图像辅助汽车制动主缸补偿孔法线测量

随着道路上汽车的增多,汽车制动系统的可靠性受到越来越多的关注,基于机器视觉的汽车制动主缸补偿孔参数检测精度,是决定汽车安全性和停车可靠性的关键技术,补偿孔作为汽车制动主缸的重要组成部分,可以起到调节汽车制动主缸储液罐与压力室中制动液的重要作用,其尺寸精度和加工质量受到严格的控制,因此如何准确的获取补偿孔的图像是补偿孔参数检测的首要问题。通过将飞机钻铆孔法线找正的方法引入到图像获取中,将四点微平面法线检测方法与图像处理相结合,实现高效高精度的法线找正。实验表明,本文算法法线找正精度高于0.05°,优于传统检测精度的0.5°,检测时间小于1 s。本文提出的算法在满足精度要求的情况下,算法简单,实时性高,同时具有较好的鲁棒性,满足制动主缸生产工业现场对于检测速度和精度的要求。     

液压自由活塞柴油机缸内燃烧过程研究

针对液压自由活塞柴油机的结构特点和运行特性,采用试验研究方法对缸内燃烧过程进行分析,提出了该柴油机燃烧过程的研究方法。重点研究了基于时间的缸压曲线和活塞位移曲线的处理方法,获得了基于时间的燃烧放热规律计算方法,分析讨论了在该活塞运动规律下的缸内燃烧特性,通过试验研究与仿真分析相结合的方法对韦伯经验放热模型进行了修正。研究结果为探索自由活塞柴油机的燃烧特性与运行机理提供了依据。     

基于动态核主元分析的大功率LED阵列动态光源在线状态观测与故障诊断

大功率LED阵列动态光源工作过程中光电热参数具有不确定性和时变时滞非线性特点,利用动态核主元分析方法（DKPCA）对大功率LED阵列动态光源进行在线状态观测与故障诊断能有效地捕捉观测数据的非线性和相关性特征,根据历史数据的主元特征计算出的统计量阈值和在线数据的统计特征实现故障检测,利用重构贡献图法实现故障的分离。仿真实验表明,对大功率LED阵列动态光源典型的传感器和执行器故障进行有效监测和诊断相对于核主元分析方法对故障更为敏感,故障检测率最高提高了7.5%,误检率下降了4.2%。     

螺旋天线步进电机控制系统仿真及运行曲线优化

为实现机械相控阵列天线的波束扫描,采用步进电机驱动螺旋天线单元转动来达到预定的辐射相位。为了优化步进电机的开环控制,研究运行曲线对步进电机控制性能的影响,提高步进电机控制速度和精度。根据步进电机及控制系统的工作原理,建立了基于Simulink的步进电机开环控制系统仿真模型,并在此基础上对梯形和抛物线两种运行曲线进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,该仿真模型能精确实现两种运行曲线对步进电机的控制,在100 ms的控制周期内,采用梯形运行曲线步进电机的最大无失步转动角度能够达到270°,而采用抛物线运行曲线时其转动角度能够达到360°,抛物线运行曲线在开环控制系统中具有更高的控制速度。     

基于气象因素的集中供热系统热负荷预测研究

为了解决直升机旋翼伺服作动器维修保障过程中训练资源有限,拆装难度高,故障率较高且难以确定故障点等难题,在直升机虚拟维修训练系统(VMTS, Virtual Maintenance Training System)的基础上,提出了应用虚拟仪器检测,确定故障点的直升机故障诊断可视化设计方法。分析了故障诊断过程中仪器、工具、环境等对故障诊断的影响,实现了动态的建立仿真模型和数据处理。通过虚拟仪器和推理机的功能配合,解决了直升机维护中复杂多变的故障诊断难题,形成一个逻辑推理能力强的故障诊断系统。最后以直升机旋翼伺服作动器故障诊断为例,验证该方法的可行性。     

基于VMTS的旋翼伺服作动器故障诊断过程可视化

为了解决直升机旋翼伺服作动器维修保障过程中训练资源有限,拆装难度高,故障率较高且难以确定故障点等难题,在直升机虚拟维修训练系统(VMTS, virtual maintenance training system)的基础上,提出了应用虚拟仪器检测,确定故障点的直升机故障诊断可视化设计方法;分析了故障诊断过程中仪器、工具、环境等对故障诊断的影响,实现了动态的建立仿真模型和数据处理;通过虚拟仪器和推理机的功能配合,解决了直升机维护中复杂多变的故障诊断难题,形成一个逻辑推理能力强的故障诊断系统;最后以直升机旋翼伺服作动器故障诊断为例,验证该方法的可行性。     

基于蒸汽饱和压缩的热泵能效分析

蒸汽圧缩在生产生活领域应用非常广泛,在蒸汽圧缩过程中,通过喷入蒸汽冷凝液可以使得蒸汽沿饱和线压缩以降低功耗。为此,本文建立了沿饱和蒸汽线压缩的热力学模型,推导了活塞运动速度计算公式,同时以氨气压缩为例,计算了压缩过程中的功耗、液氨喷入量以及热泵性能的变化。计算结果表明,活塞瞬时功耗受活塞运行速度以及缸内气压影响较大,同时也受活塞效率的影响;随着活塞效率的降低,热泵性能提高幅度不断增加,在活塞效率为0.96时,热泵功耗降低超过10%,而制热系数提高了6.3%。     

动磁式双定子直线压缩机动态特性仿真研究

针对一种动磁式双定子直线压缩机,在分析电机运行原理的基础上,建立其等效磁路模型,推导了气隙磁链、电磁力、电磁力系数、反电动势系数和电感等重要控制参数的解析公式,并通过有限元计算对解析结果进行验证。根据控制参数计算结果,对直线压缩机系统的动态特性进行仿真研究。重点分析了电机电流、动子位移和速度随时间变化规律及活塞振幅随频率变化特性。研究结果对直线压缩机活塞的行程控制、弹簧系统的谐振设计以及后续的控制系统设计提供重要理论依据。     

基于元胞自动机的对向行人交通流仿真研究

基于元胞自动机对对向行人交通流进行仿真研究. 模型利用四个动态参数反映行人移动区域和其视野范围内的实际情况,从而决定行人的行为选择,行人可以根据自身周围的情况选择前进、后退、等待、左右移动、交换位置等行为. 仿真研究不同方向比例与不同系统规模的对向行人流的速度-密度、流量-密度关系. 研究结果表明,系统存在相位转换和临界密度,方向比例和系统规模对行人流的速度-密度、流量-密度关系曲线的形状和系统临界密度值有一定的影响. 关键词： 元胞自动机 对向行人流 动态参数 临界密度     

复杂背景下货车制动梁的快速分割方法

为了准确分割货车制动梁,实现货车运行故障图像动态检测系统(TFDS)的故障自动识别,提出了灰度投影、离散小波变换和自适应分割相结合,利用灰度分布特征与位置相关性实现分割的方法。计算图像的垂直灰度投影,采用离散小波变换分析投影曲线,选择表示制动梁边缘的特征点,拟合其中心线。结合制动梁先验信息,将投影区域旋转相应角度并计算灰度投影,设置自适应阈值选择曲线上的特征波峰,实现不同角度制动梁的分割。实验结果表明,制动梁分割准确率为99%,处理一幅图像的平均时间21.7ms,可以准确地分割不同曝光条件下的图像,为后续的故障检测提供有力的保障。     

基于三参数威布尔分布的自动调整臂服役可靠性研究

作为汽车制动系统关键部件的自动调整臂,其服役可靠性关系到汽车行驶的安全;通过疲劳试验分析自动调整臂零部件失效的可能性,试验结果表明:矩形压簧及螺旋压缩弹簧是影响自动调整臂失效的关键部分;利用MATLAB分析试验数据,可知自动调整臂疲劳寿命服从三参数的威布尔分布,文中结合竞争性故障模型对自动调整臂的服役可靠性进行分析,基于该模型采用最小二乘法及最大相关系数法对试验中的寿命数据进行参数估计;实例分析表明,该法的原理简单,方便实用,结合竞争性故障模型的威布尔分布能准确真实地反映自动调整臂疲劳试验数据的统计特性,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVE CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE DISC BRAKE ROTOR SQUEAL USING DITHER

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the application of “dither” control for the active control and suppression of automobile disc brake squeal. Dither control is characterized by the application of a control effort at a frequency higher than the disturbance to be controlled. In the particular system considered here, a vibro-acoustic analysis of a disc brake system during squeal determined the acoustic squeal signature to be emanating from the brake rotor. This squeal was eliminated, and could even be prevented from occurring, through the application of a harmonic force with a frequency higher than the squeal frequency. The harmonic force was generated by a stack of piezoelectric elements placed within the brake's caliper piston. The harmonic force represented a small variation about the mean clamping force exerted by the brake upon the rotor. The high-frequency vibration in the brake system due to the action of the control system was not heard if an ultrasonic control frequency was used. More importantly, the active control system is shown to be able to prevent squeal from even occurring. This gives rise to a possible active control system integrated into the brake system of automobiles to prevent squeal.     

Suppression of brake squeal noise applying finite element brake and pad model enhanced by spectral-based assurance criteria

An enhanced dynamic finite element (FE) model with friction coupling is applied to analyze the design of disc brake pad structure for squeal noise reduction. The FE model is built-up from the individual brake component representations. Its interfacial structural connections and boundary conditions are determined by correlating to a set of measured frequency response functions using a spectral-based assurance criterion. The proposed friction coupling formulation produces an asymmetric system stiffness matrix that yields a set of complex conjugate eigenvalues. The analysis shows that eigenvalues possessing positive real parts tend to produce unstable modes with the propensity towards the generation of squeal noise. Using a proposed lumped parameter model and eigenvalue sensitivity study, beneficial pad design changes can be identified and implemented in the detailed FE model to determine the potential improvements in the dynamic stability of the system. Also, a selected set of parametric studies is performed to evaluate numerous design concepts using the proposed dynamic FE model. The best pad design attained, which produces the least amount of squeal response, is finally validated by comparison to a set of actual vehicle test results.     

The effect of flow on the piston problem of acoustics

A compressible fluid, bounded on one side by an infinite plane, flows with constant subsonic speed U parallel to the plane, and acoustic disturbances are caused by a small amplitude vibration of a circular piston set in the plane. The effect of the mean flow on this classical radiation problem is investigated and the distant field is expressed in elementary form. For the compact piston, whose radius is small compared with a wavelength, it is confirmed (in agreement with earlier work) that the distant field is not simply that of a point source with strength equal to the displaced volume flux since the piston has an additional blockage effect on the mean flow. The total excess energy flow is calculated for the compact piston with any subsonic mean flow (and also for the non-compact piston with low Mach number mean flow) and is compared with that for the complementary problem of a moving piston in a quiescent fluid. Since this is the previous problem referred to a reference frame that moves with the mean flow, the pressure and velocity fluctuations are as before, but the energy balance is different since the drag force on the piston does work in the latter case.     

Dynamics and design of a power unit with a hydraulic piston actuator

The problem of the preselection of parameters of a power unit of a mechatronic complex on the basis of the condition for providing a required control energy has been discussed. The design of the unit is based on analysis of its dynamics under the effect of a special-type test conditional control signal. The specific features of the approach used are a reasonably simplified normalized dynamic model of the unit and the formation of basic similarity criteria. Methods of designing a power unit with a hydraulic piston actuator that operates in point-to-point and oscillatory modes have been considered.     

滚动轴承声信号特征提取和诊断试验研究

为解决振动检测方法不能有效识别低速旋转机械滚动轴承故障问题,利用声发射检测方法,建立了滚动轴承低速声发射信号采集试验装置,对模拟人工缺陷滚动轴承声发射信号进行了采集,进而对滚动轴承声发射信号进行总体平均经验模式分解,结合能量矩及相关系数法综合判断分解后各模态分量的真伪,据此提取出特征信号并做出其局部Hilbert边际谱,最后对滚动轴承各种故障模式进行诊断。试验结果表明该诊断方法能准确识别滚动轴承声发射信号故障频率,依据特征频率及幅值大小可对低速滚动轴承故障进行有效诊断。     

Noise source identification of diesel engine based on variational mode decomposition and robust independent component analysis

Through separating and identifying the noise sources of diesel engine, each independent noise obtained can be used as reference for the noise reduction, condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In the noise source identification of diesel engine, the combustion noise and the piston slap noise are found to be overlapped in time domain and frequency domain. So it is intricate to accurately separate them. Therefore, the noise source identification method which is based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is proposed. In the test, a 6-cylinder diesel engine was tested in a semi-anechoic chamber. The lead wrapped method was adopted to wrap No. 1–5 cylinders so as to isolate the interference noises, only the No. 6 cylinder part was bared. The single channel noise signal of cylinder head was measured. Then the variational mode decomposition algorithm is utilized to decompose the noise signal into several variational mode components. The RobustICA algorithm is adopted to extract the independent components. Finally, the continuous wavelet transform and the prior knowledge of diesel engine are applied to further identify the separated results. The results show that by using the proposed method to separate and identify the radiation noise of the cylinder head of the diesel engine, the independent components obtained are respectively the combustion noise and the piston slap noise. Comparing with the EEMD-RobustICA-CWT method, each independent noises obtained through the proposed method are more accurate and pure with less other interference noises.     

Mathematical modeling of multicylinder compressor discharge system interactions

Gas oscillations are complicated in a multicylinder compressor discharge system because of the cylinder interactions. These are identified and modeled here as kinematic and geometric types of coupling. The kinematic coupling effect is incorporated with the input volume velocities, at the values, which are derived from the discharge mass flow rates. To account for the geometric interactions arising because of the interconnected cavities and passages, impedance matrices are formulated. The discharge system components are described by steady state acoustic impedances, in distributed parameters format. The overall discharge system mathematical model (in the frequency domain) is then coupled with the time domain compressor cylinder thermodynamic, and valve fluid and structural dynamic models. An iterative is used to account for the back pressure effect.The theory is applied to a two cylinder high speed refrigeration compressor. Unsteady flow pressures are predicted in the valve chamber (for capacity and energy consumption considerations), and at the manifold end (for muffling effectiveness consideration). Excellent agreements between theory and experiment are obtained. The technique as outlined in this paper should be applicable to any multicylinder/interstaged positive displacement type of fluid machine.     

Piston scuffing fault and its identification in an IC engine by vibration analysis

In this paper, the effects of piston scuffing fault on engine performance and vibrations are investigated. A procedure based on vibration analysis is also presented to identify piston scuffing fault. To this end, an internal combustion (IC) engine ran under a specific test procedure. The engine parameters and vibration signals were measured during the experiments. To produce piston scuffing fault, three-body abrasive wear mechanism was employed. The experimental results showed that piston scuffing fault caused the engine performance to reduce significantly. The vibration signals were analyzed in time-domain, frequency-domain and time–frequency domain. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was used to obtain time–frequency representations. “dmey” wavelet was selected as the optimum wavelet type for this research among different wavelet types using the three criteria of energy, Shannon entropy and energy to Shannon entropy ratio. The results of CWT analysis by “dmey” wavelet showed that piston scuffing fault excited the frequency band of 2.4–4.7 kHz in which the frequency of 3.7 kHz was affected more. Finally, seven different features were extracted from the engine vibration signals related to the frequency band of 2.4–4.7 kHz. The results indicated that maximum, mean, RMS, skewness, kurtosis and impulse factor of the engine vibration related to the found frequency band increased significantly due to piston scuffing fault. The obtained results showed that the proposed method identified piston scuffing fault and discovered the vibration characteristics of this fault like frequency band. The results also demonstrated the possibility of using engine vibrations in piston scuffing fault identification.