, POD has been employed to study the effect of varying strength of swirl on the Dean vortices as well as the interplay of swirling motion and Dean cells. Furthermore, the visualised large scale structures in turbulent swirling flows through the bend are found to incline and tear up with increasing swirl intensity. The present time-resolved, three component, experimental velocity field data will provide a unique and useful database for future studies; in particular for the CFD community.     

湍流的相干结构:推演方法和结果

本文讨论壁面湍流发展的相干结构的观点.在简要的历史文献综述后,我们回顾一些基本观点, 并且介绍相干结构的思想.基于大量主要是由实验所得的结果,本文通过广泛运用的事件检 测技术,探讨湍流边界层内部和外部区域发生的现象.我们从边界层内部区域发生的现象、 边界层外部大尺度运动的发展和涡结构动力学的角度来描述流动的现象.在文章的 第2部分,介绍从背景流动中推演出湍流相干结构的各种方法以及在各种方法框架下所得到的结果, 讨论速度梯度张量不变量、压力的Hessian矩阵分析和本征正交分解等方法.每一个过程 都有``相干结构'的特定的定义,满足恰当的数学构架,并可以对湍流数据做相干结构动力 学分析.这一工作可能会对当前流体动力学家在湍流研究中用到的最新理论和技术的传播有 所贡献.     

Uncovering large-scale coherent structures in natural and forced turbulent wakes by combining PIV,POD, and FTLE

Planar velocity data of the unsteady separated flow in the turbulent wake of a circular cylinder obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) are analyzed in order to visualize the large-scale coherent structures associated with alternating vortex shedding at a Reynolds number of 2,150. Two different cases are examined: unforced vortex shedding in the natural wake and vortex lock-on incited by forced perturbations superimposed in the inflow velocity. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to reconstruct the low-order wake dynamics from randomly sampled snapshots of the velocity field. The reconstructed flow is subsequently used to determine the evolution of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields which identify the Lagrangian coherent structures. The results demonstrate that the combination of methods employed offers a powerful visualization tool to uncover large-scale coherent structures and to exemplify vortex dynamics in natural and forced bluff-body wakes.     

Coherent vortical and straining structures in the finite wall-mounted square cylinder wake

Topological aspects of the turbulent wake of a finite, surface-mounted, square-cross-section cylinder of h/d = 4 are addressed by decomposing the velocity field into a quasi-periodic coherent part and the unresolved incoherent fluctuations. The three-dimensional large scale structure is educed through a reconstruction of planar phase-averaged PIV measurements using the simultaneously sampled surface pressure difference on opposing sides of the obstacle as a phase reference. A topological model for the vortex structure is educed and mean streamwise wake vorticity is explained in terms of the connections between initially vertical structures shed alternately from either side of the obstacle, rather than previously proposed ‘tip’ vortex structures generated at the obstacle free-end. The coherent structure educed accounts for a significant portion of the fluctuating energy in the wake. The turbulent field is further analyzed by finding Lagrangian straining structures that form by induction of the coherent vorticity field, and these structures are related to the energy transfer from the base phase-averaged flow since they act to stretch incoherent vorticity fluctuations in their neighbourhood.     

Effects of free‐stream turbulence on large‐scale coherent structures of separated boundary layer transition

It has been well established that large‐scale structures, usually called coherent structures, exist in many transitional and turbulent flows. The topology and range of scales of those large‐scale structures vary from flow to flow such as counter‐rotating vortices in wake flows, streaks and hairpin vortices in turbulent boundary layer. There has been relatively little study of large‐scale structures in separated and reattached transitional flows. Large‐eddy simulation (LES) is employed in the current study to investigate a separated boundary layer transition under 2% free‐stream turbulence on a flat plate with a blunt leading edge. The Reynolds number based on the inlet free stream velocity and the plate thickness is 6500. A dynamic subgrid‐scale model is employed to compute the subgrid‐scale stresses more accurately in the current transitional flow case. Flow visualization has shown that the Kelvin–Helmholtz rolls, which have been so clearly visible under no free‐stream turbulence (NFST) are not as apparent in the present study. The Lambda‐shaped vortical structures which can be clearly seen in the NFST case can hardly be identified in the free‐stream turbulence (FST) case. Generally speaking, the effects of free‐stream turbulence have led to an early breakdown of the boundary layer, and hence increased the randomization in the vortical structures, degraded the spanwise coherence of those large‐scale structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.