Analysis on plasma chemistry and particle growth in corona discharge process for NO/sub x/ removal using discrete-sectional method

The particle formation and growth combined with plasma chemistry in the pulsed corona discharge process (PCDP) to remove NO/sub x/ were analyzed by the discrete-sectional model. In the PCDP, most of the NO is converted into NO/sub 2/ and, later, into HNO/sub 3/ which reacts with NH/sub 3/ to form the NH/sub 4/NO/sub 3/ particle. In the beginning of the reactor, we have the high concentration of small size particles and, later, the particle size distribution in the reactor becomes bimodal with the large size and small size particles and, finally, becomes monodisperse with the large size particles. As the average electron concentration increases, it takes a shorter reactor length to remove the NO/sub x/. As the initial NO and H/sub 2/O concentrations decrease, the NH/sub 3/ is consumed more slowly to form the ammonium nitrates particles. As the averaged electron concentration and initial H/sub 2/O concentration increase, the large size particles grow more quickly and the particle size distribution becomes bimodal earlier. As the initial NO and NH/sub 3/ concentrations increase, the diameter of large size particles becomes larger by the faster coagulation between particles. The predicted NO/sub x/ conversion and particle size distribution were in close agreements with the published experimental results at the averaged electron concentration of 2/spl times/10/sup 5/ cm/sup -3/ in this study.     

电子束脱除SO2和NOx的概述

综述了电子束脱硫脱氮的原理、特点和发展．中国成都电厂的电子束脱硫脱氮装置的运行，标志着我国工业应用阶段的开始.Removal SO 2 and NO x by electron beam is reviewed. Its basic procedure is described. The electron beam method has many advantages compared to chemical one. The first industrial facility in China has been built in Chengdu Electric Power Plant and it is ruming successfully.     

Integration of correlative Raman microscopy in a dualbeam FIB SEM

We present an integrated confocal Raman microscope in a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB SEM). The integrated system enables correlative Raman and electron microscopic analysis combined with focused ion beam sample modification on the same sample location. This provides new opportunities, for example the combination of nanometer resolution with Raman advances the analysis of sub‐diffraction‐sized particles. Further direct Raman analysis of FIB engineered samples enables in situ investigation of sample changes. The Raman microscope is an add‐on module to the electron microscope. The optical objective is brought into the sample chamber, and the laser source, and spectrometer are placed in a module attached onto and outside the chamber. We demonstrate the integrated Raman FIB SEM function with several experiments. First, correlative Raman and electron microscopy is used for the investigation of (sub‐)micrometer‐sized crystals. Different crystals are identified with Raman, and in combination with SEM the spectral information is combined with structurally visible polymorphs and particle sizes. Analysis of sample changes made with the ion beam is performed on (1) structures milled in a silicon substrate and (2) after milling with the FIB on an organic polymer. Experiments demonstrate the new capabilities of an integrated correlative Raman–FIB–SEM. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Laboratory vacuum spectrometer for the soft x‐ray region

A laboratory surface x‐ray absorption near edge structure ((S)XANES) spectrometer used for measurements in the soft x‐ray region is described. The x‐ray beam path of the spectrometer is enclosed in a vacuum chamber directly connected to the x‐ray generator output port. With this setup, the absorption of the x‐rays in the air is avoided. The developed spectrometer uses a monochromator equipped with cylindrically bent PET(002), KAP(001), and Ge(111) crystals of different Rowland radii working in the Johann focusing geometry. Nine stepping motors are used to control the positions of the monochromator, receiving slit, sample, and detectors. An x‐ray photon energy available in experiment ranges from about 1 keV to 5 keV. A registration of the photoelectrons emitted from the sample with the channeltron is used to carry out surface‐sensitive measurements. The performance of the developed spectrometer is illustrated by spectra measured at the absorption K‐edges of several elements from the Na‐Ti set. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

OH自由基启动甲苯光氧化产物的质谱

在烟雾腔系统内,辐照甲苯/CH₃ONO/NO/空气混合系统,启动甲苯的光氧化反应. 利用同步辐射光电离质谱在线检测甲苯光氧化气相产物,并用气溶胶飞行时间质谱实时测量甲苯光氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶粒子. 实验结果表明,呋喃、甲基乙二醛,2-甲基呋喃、苯甲醛、甲基酚和苯甲酸是甲苯光氧化反应形成的气体相和粒子相的主要产物,而乙二醛、2-羟基-3-氧代-丁醛、硝基甲苯和甲基硝基酚只存在粒子相.     

电子束辐照处理工业废气

介绍电子束射线辐照处理燃烧废气中ＳＯ_２及氮的氧化物ＮＯｘ的新方法,并与传统方法进行了比较． This paper introduces a new method of eletron beam radiation treatment of SO 2 and NO x in stack gases, with which the traditional methods are compared.     

大面积均匀电子束产生实验研究

 在电子束泵浦气体激光实验中，大面积均匀电子束是获得高效能激光输出的必要条件。介绍了利用SPG-200脉冲功率源产生大面积均匀电子束的实验。SPG-200是基于SOS的全固态重复频率脉冲功率源，其开路电压大于350 kV。用于产生电子束的真空二极管阴极长294 mm，宽24 mm，两端均为半径为12 mm的半圆，栅网平面为阳极面，两者之间的距离在0~49 mm可调，阴极发射的电子束通过用于隔离激光气室和二极管真空室的压力膜及其支撑栅网引出。分别以石墨和天鹅绒为阴极材料，获得了大面积电子束输出，给出了二极管参数的测量结果，并对电子束发射均匀性进行了诊断。实验结果表明：在阴极材料为石墨、阴阳极间隙为5~9 mm时，二极管电压为240~280 kV，二极管电流为0.7~1.8 kA，输出的电子束很不均匀；在阴极材料为天鹅绒、阴阳极间隙为31~46 mm时，二极管电压为200~250 kV，二极管电流为1.5~1.7 kA，输出的电子束均匀性较好。     

20 cm氙离子推力器放电室性能优化

束流离子生产成本和推进剂利用率是表征离子推力器放电室性能的重要参数。在考虑不改变放电室几何结构、磁场分布并保持离子推力器比冲和效率的前提下,利用一维经验分析模型对兰州空间技术物理研究所研制的LIPS-200离子推力器放电室性能进行了优化分析,以实现推力器的推力从40 mN提高到60 mN的目标要求。分析结果表明,提高放电室推进剂流率至2.06 mg/s,放电室内放电电流维持在6.9 A,放电室内平均氙离子密度达到2.1671017 m-3时,可以保证引出1.2 A的束流,推力器达到60 mN的推力。与之对应的推进剂利用率为92%,束流离子生产成本约为188.515 W/A,相比推力40 mN时,推进剂利用率为88%、束流离子生产成本为188.29 W/A的情况,放电室性能有所提高。另外,放电室性能优化过程中其鞘层电位始终保持在3.80~6.65 eV范围内。     

1 kHz tabletop ultrashort hard x-ray source for time-resolved x-ray protein crystallography

We describe a compact, reliable, and high-average-power femtosecond x-ray source and its first application to diffraction on protein crystal. The setup relies on a homemade Ti: sapphire system delivering 12 mJ at a 1 kHz repetition rate, associated with a small vacuum chamber especially designed for laser-plasma interaction and x-ray applications. This device allows the generation of 5 x 10(9) photons/s/sr at 8 keV and optimized x-ray irradiation of the studied sample, which can be placed close to the source. We present the diffraction pattern of a protein crystal in a divergent beam geometry, which is a first step to a subpicosecond x-ray diffraction experiment.     

Interaction of polar molecules with a resonant RF electric field: strong deflection of a NO molecular beam

Deflection of a cold supersonic NO beam seeded in He has been observed when these molecules interact with both static and a resonant oscillating electric field. The NO beam splits into two beams each one deflecting about 0.5° towards the positive and negative direction of the Stark field when the employed resonant frequency between the two Stark levels of the NO molecule is 1515 kHz. This deflection angle is about four orders of magnitude higher than the value one would expect from the NO dipole moment and the employed RF field gradient. This phenomenon suggests the possibility of a significant translational motion perpendicular to the beam axis, which is induced by the resonant RF electric field on the cold and high-density supersonic beam.     

高压衍射实验中的同步辐射光束的定位

 应用同步辐射光源进行高温高压原位能量色散X射线衍射实验,入射X射线光束定位是关键。北京同步辐射实验室高压衍射站引入四刀光阑扫描系统,实现调光定位自动化,简化调光手续,提高实验效率,为高压衍射实验站的用户进行实验提供了方便。     

Generation and characterization of the highest laser intensities (10(22) W/cm2)

We generated a record peak intensity of 0.7 x 10(22) W/cm2 by focusing a 45-TW laser beam with an f/0.6 off-axis paraboloid. The aberrations of the paraboloid and the low-energy reference laser beam were measured and corrected, and a focal spot size of 0.8 microm was achieved. It is shown that the peak intensity can be increased to 1.0 x 10(22) W/cm2 by correction of the wave front of a 45-TW beam relative to the reference beam. The phase and amplitude measurement provides for an efficient full characterization of the focal field.     

可调谐艾里光束及其传输特性

艾里光束是一种新型无衍射光束,解决了激光在传播过程中的衍射效应。基于艾里变换技术,介绍一种可以通过椭圆平顶高斯光束产生的新型艾里光束,即可调谐艾里光束。通过理论计算,可以看出调节椭圆平顶高斯光束的束宽比可获得单尾艾里光束,同时,可调谐艾里光束的尾长可以通过调节入射椭圆平顶高斯光束的阶数来控制。通过研究,当束宽比p=1时,艾里光束的加速方向沿x轴45方向;p=1/2时,加速方向沿x轴31方向,p=1/3时,加速方向为沿x正方向,可见调节束宽比p的大小可以改变艾里光束的加速方向。     

A system for proton beam control during radiotherapy

A system for the on-line control of proton beam profiles and track has been designed and constructed to guarantee the quality assurance of radiotherapy carried out in the Medical-Technical Complex of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. To measure the horizontal and vertical profiles of the beam in the treatment room, a multiwire ionization chamber has been designed and constructed. The chamber consists of two anode and three cathode electrodes. Each anode electrode contains 30 wires 0.1 mm in diameter separated by 3 mm. To control the beam track, four industrial semiconductor diodes 2D212A designed for radio engineering application were used. The system is installed in front of the first collimator in the peripheral part of the beam, so that it does not disturb the operated part of the beam. Output signals from the ionization chamber and the diodes are processed by a specially constructed electronic device connected to a personal computer. It utilizes 64-channel 16-bit charge-current converters (TERA chip). One-years’s experience of the operation of the system in proton therapy treatment sessions has shown its high reliability and sensitivity to proton beam parameters. The accuracy of controlling the asymmetry of the beam profiles is 2% and the track deviations are equivalent to 0.2 mm of water.     

Waveguide atom beam splitter for laser-cooled neutral atoms

A laser-cooled neutral-atom beam from a low-velocity intense source is split into two beams while it is guided by a magnetic-field potential. We generate our multimode beam-splitter potential with two current-carrying wires upon a glass substrate combined with an external transverse bias field. The atoms are guided around curves and a beam-splitter region within a 10-cm guide length. We achieve a maximum integrated flux of 1.5x10(5)atoms/s with a current density of 5x10(4)amp/cm (2) in the 100-microm -diameter wires. The initial beam can be split into two beams with a 50/50 splitting ratio.     

HL-2M装置5 MW中性束加热束线离子源放电室研制

为了给HL-2M装置建设一条5 MW中性束加热束线,开展了中性束加热用热阴极弧放电离子源放电室的研制。这条中性束束线包含4套80 kV/45 A/5 s离子源,放电室的设计指标为850 A/5 s。首先采用CST软件中的电磁工作室对特定几何结构的放电室会切磁场进行了模拟计算,得到了会切磁场分布,验证了会切磁场布局的合理性。针对放电室加工工艺和实验过程中局部拉弧等问题,对放电室结构进行了不断改进。放电室侧壁由40列会切磁体改为7圈环形磁体,阴极灯丝结构从灯丝板结构最终改为陶瓷可伐结构,并且在放电室和加速器之间增加了陶瓷屏蔽。在阴极板结构放电室和阴极陶瓷可伐结构放电室内都获得了正常的弧放电。最终定型的放电室采用周边7圈环形会切磁体和陶瓷可伐结构。在定型的放电室内达到了5 MW中性束束线离子源弧放电的指标。弧放电时间接近5 s,最大弧放电电流达到1 000 A。     

Possible operation of a 1.5-2-MW, CW conventional cavity gyrotron at 140 GHz

We present a study of the feasibility of continuous wave (CW) operation of a 140-GHz conventional cavity gyrotron at high power levels operating in the TE/sub 31,8/- and TE/sub 25,10/-modes. The question of mode selection is discussed, and a possible design of such a gyrotron with beam energy up to 90 keV and a current of 60-70 A is given. We find that it should be possible to operate a 140-GHz gyrotron at power up to 2 MW if a sufficiently high-order mode is used, although CW power may be somewhat lower.     

Coherent slowing of a supersonic beam with an atomic paddle

We report the slowing of a supersonic beam by elastic reflection from a receding atomic mirror. We use a pulsed supersonic nozzle to generate a 511+/-9 m/s beam of helium that we slow by reflection from a Si(111)-H(1x1) crystal placed on the tip of a spinning rotor. We were able to reduce the velocity of helium by 246 m/s and show that the temperature of the slowed beam is lower than 250 mK in the comoving frame.     

X-ray Bragg diffraction in asymmetric backscattering geometry

We observe three effects in the Bragg diffraction of x rays in backscattering geometry from asymmetrically cut crystals. First, exact Bragg backscattering takes place not at normal incidence to the reflecting atomic planes. Second, a well-collimated (approximately 1 microrad) beam is transformed after the Bragg reflection into a strongly divergent beam (230 microrad) with reflection angle dependent on x-ray wavelength--an effect of angular dispersion. The asymmetrically cut crystal thus behaves like an optical prism, dispersing an incident collimated polychromatic beam. The dispersion rate is approximately 8.5 mrad/eV. Third, parasitic Bragg reflections accompanying Bragg backreflection are suppressed. These effects offer a radically new means for monochromatization of x rays not limited by the intrinsic width of the Bragg reflection.     

亚硝胺化学发光检测系统的研制

针对亚硝胺气相色谱检测方法研制了一套化学发光检测装置,该装置作为气相色谱检测器可检测从色谱出来的NO气体浓度,从而反映出亚硝胺物质浓度。讨论了系统各关键部分的设计以及反应腔压力对系统性能的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。采用本系统实际测量了浓度为4.2m g/kg的NO标准气体,测得系统线性度〉0.98,检出限〈1pg/s。实验表明该系统能快速准确检测微量NO信号,可作为亚硝胺气相色谱检测法的检测器。