去对称化策略合成Ingramycin右部片断

在构筑天然产物英格拉霉素分子中的手性叔醇时,不采用常规的不对称合成及使用手性源的方法,利用分子本身结构上的对称性,首先合成对称的非手性前体化合物,然后在脂肪酶催化下进行选择性酯水解反应,既推进了官能团的转化,又构筑了合成上具有挑战性、位阻较大的季碳立体中心.本路线以易得的烯丙基溴和乙酸乙酯为原料,经11步反应合成了英格拉霉素右部片断,总收率26.7%, ee值为50.84%.     

α-手性三级叠氮化合物的不对称催化合成新进展

α-手性叠氮化合物广泛应用于合成化学、药物化学和生命科学等领域.由于手性叠氮既可用于多样性合成手性胺衍生物及含氮杂环化合物,且叠氮基本身也是药效团,α-手性叠氮的高效合成对于药物研发十分重要.随着引入手性季碳来增加分子的三维立体性来改善生物活性和成药性成为药物设计研发的有效手段,发展具有氮杂季碳手性中心的α-手性三级叠氮的不对称催化合成新方法来促进药学研究十分必要.然而,由于叠氮基接近于直线的结构所带来的不利位阻效应,以及需要区分差异性较小的取代基来构建氮杂季碳手性中心的挑战性,高对映选择性的不对称催化方法较为匮乏.本综述旨在从含C—N3键化合物的不对称官能团化反应和通过C—N₃键形成的不对称叠氮化反应两种构建策略出发,介绍近五年不对称催化合成α-手性三级叠氮的研究进展.藉此对反应机理及优势与不足等进行分析讨论,为从事有机合成和药物化学相关的科研人员提供一些参考和启发.     

手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物的合成研究进展

手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物是重要的手性砌块, 可通过还原或环加成反应来方便构建药物分子中十分重要的手性含氮杂环化合物如哌啶等, 因此其高效合成对于新药研发具有重要的研究意义. 利用手性源和手性辅基诱导的策略需要使用化学计量的手性试剂, 发展不对称催化的方法来合成结构多样性的手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物无疑十分重要. 自2004年报道首例对活化吡啶的不对称C2位亲核加成反应以来, 该策略被成功用于发展合成C2位芳基、烷基、炔基等取代的手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物的不对称催化新方法. 最近, 一种新的基于亚胺不对称转化的串联反应策略也被设计开发用于多样性合成这类手性含氮杂环化合物. 本综述概述了相关研究进展, 并介绍了相关研究难点和未来的发展空间.     

过渡金属催化不对称C-H键官能团化反应构建轴手性联芳基化合物研究进展

在手性分子中,轴手性化合物占据着非常重要的地位.从原子和步骤经济性方面考虑,利用不对称碳-氢官能团化反应构建轴手性化合物是最简洁高效的方法.随着过渡金属催化的不对称碳-氢键官能团化领域的逐步发展,利用该策略来构建轴手性联芳基化合物的研究成果也不断涌现.本文综述了通过过渡金属钯、铑和铱催化的不对称碳-氢键官能团化反应合成轴手性联芳基化合物的最新进展.此外,还介绍了利用这些方法合成多种轴手性配体及其催化的不对称反应,以及这些方法在天然产物合成中的应用.     

绣线菊碱C、D关键BCD三环中间体的不对称合成

从易于制备的非手性烯丙醇化合物出发,以经典的的Sharpless不对称环氧化为关键反应构建烯丙仲醇手性中心,共经10步线性步骤以28.6%的总收率首次实现了绣线菊碱C、D全合成路线中BCD三环中间体(-)-4的不对称合成,该合成路线中涉及3个新化合物,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。     

碳氮键为手性轴的轴手性化合物的不对称合成

以碳氮(C-N)键为手性轴的轴手性化合物在不对称催化和药物开发研究领域有着广阔的应用前景. C-N键手性轴的构型对此类化合物的相关性质有重要影响.因此, C-N键轴手性化合物的不对称合成研究受到了广泛关注.研究者发展了一系列不对称合成策略以实现不同类型C-N键轴手性分子的不对称构建.本文对C-N键轴手性化合物的不对称合成策略进行了梳理,综述了近年来C-N键轴手性化合物不对称合成反应的重要进展.     

格尔德霉素C(11)～C(21)片段的合成

以D-三乙酰葡萄糖烯为最初原料,经三步反应合成了已知内酯化合物5.以羰基α位亚甲基化、底物诱导的不对称催化氢化反应为关键步骤,构建了关键的C(14)位手性中心.最终,经10步反应、以24%的总产率合成了苯醌安莎霉素类天然产物格尔德霉素(Geldanamycin)的C(11)~C(21)片段.     

铜催化不对称去对称化分子内烯基C—N偶联反应

不对称去对称化是不对称合成中常用的有效策略. 基于去对称化反应, 可以利用简单转化区分两个相同的官能团, 从而实现高效的手性合成. 本工作基于我们前期在分子内不对称去对称化芳基C—N偶联反应的基础, 发展了铜催化2-(3-碘烯丙基)-丙二酰胺的分子内不对称去对称化烯基C—N偶联反应. 以良好的收率和中等的对映选择性获得了一系列手性2-氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢吡啶-3-酰胺产物.     

含有五元杂芳结构的联芳轴手性化合物的对映选择性合成

轴手性联芳化合物广泛存在于天然产物和药物分子中,并作为手性配体和催化剂应用于不对称合成.因此,其不对称合成备受关注.然而,目前已知的合成方法大多局限于合成以C-C键为轴的六元联芳结构,而以C-C键或C-N键连接的含有五元杂芳环的联芳轴手性化合物的合成方法却鲜有报道.含有五元杂芳环的轴手性结构其邻位基团与中心轴的距离更远,构象稳定性更差,因而其不对称构建更加困难.综述了五元杂芳轴手性骨架的对映选择性合成的最新进展.     

基于(—)-Sparteine的不对称碳锂化反应研究进展

以非活化烯烃为底物,利用(-)-sparteine诱导的分子间-分子内不对称碳锂化反应构建高区域选择性和立体选择性的碳碳新键,合成了一系列手性化合物.综述了近十几年基于(-)-sparteine的不对称碳锂化反应最新研究成果.     

Synthesis of 3-substituted 4-aroylisoquinolines via Pd-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of 2-(1-alkynyl)benzaldimines

A number of 3-substituted 4-aroylisoquinolines have been prepared in good yields by treating N-tert-butyl-2-(1-alkynyl)benzaldimines with aryl halides in the presence of CO and a palladium catalyst. Synthetically the methodology provides a simple and convenient route to isoquinolines containing an aryl, alkyl, or vinylic group at C-3 and an aroyl group at C-4 of the isoquinoline ring. The reaction is believed to proceed via cyclization of the alkyne containing a proximate nucleophilic center promoted by an acylpalladium complex.     

Linear total synthetic routes to beta-D-C-(1,6)-linked oligoglucoses and oligogalactoses up to pentaoses by iterative Wittig olefination assembly

Two complementary routes, A and B, have been followed for the stepwise iterative assembly of beta-D-(1,6)-glucopyranose and galactopyranose residues through methylene bridges. In route A the building block was constituted by 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (O-TBDPS) beta-linked galactosylmethylenephosphorane, while in route B the building block was a beta-linked formyl C-glycopyranoside with a similar orthogonal protection of hydroxy groups. In route A each cycle consisted of the reaction of the phosphorane building block with a sugar residue bearing a formyl group at the C-5 carbon atom (coupling) and transformation of the O-TBDPS-protected primary alcohol into the formyl group (arming). Accordingly, route A is defined as the aldehyde route. On the other hand, each cycle in route B involved the coupling of the sugar aldehyde building block with a substrate bearing a phosphorus ylide at C-6 and introduction of the phosphonium group in the arming step as a precursor of the ylide functionality. Accordingly, route B is defined as the ylide route. The efficiency of route A proved to be seriously hampered by the 1,2-elimination of BnOH under the basic reaction conditions of the Wittig olefination, giving rise to the formation of substantial amounts of enopyranose. On the other hand, the ylide route B proved to be more efficient since very good yields (70-93%) of the isolated Wittig products were obtained throughout four consecutive cycles. Individual olefins and polyolefins obtained by routes A and B using gluco and galacto substrates were reduced and debenzylated in one pot by H(2)/Pd(OH)(2) to give the corresponding beta-D-C-(1,6)-linked oligosaccharides up to the pentaose stage. The latter compounds were fully characterized by high-field NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz).     

2,3-Anhydrosugars in glycoside bond synthesis. Application to the preparation of C-2 functionalized α-d-arabinofuranosides

A novel two-step route has been developed for the synthesis of a panel of oligosaccharides (9-17) containing C-2 functionalized α-d-arabinofuranosyl residues. The first step in this route consists of a highly stereocontrolled glycosylation reaction using a 2,3-anhydrosugar thioglycoside (6). In the second step, the epoxide ring in the 2,3-anhydrosugar glycoside is regioselectively opened at C-2 with sodium methoxide and sodium azide thus providing products with the α-d-arabinofuranosyl stereochemistry. This approach to these targets circumvents the potential stereocontrol problems inherent in glycosylations with arabinofuranosyl donors possessing non-participating groups at C-2. The route is also highly convergent, allowing the preparation of a range of C-2′ and C-2″ modified oligosaccharides upon reaction of epoxy glycosides 27-29 with nucleophiles.     

Total synthesis of (+/-)-garsubellin A

The first total synthesis of garsubellin A, a neurotrophic compound with potent choline acetyltransferase-inducing activity, is described. Keys for success were (1) stereoselective intermolecular aldol reaction at the C-4 position with acetaldehyde, (2) stereoelective Claisen rearrangement to introduce an allyl group to the most sterically crowded position at C-6, (3) ring-closing metathesis to construct the B-ring, and (4) Wacker-type oxidative C-ring formation. This synthetic route can be extended to an asymmetric synthesis of garsubellin A using the Koga catalytic enantioselective alkylation, which produced enantioenriched alpha-prenyl cyclohexenone with excellent enantioselectivity (95% ee).     

Stereoselective synthesis of beta-anomeric 4'-thiaspirocyclic ribonucleosides carrying the full complement of RNA-level hydroxyl substitution

[reaction: see text] Stereoselective syntheses of a group of 4'-thiaspirocyclic ribonucleosides featuring both pyrimidine and purine classes and both possible configurations at C-5' are described. Use is made of the Pummerer reaction of substrates carrying an alpha-oriented 2,4-dimethoxybenzoyloxy substituent at C-2 in order to gain reliable stereocontrol via neighboring group participation. Irrespective of the S or R configuration of the pivotal sulfoxide intermediates, the nucleobase is captured from the beta-face. The competing process is formation of unsaturated sulfoxides, presumably via competing E2-type elimination. Although differences in reactivity between the two stereoisomeric series were noted, the common route has successfully given rise for the first time to desirable beta-anomeric sulfur-containing spiroribonucleosides with minimum formation of the alpha-anomers.     

Electronically Mediated Selectivity in Ring Opening of 1-Azirines. The 3-X Mode: Convenient Route to 3-Oxazolines

The mild base-promoted reaction of methyl 2-phenyl-1-azirine-3-acetate (1) with aldehydes and acetone provides a new and simple route to the 3-oxazolines 5, which are formed in good yields by the electrophilic trapping of an imino anion produced by C-N bond cleavage in the 1-azirine enolate intermediate 6. Chloranil oxidation of 5 containing an aromatic substituent at C-2 affords oxazoles 7, while reaction of 5 containing an aliphatic group at C-2 produces 5-methylene-3-oxazolines 8 and 5-spiro-2-oxazolines 9 in addition to 7.     

Synthesis of (±)-negamycin and of (±)-epinegamycin

The antibiotic negamycin and its diastereomer have both been synthesized in racemic form. The latter has been found to possess antibacterial activity, but at a lower level than negamycin itself.     

The synthesis of (+)-preussin and related pyrrolidinols by diastereoselective Paternò-Büchi reactions of chiral 2-substituted 2,3-dihydropyrroles

The N-alkoxycarbonyl substituted 2,3-dihydropyrroles 3 and 8 are converted to 2-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinols by the Paternò - Büchi reaction followed by hydrogenolysis. Since the addition of the photoexcited benzaldehyde at the unsaturated heterocycle proceeds in a syn fashion, the benzyl group at C-2 and the hydroxy group at C-3 of the product are cis oriented. The simple and facial diastereoselectivities of the Paternò-Büchi reaction were studied more closely and the relative configuration of the products was elucidated. The thermodynamically less stable endo product is formed as a result of simple diastereoselection. The face differentiation in 2-substituted 2,3-dihydropyrroles is presumably due to the nonplanarity of these heterocycles, which forces attack of the carbonyl group on the face with the existing substituent. All-cis-pyrrolidinols are consequently formed after hydrogenolysis. Following this route, a total synthesis of the pyrrolidinol alkaloid (+)-preussin (1) was conducted, which yielded the target compound in a total yield of 11% over nine steps starting from L-pyroglutaminol (11).     

Utility of the ammonia-free Birch reduction of electron-deficient pyrroles: total synthesis of the 20s proteasome inhibitor, clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone

A new synthesis of the 20S proteasome inhibitor clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone is described. Our route to this important natural product involves the partial reduction of an electron deficient pyrrole as a key step. By judicious choice of enolate counterion, we were able to exert complete control over the stereoselectivity of the reduction/aldol reaction. Early attempts to complete the synthesis by using a C-4 methyl substituted pyrrole are described in full, together with our attempts to promote regioselective elimination of a tertiary alcohol. The lessons learnt from this first approach led us to develop another, and ultimately successful, route that introduced the C-4 methyl group at a late stage in the synthesis. Our successful route is then described and this contains several highly stereoselective steps including a cis-dihydroxylation and an enolate methylation. The final synthesis proceeds in just 13 steps and in 15 % overall yield making it an extremely efficient route to this valuable compound.     

Evolution of the total syntheses of ustiloxin natural products and their analogues

Ustiloxins A-F are antimitotic heterodetic cyclopeptides containing a 13-membered cyclic core structure with a synthetically challenging chiral tertiary alkyl-aryl ether linkage. The first total synthesis of ustiloxin D was achieved in 31 linear steps using an S(N)Ar reaction. An NOE study of this synthetic product showed that ustiloxin D existed as a single atropisomer. Subsequently, highly concise and convergent syntheses of ustiloxins D and F were developed by utilizing a newly discovered ethynyl aziridine ring-opening reaction in a longest linear sequence of 15 steps. The approach was further optimized to achieve a better macrolactamization strategy. Ustiloxins D, F, and eight analogues (14-MeO-ustiloxin D, four analogues with different amino acid residues at the C-6 position, and three (9R,10S)-epi-ustiloxin analogues) were prepared via the second-generation route. Evaluation of these compounds as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization demonstrated that variation at the C-6 position is tolerated to a certain extent. In contrast, the S configuration of the C-9 methylamino group and a free phenolic hydroxyl group are essential for inhibition of tubulin polymerization.