Nonparametric estimation of the log odds ratio for sparse data by kernel smoothing

Regression analysis of the odds ratios for sparse data has received a lot of attention. However, existing works are restricted to the parametric case, and a parametric model may be a misspecification, which may lead to biased and inefficient estimators. Little attention is received for nonparametric regression analysis of the odds ratios. Based on kernel smoothing techniques, we propose two simple estimators of the log odds-ratio function for sparse data. Large sample properties of the estimators are derived, and the methods proposed are evaluated through simulation.     

Fast Nonparametric Quantile Regression With Arbitrary Smoothing Methods

The calculation of nonparametric quantile regression curve estimates is often computationally intensive, as typically an expensive nonlinear optimization problem is involved. This article proposes a fast and easy-to-implement method for computing such estimates. The main idea is to approximate the costly nonlinear optimization by a sequence of well-studied penalized least squares-type nonparametric mean regression estimation problems. The new method can be paired with different nonparametric smoothing methods and can also be applied to higher dimensional settings. Therefore, it provides a unified framework for computing different types of nonparametric quantile regression estimates, and it also greatly broadens the scope of the applicability of quantile regression methodology. This wide applicability and the practical performance of the proposed method are illustrated with smoothing spline and wavelet curve estimators, for both uni- and bivariate settings. Results from numerical experiments suggest that estimates obtained from the proposed method are superior to many competitors. This article has supplementary material online.     

Adaptive Local Linear Quantile Regression

In this paper we propose a new method of local linear adaptive smoothing for nonparametric conditional quantile regression. Some theoretical properties of the procedure are investigated. Then we demonstrate the performance of the method on a simulated example and compare it with other methods. The simulation results demonstrate a reasonable performance of our method proposed especially in situations when the underlying image is piecewise linear or can be approximated by such images. Generally speaking, our ...     

Adaptive local linear quantile regression

In this paper we propose a new method of local linear adaptive smoothing for nonparametric conditional quantile regression. Some theoretical properties of the procedure are investigated. Then we demonstrate the performance of the method on a simulated example and compare it with other methods. The simulation results demonstrate a reasonable performance of our method proposed especially in situations when the underlying image is piecewise linear or can be approximated by such images. Generally speaking, our method outperforms most other existing methods in the sense of the mean square estimation (MSE) and mean absolute estimation (MAE) criteria. The procedure is very stable with respect to increasing noise level and the algorithm can be easily applied to higher dimensional situations.     

A Finite Smoothing Algorithm for Quantile Regression

This article introduces a new method for computing regression quantile functions. This method applies a finite smoothing algorithm based on smoothing the nondifferentiable quantile regression objective function ρ_τ. The smoothing can be done for all τ ∈ (0, 1), and the convergence is finite for any finite number of τ_i ∈ (0, 1), i = 1,…,N. Numerical comparison shows that the finite smoothing algorithm outperforms the simplex algorithm in computing speed. Compared with the powerful interior point algorithm, which was introduced in an earlier article, it is competitive overall; however, it is significantly faster than the interior point algorithm when the design matrix in quantile regression has a large number of covariates. Additionally, the new algorithm provides the same accuracy as the simplex algorithm. In contrast, the interior point algorithm gives only the approximate solutions in theory, and rounding may be necessary to improve the accuracy of these solutions in practice.     

Modal Regression Based on Nonparametric Quantile Estimator

Modal regression based on nonparametric quantile estimator is given. Unlike the traditional mean and median regression, modal regression uses mode but not mean or median to represent the center of a conditional distribution, which helps the model to be more robust for outliers, asymmetric or heavy-taileddistribution. Most of solutions for modal regression are based on kernel estimation of density. This paper studies a new solution for modal regression by means of nonparametric quantile estimator. This method builds on the fact that the distribution function is the inverse of the quantile function, then the flexibility of nonparametric quantile estimator is utilized to improve the estimation of modal function. The simulations and application show that the new model outperforms the modal regression model via linear quantile function estimation.     

Robust estimation for nonparametric generalized regression

This paper focuses on nonparametric regression estimation for the parameters of a discrete or continuous distribution, such as the Poisson or Gamma distributions, when anomalous data are present. The proposal is a natural extension of robust methods developed in the setting of parametric generalized linear models. Robust estimators bounding either large values of the deviance or of the Pearson residuals are introduced and their asymptotic behaviour is derived. Through a Monte Carlo study, for the Poisson and Gamma distributions, the finite properties of the proposed procedures are investigated and their performance is compared with that of the classical ones. A resistant cross-validation method to choose the smoothing parameter is also considered.     

The quantile process under random censoring

In this paper we discuss the asymptotic properties of quantile processes under random censoring. In contrast to most work in this area we prove weak convergence of an appropriately standardized quantile process under the assumption that the quantile regression model is only linear in the region, where the process is investigated. Additionally, we also discuss properties of the quantile process in sparse regression models including quantile processes obtained from the Lasso and adaptive Lasso. The results are derived by a combination of modern empirical process theory, classical martingale methods and a recent result of Kato (2009).     

Adaptive quantile regression with precise risk bounds

An adaptive local smoothing method for nonparametric conditional quantile regression models is considered in this paper. Theoretical properties of the procedure are examined. The proposed method is fully adaptive in the sense that no prior information about the structure of the model is assumed. The fully adaptive feature not only allows varying bandwidths to accommodate jumps or instantaneous slope changes, but also allows the algorithm to be spatially adaptive. Under general conditions, precise risk bounds for homogeneous and heterogeneous cases of the underlying conditional quantile curves are established. An automatic selection algorithm for locally adaptive bandwidths is also given, which is applicable to higher dimensional cases. Simulation studies and data analysis confirm that the proposed methodology works well.     

Heteroscedasticity checks for regression models

For checking on heteroscedasticity in regression models, a unified approach is proposed to constructing test statistics in parametric and nonparametric regression models. For nonparametric regression, the test is not affected sensitively by the choice of smoothing parameters which are involved in estimation of the nonparametric regression function. The limiting null distribution of the test statistic remains the same in a wide range of the smoothing parameters. When the covariate is one-dimensional, the tests are, under some conditions, asymptotically distribution-free. In the high-dimensional cases, the validity of bootstrap approximations is investigated. It is shown that a variant of the wild bootstrap is consistent while the classical bootstrap is not in the general case, but is applicable if some extra assumption on conditional variance of the squared error is imposed. A simulation study is performed to provide evidence of how the tests work and compare with tests that have appeared in the literature. The approach may readily be extended to handle partial linear, and linear autoregressive models.     

Smoothing combined generalized estimating equations in quantile partially linear additive models with longitudinal data

This paper develops a robust and efficient estimation procedure for quantile partially linear additive models with longitudinal data, where the nonparametric components are approximated by B spline basis functions. The proposed approach can incorporate the correlation structure between repeated measures to improve estimation efficiency. Moreover, the new method is empirically shown to be much more efficient and robust than the popular generalized estimating equations method for non-normal correlated random errors. However, the proposed estimating functions are non-smooth and non-convex. In order to reduce computational burdens, we apply the induced smoothing method for fast and accurate computation of the parameter estimates and its asymptotic covariance. Under some regularity conditions, we establish the asymptotically normal distribution of the estimators for the parametric components and the convergence rate of the estimators for the nonparametric functions. Furthermore, a variable selection procedure based on smooth-threshold estimating equations is developed to simultaneously identify non-zero parametric and nonparametric components. Finally, simulation studies have been conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed method, and a real data example is analyzed to illustrate the application of the proposed method.     

Efficient Quantile Estimation for Functional-Coefficient Partially Linear Regression Models

The quantile estimation methods are proposed for functional-coefficient partially linear regression (FCPLR) model by combining nonparametric and functional-coefficient regression (FCR) model. The local linear scheme and the integrated method are used to obtain local quantile estimators of all unknown functions in the FCPLR model. These resulting estimators are asymptotically normal, but each of them has big variance. To reduce variances of these quantile estimators, the one-step backfitting technique is used to obtain the efficient quantile estimators of all unknown functions, and their asymptotic normalities are derived. Two simulated examples are carried out to illustrate the proposed estimation methodology.     

Selection of smoothing parameters in<Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis>-spline nonparametric regression models using information criteria

We consider the use ofB-spline nonparametric regression models estimated by the maximum penalized likelihood method for extracting information from data with complex nonlinear structure. Crucial points inB-spline smoothing are the choices of a smoothing parameter and the number of basis functions, for which several selectors have been proposed based on cross-validation and Akaike information criterion known as AIC. It might be however noticed that AIC is a criterion for evaluating models estimated by the maximum likelihood method, and it was derived under the assumption that the ture distribution belongs to the specified parametric model. In this paper we derive information criteria for evaluatingB-spline nonparametric regression models estimated by the maximum penalized likelihood method in the context of generalized linear models under model misspecification. We use Monte Carlo experiments and real data examples to examine the properties of our criteria including various selectors proposed previously.     

Statistical inference in partially-varying-coefficient single-index model

Consider a varying-coefficient single-index model which consists of two parts: the linear part with varying coefficients and the nonlinear part with a single-index structure, and are hence termed as varying-coefficient single-index models. This model includes many important regression models such as single-index models, partially linear single-index models, varying-coefficient model and varying-coefficient partially linear models as special examples. In this paper, we mainly study estimating problems of the varying-coefficient vector, the nonparametric link function and the unknown parametric vector describing the single-index in the model. A stepwise approach is developed to obtain asymptotic normality estimators of the varying-coefficient vector and the parametric vector, and estimators of the nonparametric link function with a convergence rate. The consistent estimator of the structural error variance is also obtained. In addition, asymptotic pointwise confidence intervals and confidence regions are constructed for the varying coefficients and the parametric vector. The bandwidth selection problem is also considered. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the proposed methods, and real data analysis is also used to illustrate our methods.     

Joint semiparametric mean-covariance model in longitudinal study

Semiparametric regression models and estimating covariance functions are very useful for longitudinal study. To heed the positive-definiteness constraint, we adopt the modified Cholesky decomposition approach to decompose the covariance structure. Then the covariance structure is fitted by a semiparametric model by imposing parametric within-subject correlation while allowing the nonparametric variation function. We estimate regression functions by using the local linear technique and propose generalized es...     

Nonparametric lack-of-fit tests for parametric mean-regression models with censored data

We developed two kernel smoothing based tests of a parametric mean-regression model against a nonparametric alternative when the response variable is right-censored. The new test statistics are inspired by the synthetic data and the weighted least squares approaches for estimating the parameters of a (non)linear regression model under censoring. The asymptotic critical values of our tests are given by the quantiles of the standard normal law. The tests are consistent against fixed alternatives, local Pitman alternatives and uniformly over alternatives in Hölder classes of functions of known regularity.     

Nonparametric conditional autoregressive expectile model via neural network with applications to estimating financial risk

The parametric conditional autoregressive expectiles (CARE) models have been developed to estimate expectiles, which can be used to assess value at risk and expected shortfall. The challenge lies in parametric CARE modeling is the specification of a parametric form. To avoid any model misspecification, we propose a nonparametric CARE model via neural network. The nonparametric CARE model can be estimated by a classical gradient based nonlinear optimization algorithm, and the consistency of nonparametric conditional expectile estimators is established. We then apply the nonparametric CARE model to estimating value at risk and expected shortfall of six stock indices. Empirical results for the new model is competitive with those classical models and parametric CARE models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semiparametric quantile regression with random censoring

This paper considers estimation and inference in semiparametric quantile regression models when the response variable is subject to random censoring. The paper considers both the cases of independent and dependent censoring and proposes three iterative estimators based on inverse probability weighting, where the weights are estimated from the censoring distribution using the Kaplan–Meier, a fully parametric and the conditional Kaplan–Meier estimators. The paper proposes a computationally simple resampling technique that can be used to approximate the finite sample distribution of the parametric estimator. The paper also considers inference for both the parametric and nonparametric components of the quantile regression model. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed estimators and test statistics have good finite sample properties. Finally, the paper contains a real data application, which illustrates the usefulness of the proposed methods.

     

求解摩擦接触问题的一个非内点光滑化算法

给出了一个求解三维弹性有摩擦接触问题的新算法,即基于NCP函数的非内点光滑化算法．首先通过参变量变分原理和参数二次规划法,将三维弹性有摩擦接触问题的分析归结为线性互补问题的求解;然后利用NCP函数,将互补问题的求解转换为非光滑方程组的求解;再用凝聚函数对其进行光滑化,最后用NEWTON法解所得到的光滑非线性方程组．方法具有易于理解及实现方便等特点．通过线性互补问题的数值算例及接触问题实例证实了该算法的可靠性与有效性．     

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多元非参数分位数回归常常是难于估计的, 为了降低维数同时保持非参数估计的灵活性, 人们常常用单指标的方法模拟响应变量的条件分位数. 本文主要研究单指标分位数回归的变量选择. 以最小化平均损失估计为基础, 我们通过最小化具有SCAD惩罚项的平均损失进行变量选择和参数估计. 在正则条件下, 得到了单指标分位数回归SCAD变量选择的Oracle性质, 给出了SCAD变量选择的计算方法, 并通过模拟研究说明了本文所提方法变量选择的样本性质.