一种发表物理思想的杂志──介绍新办国际性刊物《Physics Essays》

众所周知,无论现代物理学的基础性理论研究领域还是应用研究领域,都存在着一些令　人困惑的理论问题.可是量子力学和相对论却很难置疑.当21世纪即将来临的时候,许多物理学家都猜测这些问题的解决也许需要新一代的爱因斯坦和普朗克;需要新的物理思想.这些思想也许会违反我们目前习以为常的知识,却可能为开创现有理论的新局面甚至创建新的理论提供思路.为了给这些思想提供更多的发表机会,加拿大国家研究委员会(National Re-search Council of Canada)于 1987年专门创办了一种国际性刊物 《Physics Essays》(笔者建议译为《物理学札记》).该…     

金融物理的若干基本问题与研究进展(Ⅱ)--基于经纪人的动力学模型的建模与分析

一门全新的交叉学科金融物理研究的第二种处理方法是构建金融市场物理模型，文章对其基本观点作了简介，并重点介绍了金融市场中基于经纪人的动力学模型的建模与分析，阐述了物理学在21世纪的金融工程研究中可发挥的作用与意义。     

物理学是一门实验科学

物理学是一门实验科学秋埔（中国科学院高能物理所，北京１０００３９）科学实验是物理学发展的根本与基础，也是检验物理理论的必要手段与方法．随着实验技术的发展、实验装置的更新、实验方法的完善，各种新的物理现象不断发现，各样新的物理理论不断验证，人们对客观世...     

论物理学与现代林业科学

物理学是自然科学的带头学科，是自然科学发展的根基。现代林业科学属自然科学的一个分支，其发展与物理学息息相关。物理学不仅为现代林业科学的发展提供基本理论和概念，也为其发展提供先进的实验方法和手段。     

金融物理的若干基本问题与研究进展(Ⅰ)--价格的统计分析与价格涨落的随机过程模型

金融物理学是物理学概念和方法应用于金融分析的一门新的交叉学科，近年来受到人们的广泛关注．文章简述了金融物理的研究方向和研究方法，重点讨论了价格涨落的统计分析和相关的物理模型．     

第七讲微电子技术发展与物理学

微电子学的基础是近代固体物理．微电子技术的快速发展又推动了物理学许多分支的进展．今天，当微电子的基本器件MOSFET缩小接近其终极时，作为下一代的基础，一批基于新的物理效应的纳电子器件又被提了出来．为了突破传统的二值开关系统的共同极限，新的信息处理系统，如量子信息处理，正在大力研究之中．不久的将来，可望出现一次新的信息电子革命．这次革命又将建立在现代物理学及现代生物学的基础之上．     

一类分数阶混沌金融系统的复杂性演化研究

物理学理论与方法在经济与金融领域中的成功应用催生了一个新的科学分支——经济物理学(econophysics).分数阶微积分系统的复杂动力学现象受到了越来越多学者的关注.本文定性地分析一类分数阶混沌金融系统的均衡解的稳定性及Hopf分岔发生的条件,并运用亚当斯-巴什福斯-莫尔顿预估-校正的有限差分法,通过分岔图、相图和时间序列图对该系统的复杂性演化行为进行仿真研究. 关键词： 经济物理学 分数阶微分方程 金融模型 混沌     

生命科学中的物理问题讲座 第三讲 神经科学与现代物理学

神经系统是结构和功能极其复杂的生命信息处理系统。对神经系统的深入研究，将为最终解决意识与思维之谜，开辟前进的道路。但是神经科学的发展，一刻也离不开现代物理学的理论与方法的先导和支持。从生物物理学的角度出发，着重介绍了生物神经网络的构成与运行特征，并进一步探讨将现代物理学中的某些理论和方法，应用于神经科学研究的可能性。     

21世纪物理学的成就

20世纪以来，由于物理学理论的重大突破，诞生了相对论和量子论推动了以原子能、激光、通信、计算机、微电子、新型材料、基因工程、纳米技术、航天技术等为代表的现代科学技术迅猛发展，从而使物理学成为当代工程技术的重大支柱．物理知识和研究方法已渗透到各学科，成为许多新兴学科、交叉学科和高新技术产业的重要基础．进入21世纪各国都非常重视物理学的发展，取得了一系列的成果．主要表现在以下几个方面．     

多媒体技术在实验教学中的作用

物理学是以观察、实验为基础的科学．无论是物理概念的建立、还是物理理论的提出与验证，都离不开实验．实验教学是物理教学的重要组成部分，它和理论教学相辅相成，实验是理论的基础，理论需要实验的验证．传统的教学结构、教学模式已不能满足现代教育的要求．实验教学要走在教学改革的前列，要大胆采用现代教育技术手段进行实验教学，把多媒体技术应用到实验教学中．多媒体技术应用于实验教学，有它得天独厚的优势．利用计算机作为终端，通过接口电路、传感器、幻灯机、     

Algorithm for solving the inverse vibronic problem on the basis of SVL fluorescence spectra

Computer methods whereby the inverse vibronic problem is solved on the basis of resonance fluorescence spectra with the use of modern quantum-mechanical methods for constructing structuraldynamic models of polyatomic molecules are discussed. An algorithm is proposed for solving the inverse vibronic problem according to resonance fluorescence spectra under laser excitation, and the corresponding calculation programs are constructed. The initial program data are acquired by means of an original software package which implements the scaling of quantum-mechanical force fields in two electronic states. The Duschinsky matrix and the initial matrix of shifts in normal coordinates caused by electron excitation are calculated in the Cartesian and natural vibrational coordinates. The program data are taken from quantum-molecular models based on calculations performed via ab initio modern quantum-mechanical methods and density functional theory. The algorithm is tested through the calculation of a model molecular system.     

Mean-field theory for global binding systematics

We review some possible improvements of mean-field theory for application to nuclear-binding systematics. Up to now, microscopic theory has been less successful than models starting from the liquid drop in accurately describing the global binding systematics. We believe that there are good prospects for developing a better global theory, using modern forms of energy-density functionals and treating correlation energies systematically by the RPA.     

规范场理论和金融市场模型

文章介绍近年理论物理在金融学市场建模中的应用的一个新方向，与一般的数学建模不同，它是应用几何结构的模型，建立在规范场的物理思想和纤维丛的几何结构的基础上，文章介绍了规范场的物理概念思想原则，也介绍纤维丛数学概念和几何结构，然后说明规范场理论与纤维丛理论的相结合，成为与金融市场概念和运作相匹配的市场模型，举出这一模型成功引导出金融市场产品定价的Black—Scholes方程和公式。文章对象以物理学者为主，对于理论经济学、金融理论和系统科学的读者来说可略去数学推导。     

On the superdiffusive scalings of transport in plasma

It is proposed to consider the scalings of anomalous transport (superdiffusion), determined experimentally in turbulent plasma of the Earth’s magnetosphere and laboratory plasma of thermonuclear facilities and processed using modern statistical cascade models of strong turbulence with intermittency, also within the approach of physical kinetics to the theory of plasma turbulence.     

房屋建筑节能模型及其计算

在非稳定传热理论基础上,采用现代计算物理方法,建立了适用的物理模型和数学模型,给出了合理的定解条件,编制了计算机软件,在VAX11/785机上进行了数值计算,结果表明,郑州地区冬季不采暖,室温可达14℃。     

Toward a computational framework for cognitive biology: Unifying approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition

Progress in understanding cognition requires a quantitative, theoretical framework, grounded in the other natural sciences and able to bridge between implementational, algorithmic and computational levels of explanation. I review recent results in neuroscience and cognitive biology that, when combined, provide key components of such an improved conceptual framework for contemporary cognitive science. Starting at the neuronal level, I first discuss the contemporary realization that single neurons are powerful tree-shaped computers, which implies a reorientation of computational models of learning and plasticity to a lower, cellular, level. I then turn to predictive systems theory (predictive coding and prediction-based learning) which provides a powerful formal framework for understanding brain function at a more global level. Although most formal models concerning predictive coding are framed in associationist terms, I argue that modern data necessitate a reinterpretation of such models in cognitive terms: as model-based predictive systems. Finally, I review the role of the theory of computation and formal language theory in the recent explosion of comparative biological research attempting to isolate and explore how different species differ in their cognitive capacities. Experiments to date strongly suggest that there is an important difference between humans and most other species, best characterized cognitively as a propensity by our species to infer tree structures from sequential data. Computationally, this capacity entails generative capacities above the regular (finite-state) level; implementationally, it requires some neural equivalent of a push-down stack. I dub this unusual human propensity “dendrophilia”, and make a number of concrete suggestions about how such a system may be implemented in the human brain, about how and why it evolved, and what this implies for models of language acquisition. I conclude that, although much remains to be done, a neurally-grounded framework for theoretical cognitive science is within reach that can move beyond polarized debates and provide a more adequate theoretical future for cognitive biology.     

Superstrings and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

It is put forward that modern elementary particle physics cannot be completely unified with the laws of gravity and general relativity without addressing the question of the ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics itself. The position of superstring theory in this general question is emphasized: superstrings may well form exactly the right mathematical system that can explain how quantum mechanics can be linked to a deterministic picture of our world. Deterministic interpretations of quantum mechanics are usually categorically rejected, because of Bell’s powerful observations, and indeed these apply here also, but we do emphasize that the models we arrive at are super-deterministic, which is exactly the case where Bell expressed his doubts. Strong correlations at space-like separations could explain the apparent contradictions.     

地震预测与统计物理

将现代统计物理学的理论和方法应用于地震和地震预测问题的研究，近年来取得了长足的进展，成为物理学和地震学之间一个最为活跃的交叉领域，这一领域所取得的成果，例如，将地震作为一种临界现象的模型，不仅丰富和深化了对地震的认识，而且改变了地震预测研究中的一些传统观念。文章介绍了这方面的研究进展，讨论了与这一领域相关的一些重要的物理概念和悬而未决的科学问题。     

Methods of investigation of boundary value problems in viscoelasticity theory

The present paper is devoted to some classical and modern methods of solving boundary value problems of viscoelasticity theory, including the Volterra principle, Il’yushin’s approximation method, Pobedrya’s method of numerical realization of an elastic solution, the method of Laplace (Laplace-Carson) transform and Z-transform, the method of time steps, the usage of viscoelastic models with fractional time derivatives (fractal models), and methods using a new representation of constitutive relations of nonlinear viscoelasticity To Boris Efimovich Pobedria on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

New development in the theory of superheavy nuclei

We investigate the predictions of modern self-consistent microscopic approaches for the shell structure of superheavy elements. Special emphasis is being laid on the ability of the models to describe spin-orbit splittings in known nuclei, which is a crucial ingredient of the models when it comes to extrapolations of shell structure.