键阻断原理构建中孔A型沸石

采用不同类型的有机硅烷化SiO₂作为基本合成单元, 制备了具有晶内中孔的A型沸石。考察了反应碱度、Si/Al比、晶化时间等合成条件对产品的影响。结果表明, 甲氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷是合成中孔A型沸石的最佳硅烷化试剂;硅烷化试剂的应用, 使中孔沸石晶化过程可以通过“键阻断原理”有效控制;沸石的中孔尺寸可以通过不同类型的有机硅烷化试剂进行调控; 一定范围内, 其外比表面积、中孔体积随SiO₂表面硅烷化度的增加而增加。通过沸石晶化过程中的“键阻断”, 可以制备具有晶内中孔的A型沸石。     

桥联有机硅烷组装多级孔TS-1聚集体及其催化性能研究（英文）

TS-1分子筛在H_2O_2参与的有机物分子选择氧化及环氧化反应中具有优异的催化性能,一直广受关注.目前,随着精细化工反应中大分子及液相反应的增多,目前工业上使用的微米级尺寸的沸石晶粒催化材料因其狭窄的孔道和较大的扩散阻力而越来越不能满足工业的实际生产需求与应用.小晶粒纳米沸石由于具有较大的外比表面积和较高的晶内扩散速率,因而在提高催化剂的利用率、增强大分子转化能力、减小深度反应、提高选择性以及降低结焦失活等方面均表现出优越的性能.然而,尺寸低于100 nm的沸石又存在着分离问题.因此,具有高催化活性、又能一步实现分离与回收的纳米沸石聚集体的合成,引起了人们的研究兴趣.目前可以通过使用聚苯乙烯球,球型阴离子交换树脂,硅烷化聚合物,聚合诱导胶体聚集(PICA)等实现纳米沸石聚集体材料的合成.其中采用有机硅烷化试剂来制备多级孔纳米沸石聚集体材料提供了一种新的路线.在沸石晶体表面修饰上有机硅烷化试剂,含Si–C键的有机硅烷化物种可以有效地阻止沸石颗粒的晶体生长,抑制形成大的沸石晶体,从而得到纳米粒子聚集体;同时有机硅烷化物种也对纳米沸石进行了表面改性,提高了其疏水性.特别是在有机相中硅烷化沸石可以形成小的、均匀的、聚集的疏水性的纳米沸石.同时,硅烷化试剂的本质和分子大小是沸石聚集体中多级孔大小的决定性因素.具有可调结构的多级孔沸石晶体可以通过在常规的碱性沸石合成混合物溶液中添加一个两性有机硅表面活性剂而合成.研究发现,固定在沸石纳米晶表面的机硅烷物种Si–C键能部分抑制纳米颗粒进一步聚集成较大的晶体,使用硅烷化晶种的方法可以合成具有高比表面的多级孔ZSM-5等沸石.然而,目前已报道的通过硅烷化晶种方法中得到的多级孔TS-1沸石材料的尺寸仅有100–150 nm,仍不利于分离和回收.近来桥联有机硅烷试剂进入人们的视野——通过干胶法合成多级孔β沸石,然而它们的尺寸也只有300–500 nm,反应分离和回收仍然非常困难.本文采用有机桥联硅烷化合物作为硅烷化试剂,将TS-1纳米沸石晶种或者晶体组装聚集成大的沸石聚集体.TEM和SEM结果表明,桥联有机硅烷在沸石晶体的聚集和后续的晶体生长中起到了非常有效的作用,成功地将100 nm左右的纳米沸石晶种或晶体桥联/组装成宏观大尺寸(5–40μm)的沸石聚集体.这些TS-1聚集体具有较好的机械强度,即使连续超声1 h也不会毁坏其结构,表明所得到的沸石材料可以在制备上解决分离困难并且在催化应用上容易回收.XRD,BET以及UV-Vis分析结果表明,引入在TS-1沸石晶种或者晶体溶液中有机硅烷试剂不会影响沸石的晶体结构、微孔体积以及Ti的配位状态.将H_2O_2作为氧化剂评价TS-1沸石聚集体和传统的纳米TS-1在烯烃环氧化反应中的催化性能,结果表明,硅烷化步骤对小分子己烯氧化的活性和选择性的影响不大,在环己烯大分子的氧化反应里表现出了较高的活性和选择性.     

无模板剂条件下ZSM-5与丝光沸石之间的可控转晶

采用预晶化液添加法,即将高温(190oC)预晶化液添加到低温(150oC)晶化母液中合成沸石分子筛,考察了高温预晶化液的Na2O:SiO2比、预晶化时间以及低温晶化母液的Na2O:SiO2比对ZSM-5与丝光沸石之间转晶的影响,并采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对合成的产物进行了表征.研究发现,通过调节整体合成液的Na2O:SiO2比可有效控制ZSM-5沸石与丝光沸石之间的转晶.当整体合成液的组成为xNa2O:100SiO2:2.5Al2O3:12SO42?:4000H2O时,Na2O:SiO2=0.18是ZSM-5沸石和丝光沸石的一个分界线.通过调节母液的Na含量,使Na2O:SiO2>0.18时,高温预晶化过程中产生MFI结构的晶体在低温晶化时可向丝光沸石发生转晶;当Na2O:SiO2≤0.18时,具有MFI和丝光沸石结构共生的晶体在低温晶化时向MFI结构的ZSM-5沸石发生转晶.ZSM-5与丝光沸石之间转晶的前提条件是高温预晶化所形成晶体的结晶度不能太高(≤30%).另外,整体合成液中Na2O含量对生成晶体的形貌也有影响.     

不同铝源合成的β沸石结构表征与热分解行为的研究

考察了以固体硅胶为硅源、 NaAlO2及α Al2O3· H2O两种铝源、以及不同晶化混合液的 SiO2/Al2O3比（ 15～ 50）对β沸石合成的影响。通过 XRD、 DSC/TGA、 29Si NMR及 ICP研究表明,以 NaAlO2为铝源合成的β沸石更易形成 Si(0Al)、 Si(1Al)、 Si(O－ )配位,且化学 SiO2/Al2O3比与晶化混合液 SiO2/Al2O3比基本一致,以α Al2O3· H2O为铝源合成的β沸石更易形成 Si(0Al)、 Si(O－ )、 Si(2Al)配位,且化学 SiO2/Al2O3比低于晶化混合液的 SiO2/Al2O3比; TGA失重量随β沸石 SiO2/Al2O3比增加而增加, DSC吸热量随β沸石 SiO2/Al2O3增加而减少。     

OH-/SiO2比对合成β沸石晶粒粒度分布及结构的影响

具有十二元环的三维高硅大孔β沸石是1967年由Wadlinger[1]首先合成的,其结构模型于1988年由Newsam等[2]确定,近十年来,许多文献报道了不同模板剂、不同铝源和硅源以及不同碱金属对β沸石合成的影响及杂原子β沸石的合成[3-5],但均存在晶化时间较长等缺点,关于晶化混合物的OH-/SiO2比(以下简称碱度)对在较短晶化时间下所合成的β沸石的影响未见报道.     

无有机模板剂体系水热合成Beta沸石中晶种的导向机理(英文)

在无有机模板剂体系中研究了不同硅铝比和晶粒度Beta沸石晶种的结构导向行为,采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-拉曼光谱、红外光谱和N2物理吸附等方法对不同晶化时间固相产物和Beta沸石产物进行了表征.结果表明,不同Beta沸石晶种,包括全硅晶种,均能够导向合成Beta沸石,而且晶种在晶化诱导期都发生溶解.但是,晶种的硅铝比、晶粒度、预处理(焙烧)以及晶种加入的时间对晶种的溶解行为、Beta沸石晶化过程和产物都有重要影响.形貌研究还发现,含铝晶种不仅溶解后的残体通过提供晶核聚集的"固载化"表面导向了新生Beta沸石小晶体的密集生长,而且溶解下来的结构片段也提供了分散的晶核导向形成相对分散的Beta沸石小晶体;全硅晶种则仅通过溶解下来的结构片段提供分散的晶核.在无模板体系中,使用适当高硅铝比、小晶粒和经过焙烧处理的Beta沸石作为晶种有利于合成得到高结晶度的Beta沸石纯相.     

无有机模板剂体系水热合成Beta沸石中晶种的导向机理(英文)

在无有机模板剂体系中研究了不同硅铝比和晶粒度Beta沸石晶种的结构导向行为,采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-拉曼光谱、红外光谱和N2物理吸附等方法对不同晶化时间固相产物和Beta沸石产物进行了表征.结果表明,不同Beta沸石晶种,包括全硅晶种,均能够导向合成Beta沸石,而且晶种在晶化诱导期都发生溶解.但是,晶种的硅铝比、晶粒度、预处理(焙烧)以及晶种加入的时间对晶种的溶解行为、Beta沸石晶化过程和产物都有重要影响.形貌研究还发现,含铝晶种不仅溶解后的残体通过提供晶核聚集的"固载化"表面导向了新生Beta沸石小晶体的密集生长,而且溶解下来的结构片段也提供了分散的晶核导向形成相对分散的Beta沸石小晶体;全硅晶种则仅通过溶解下来的结构片段提供分散的晶核.在无模板体系中,使用适当高硅铝比、小晶粒和经过焙烧处理的Beta沸石作为晶种有利于合成得到高结晶度的Beta沸石纯相.     

ZSM-5、ZSM-57分子筛和丝光沸石间的转晶规律

考察了硅铝比、碱度、有机胺模板剂、晶化时间及温度等合成条件对ZSM-5、ZSM-57 分子筛和丝光沸石之间相互转晶的影响. 发现较高的碱度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成丝光沸石；较低的碱度、较高的诱导晶化温度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-57 分子筛；合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛则需要在能合成丝光沸石和ZSM-57 分子筛的碱度区间内精确调节碱度, 缩短晶化时间、降低诱导晶化温度、加入适当晶种, 有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5 分子筛. 合成条件稍微改变, 会导致各种沸石之间发生转晶, 晶化产物出现两种或两种以上的晶型.     

以拟薄水铝石为铝源合成的β沸石的表征和催化性能(英文)

考察了以拟薄水铝石为铝源、固体硅胶为硅源、四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂时不同晶化混合液ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比和不同晶化温度对β沸石合成的影响。ＸＲＤ、ＴＧＡ、ＩＣＰ及ＳＥＭ研究结果表明,在晶化混合液ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比为２０至５０之间、晶化温度为１４０℃～１６０℃范围内能合成出高结晶度的β沸石,且β沸石硅铝比与晶化混合液硅铝比呈良好的线性关系：ＴＧＡ总失重量随β沸石硅铝比增加而增加,晶化温度对β沸石的晶粒度没有明显影响。此外,所制备的Ｈβ沸石对甲苯与Ｃ９芳烃歧化和烷基转移反应具有良好的催化性能。     

偏高岭土水热合成4A沸石晶化行为的研究

以偏高岭土为原料合成4A沸石,由于其合成过程工艺简单,成本低而一直受到普遍的关注,对于该法晶化过程的行为研究,近年来陆续出现报道,Rocha等^[1]研究认为偏高岭土在碱液中缓慢溶解,形成含SiO3^2-,SiOH基团和Al(OH)4^-的溶液,逐步缩合为硅铝酸钠凝胶,再进一步形成4A沸石晶粒并通过结构重排而转变为4A沸石,王建等^[2]研究提出偏高岭土在NaOH溶液中部分溶解,且迅速转变为偏高岭土,并伴有硅铝酸钠凝胶产生,同时偏高岭土也不断在碱液的作用下凝胶化,生成的凝胶再进一步转变为4A沸石,因而合成的4A沸石产品与化学合成法存在着较大的差异。对偏高岭土合成4A沸石的晶化历程,作者曾进行过研究^[3],发现偏高岭土在碱液中溶解很小,由偏高岭土转为4A沸石晶型,主要是在偏高岭土固相的基础上进行的。本文似从合成过程的机理方面,探讨偏高岭土合成4A沸石的晶化过程行为及其与化学法合成产品差异的关键所在。     

Tailoring Zeolite ZSM‐5 Crystal Morphology/Porosity through Flexible Utilization of Silicalite‐1 Seeds as Templates: Unusual Crystallization Pathways in a Heterogeneous System

Diffusion limitation in micropores of zeolites leads to a demand for optimization of zeolite morphology and/or porosity. However, tailoring crystallization processes to realize targeted morphology/porosity is a major challenge in zeolite synthesis. On the basis of previous work on the salt‐aided, seed‐induced route, the template effect of seeds on the formation of micropores, mesopores and even macropores was further explored to selectively achieve desired hierarchical architectures. By carefully investigating the crystallization processes of two typical samples with distinct crystal morphologies, namely, 1) nanocrystallite‐oriented self‐assembled ZSM‐5 zeolite and 2) enriched intracrystal mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolite, a detailed mechanism is proposed to clarify the role of silicalite‐1 seeds in the formation of diverse morphologies in a salt‐rich heterogeneous system, combined with the transformation of seed‐embedded aluminosilicate gel. On the basis of these conclusions, the morphologies/porosities of products were precisely tailored by deliberately adjusting the synthesis parameters (KF/Si, tetrapropylammonium bromide/Si and H₂O/Si ratios and type of organic template) to regulate the kinetics of seed dissolution and seed‐induced recrystallization. This work may not only provide a practical route to control zeolite crystallization for tailoring crystal morphology, but also expands the knowledge of crystal growth mechanisms in a heterogeneous system.     

Materials Discovery and Crystal Growth of Zeolite A Type Zeolitic–Imidazolate Frameworks Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy

A new zeolitic–imidazolate framework (ZIF), [Zn(imidazolate)_2?x(benzimidazolate)_x], that has the zeolite A (LTA) framework topology and contains relatively inexpensive organic linkers has been revealed using in situ atomic force microscopy. The new material was grown on the structure‐directing surface of [Zn(imidazolate)_1.5(5‐chlorobenzimidazolate)_0.5] (ZIF‐76) crystals, a metal–organic framework (MOF) that also possesses the LTA framework topology. The crystal growth processes for both [Zn(imidazolate)_2?x(benzimidazolate)_x] and ZIF‐76 were observed using in situ atomic force microscopy; it is the first time the growth process of a nanoporous material with the complex zeolite A (LTA) framework topology has been monitored temporally at the nanoscale. The results reveal the crystal growth mechanisms and possible surface terminations on the {100} and {111} facets of the materials under low supersaturation conditions. Surface growth of these structurally complex materials was found to proceed through both “birth‐and‐spread” and spiral crystal‐growth mechanisms, with the former occurring through the nucleation and spreading of metastable and stable sub‐layers reliant on the presence of non‐framework species to bridge the framework during formation. These results support the notion that the latter process may be a general mechanism of surface crystal growth applicable to numerous crystalline nanoporous materials of differing complexity and demonstrate that the methodology of seeded crystal growth can be used to discover previously unobtainable ZIFs and MOFs with desirable framework compositions.     

Diffusion of n-alkanes in mesoporous 5A zeolites by ZLC method

Diffusion properties of mesostructured zeolite 5A were investigated by employing n-alkanes as probe molecules using the zero length column (ZLC) method. The mesopores were found to enhance molecule diffusion. Moreover, the effective diffusion time constant (D _eff/R ²) increased with mesoporosity in the zeolites between 308 K and 393 K, whereas the activation energy decreased with increasing mesopore volume. The effective diffusivity values of n-alkanes in mesoporous zeolite 5A were generally higher than that the microporous zeolite 5A sample. This clearly implied the important role of the mesopore in zeolites crystals in facilitating the transport of reaction molecules due to shorter average diffusion path length and less steric hindrance.     

Availability and interconnectivity of pores in mesostructured ZSM-5 zeolites by the adsorption and diffusion of mesitylene

Probing the mesopore architecture in mesoporous zeolites is of importance for large scale applications of the materials. In this work, the adsorption and diffusion of mesitylene with larger molecule size in mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites were carried out, in order to acquaint the availability and interconnectivity of mesopores in zeolite crystals. The comparisons of the shape of adsorption isotherms and the mesopore volume calculated from mesitylene and N₂ adsorption in mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites with different mesoporosities can be used to discriminate two cases of mesopores: accessible mesopores connected to external surface of the zeolite crystals and non-accessible meso-voids that are occluded in the microporous matrix. Furthermore, the effective diffusivity and activation energy of mesitylene in mesoporous ZSM-5 extracted from ZLC desorption curves as a function of mesopore volume calculated from mesitylene adsorption reveal the enhancement of mesopore interconnectivity to molecule diffusion in zeolite crystals.     

介孔分子筛的酸性和水热稳定性

介孔分子筛材料在催化、吸附与分离以及化学组装制备先进材料和分子器件等方面具有潜在的应用价值.但是,由于介孔分子筛材料较低的水热稳定性和较弱的酸性,极大地影响了其在催化研究中的广泛应用.本文系统地综述了最近几年在提高介孔分子筛酸性和水热稳定性的研究工作.其中包括:(1)将超酸组份负载于介孔分子筛的孔道中以达到提高介孔分子筛材料的酸强度的目的;(2)通过在合成介孔分子筛的过程中加入无机盐和有机胺等助剂或采用合适的后处理方法以提高介孔分子筛的水热稳定性;(3)通过新型模板剂来合成具有较高水热稳定性的介孔分子筛材料;(4)利用具有沸石分子筛基本结构单元的沸石分子筛导向剂与表面活性剂自组装来合成具有强酸中心和高温水热稳定的介孔分子筛材料.     

Graphene Oxide Facilitates Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Well‐Dispersed,Faceted Zeolite Crystals

Zeolites with molecular dimension pores are widely used in petrochemical and fine‐chemical industries. While traditional solvothermal syntheses suffer from environmental, safety, and efficiency issues, the newly developed solvent‐free synthesis is limited by zeolite crystal aggregation. Herein, we report well‐dispersed and faceted silicalite ZSM‐5 zeolite crystals obtained using a solvent‐free synthesis facilitated by graphene oxide (GO). The selective interactions between the GO sheets and different facets, which are confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, result in oriented growth of the ZSM‐5 crystals along the c‐axis. More importantly, the incorporation of GO sheets into the ZSM‐5 crystals leads to the formation of mesopores. Consequently, the faceted ZSM‐5 crystals exhibit hierarchical pore structures. This synthetic method is superior to conventional approaches because of the features of the ZSM‐5 zeolite.     

Graphene Oxide Facilitates Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Well‐Dispersed,Faceted Zeolite Crystals

Zeolites with molecular dimension pores are widely used in petrochemical and fine‐chemical industries. While traditional solvothermal syntheses suffer from environmental, safety, and efficiency issues, the newly developed solvent‐free synthesis is limited by zeolite crystal aggregation. Herein, we report well‐dispersed and faceted silicalite ZSM‐5 zeolite crystals obtained using a solvent‐free synthesis facilitated by graphene oxide (GO). The selective interactions between the GO sheets and different facets, which are confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, result in oriented growth of the ZSM‐5 crystals along the c‐axis. More importantly, the incorporation of GO sheets into the ZSM‐5 crystals leads to the formation of mesopores. Consequently, the faceted ZSM‐5 crystals exhibit hierarchical pore structures. This synthetic method is superior to conventional approaches because of the features of the ZSM‐5 zeolite.     

Constructing Intrapenetrated Hierarchical Zeolites with Highly Complete Framework via Protozeolite Seeding

Creation of intrapenetrated mesopores with open highway from external surface into the interior of zeolite crystals are highly desirable that can significantly improve the molecular transport and active sites accessibility of microporous zeolites to afford enhanced catalytic properties. Here, different from traditional zeolite-seeded methods that generally produced isolated mesopores in zeolites, nanosized amorphous protozeolites with embryo structure of zeolites were used as seeds for the construction of single-crystalline hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with intrapenetrated mesopores (mesopore volume of 0.51 cm³ g⁻¹) and highly complete framework. In this strategy, in contrast to the conventional synthesis, only a small amount of organic structure directing agents and a low crystallization temperature were adopted to promise the protozeolites as the dominant growth directing sites to induce crystallization. The protozeolite nanoseeds provided abundant nucleation sites for surrounding precursors to be crystallized, followed by oriented coalescence of crystallites resulting in the formation of intrapenetrated mesopores. The as-prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited ultra-long lifetime of 443.9 hours and a high propylene selectivity of 47.92 % at a WHSV of 2 h⁻¹ in the methanol-to-propylene reaction. This work provides a facile protozeolite-seeded strategy for the synthesis of intrapenetrated hierarchical zeolites that are highly effective for catalytic applications.     

高硅SSZ-13分子筛膜二次水热生长过程

采用稀释模板剂合成溶胶在管状莫来石支撑体上制备高硅SSZ-13分子筛膜以研究膜的二次水热生长过程。对433 K下二次生长2~72 h的膜和底料进行表征,XRD表明膜和底料中的SSZ-13特征峰均在6 h后出现。底料中的晶粒尺寸基本不随晶化时间的延长而变化。在298 K和0.4 MPa测试条件下,433 K晶化72 h的SSZ-13分子筛膜CO₂渗透通量为2.08×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,CO₂/CH₄理想选择性为24。探讨了SSZ-13分子筛膜的生长过程：涂覆在支撑体上的晶种首先溶解并形成大量有序的结构单元,诱导溶胶中晶粒形成并快速生长,晶粒沉积在支撑体的表面共生形成无缺陷的膜层。