Novel green synthesis of Boswellia serrata leaf aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles with excellent anti-acute myeloid leukemia property in comparison to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mice model: Introducing a new chemotherapeutic drug

The present research confirms the capacity of aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata grown under in vitro condition for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, we showed the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia properties of AuNPs compared to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using several techniques including XRD, TEM, FE-SEM, UV–Vis, and FT-IR. From the XRD pattern, four distinct diffraction peaks at 38.2°, 44.2°, 64.7° and 77.4° are indexed as (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes of FCC metallic gold. TEM and FE-SEM images revealed an average diameters of 15–30 nm for the nanoparticles. FT-IR findings offered antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. UV–Vis revealed an absorption band at 536 nm that is related to the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by DMBA in 75 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into six subgroups, including untreated, control, HAuCl₄, B. serrata, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. AuNPs (In the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight) similar to mitoxantrone, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the platelet, lymphocyte, and RBC parameters and the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and reduced the weights and volumes of liver and spleen and their sub-compartment, the total WBC, blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) as compared to the untreated mice. By quantitative Real-Time PCR, S1PR1 and S1PR5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In vitro design, AuNPs similar to mitoxantrone had low cell viability dose-dependently against Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Besides, the DPPH assay showed similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In conclusion, the results of this research indicated the excellent capacity of synthesized gold nanoparticles using B. serrata leaf aqueous extract in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in leukemic mice.     

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of Thymus vulgaris leaf aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

Recently, metallic nanoparticles have been used for the treatment of several disorders, such as cancer. Indeed, finding the chemotherapeutic drug of nanoparticles is in researching the priority of both developed and developing countries. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, in this study, we indicated the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia properties of AuNPs compared to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis.), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, doxorubicin, AuNPs, T. vulgaris, and HAuCl₄. By quantitative real-time PCR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) raised by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and doxorubicin. Also, AuNPs similar to doxorubicin, significantly (P ≤ 0.01) enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and the platelet, lymphocyte, and red blood cell (RBC) parameters and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα), and the total white blood cell (WBC), blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts as compared to the untreated mice. In vitro design, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for doxorubicin and AuNPs. Furthermore, AuNPs similar to doxorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD, Human HL-60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Above results confirm the excellent antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia effects of AuNPs compared to doxorubicin. After confirming these results in clinical trial studies, AuNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in human.     

Green synthesis and formulation a modern chemotherapeutic drug of Spinacia oleracea L. leaf aqueous extract conjugated silver nanoparticles; Chemical characterization and analysis of their cytotoxicity,antioxidant, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia properties in comparison to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their wide applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, energy, and medicine. Recently, researchers have tried to synthesize the chemotherapeutic drugs from metallic nanoparticles especially gold and silver nanoparticles. In the current study, silver nanoparticles using Spinacia oleracea L. leaf aqueous extract (AgNPs) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary remedial property compared to doxorubicin in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV-Vis., EDS, TEM, FT-IR, and FE-SEM. UV-Vis. indicates an absorption band at 462 nm that is related to the surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. In EDS, metallic silver nanocrystals indicated an optical absorption peak at roughly 4keV. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of 20–40 nm for the nanoparticles. FT-IR findings suggested antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, AgNO₃, S. oleracea, AgNPs, and doxorubicin. Similar to doxorubicin, AgNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the total WBC, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and increased the weight of the body, the anti-inflammatory cytokines and the lymphocyte, platelet, and RBC parameters as compared to the untreated mice. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of AgNO₃, S. oleracea, AgNPs, and doxorubicin. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for doxorubicin and AgNPs. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of AgNO₃, S. oleracea, AgNPs, and doxorubicin, MTT assay was used on HUVEC, Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines. AgNPs similar to doxorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. These results reveal that the inclusion of S. oleracea leaf aqueous extract improves the remedial effects of AgNPs, which led to a significant enhancement in the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia potentials of the nanoparticles. It seems that AgNPs can be applied as a chemotherapeutic supplement or drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial.     

Novel green synthesis of Hibiscus sabdariffa flower extract conjugated gold nanoparticles with excellent anti-acute myeloid leukemia effect in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic rodent model

Nanobiotechnology is a capable technology that deals with nanomaterials in several scientific domains such as medicine, chemistry, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. In this scale, remarkable differences are seen in many properties of materials that are not observed on a larger scale. In this regard, pharmacologists have tried to synthesize many supplements and drugs from the nanoparticles. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, in this study, we revealed the anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of AuNPs compared to daunorubicin in a leukemic rodent model. These nanoparticles were characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis.), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of 15-45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including HAuCl₄, H. sabdariffa, AuNPs, daunorubicin, untreated, and control. AuNPs similar to daunorubicin, significantly (P ≤ .05) reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα), and the total white blood cell (WBC), blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts and enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and the platelet, lymphocyte, and red blood cell (RBC) parameters as compared to the untreated mice. By quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (P ≤ .05) raised by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and daunorubicin. In vitro design, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for daunorubicin and AuNPs. Besides, AuNPs similar to daunorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against Murine C1498, Human HL-60/vcr, and 32D-FLT3-ITD cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. In conclusion, the results of chemical characterization confirm that the H. sabdariffa flower can be used to produce gold nanoparticles with a remarkable amount of anti-acute myeloid leukemia effect.     

Preparation and synthesis a new chemotherapeutic drug of silver nanoparticle-chitosan composite; Chemical characterization and analysis of their antioxidant,cytotoxicity, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia effects in comparison to Daunorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

Nanoparticles usually have better outcomes than the bulk samples of the same element because they possess a higher specificity level than the larger particles. This is also true for silver nanoparticles, and little amount of these materials has high remedial effects. Silver nanoparticles are used as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer. In this study, silver nanoparticles using chitosan (AgNPs-chitosan composite) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary therapeutic potential compared to Daunorubicin in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AgNPs-chitosan composite was characterized using different techniques including ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. FTIR findings suggested antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs. SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 30 nm for the nanoparticles. Then, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of Daunorubicin, AgNO₃, chitosan, and AgNPs-chitosan composite. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for Daunorubicin and AgNPs-chitosan composite. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of Daunorubicin, AgNO₃, chitosan, and AgNPs, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor (MTT) assay was used on HUVEC, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines. AgNPs-chitosan composite similar to Daunorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in 50 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, Daunorubicin, AgNO₃, chitosan, and AgNPs-chitosan composite. Similar to Daunorubicin, AgNPs-chitosan composite significantly (P ≤ .01) decreased the weight of the body, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the total white blood cells, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines and the lymphocyte, platelet, and red blood cell parameters as compared to the untreated mice. These results show that the inclusion of chitosan improves the therapeutic properties of AgNPs-chitosan composite, which led to a significant enhancement in the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia activities of the nanoparticles. It appears that AgNPs-chitosan composite can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial.     

Green formulation and chemical characterization of Lens culinaris seed aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mouse model

The high prevalence of cancer has been increased the rate of studying about the new formulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. In this regards, one of the suitable options is the use of metal nanoparticles for formulating these drugs. In the recent study, Lens culinaris seed aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary therapeutic potential compared to mitoxantrone in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV–Vis., FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of HAuCl₄, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of HAuCl₄, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone, MTT assay was used on HUVEC, 32D-FLT3-ITD, Human HL-60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines. In vivo assay, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, HAuCl₄, L. culinaris, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. SEM and TEM images showed uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 10–40 nm for the nanoparticles. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for mitoxantrone and AuNPs. Similar to mitoxantrone, AuNPs had low cell viability dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD, Human HL-60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. AuNPs and mitoxantrone significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the total WBC, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and increased the mRNA expression of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 and Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-5, the anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the lymphocyte, platelet, and RBC parameters as compared to the untreated mice. It looks that AuNPs can be administrated as a chemotherapeutic supplement or drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial.     

Decoration of silver nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Investigation of its anti-acute leukemia property against acute myeloid leukemia and acute T cell leukemia

Recently, the development of carbon nanocomposites composed of carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles has attracted many interests because of their large potential for technological applications such as catalysts, sensors, biomedicine, and disinfection. In the present study, we described a simple chemistry method to synthesize multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Also, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-acute leukemia activities against acute myeloid leukemia and acute T cell leukemia cell lines. Ag NPs-MWCNTs were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and elemental mapping analysis. Also, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test was performed to assess the antioxidant capacities of AgNO₃, MWCNTs, and Ag NPs-MWCNTs. It revealed similar antioxidant potentials for Ag NPs-MWCNTs and butylated hydroxytoluene. In MTT assay, Ag NPs-MWCNTs had very low cell viability (very high anti-acute leukemia properties) dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD (Acute myeloid leukemia cell line), Human HL-60/vcr (Acute myeloid leukemia cell line), Jurkat, Clone E6–1 (Acute T cell leukemia cell line), and J.RT3-T3.5 (Acute T cell leukemia cell line) without any cytotoxicity on human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC; Normal cell line). In conclusion, the synthesized Ag NPs-MWCNTs revealed excellent antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities against acute myeloid leukemia and acute T cell leukemia cell lines in a dose depended manner. After confirming in the in vivo and clinical trials, these nanoparticles can be administrated in humans for the treatment of acute leukemia especially acute myeloid leukemia and acute T cell leukemia.     

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of gold nanoparticle synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

According to chemotherapeutic properties of medicinal plants, pharmacologists have always tried to synthesize and formulate the new chemotherapeutic supplements or drugs of metallic nanoparticles using plants. In this study, Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract-based gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reported for the first time to exert a dietary therapeutic potential compared to Daunorubicin in an animal model of acute myeloid leukemia. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV-Vis., FT-IR spectroscopy, TEM, EDS, FE-SEM, and XRD. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of HAuCl₄, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin. For the analyzing of cytotoxicity effects of HAuCl₄, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin, MTT assay was used on HUVEC, Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, HAuCl₄, C. sinensis, AuNPs, and daunorubicin. FTIR findings suggested antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of ~20-30 nm for the nanoparticles. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for daunorubicin and AuNPs. These nanoparticles similar to daunorubicin had low cell viability dose-dependently against Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. AuNPs similar to daunorubicin, significantly (p≤0.05) increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines and the lymphocyte, platelet, and RBC parameters and decreased the weight and volume of liver and spleen, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the total WBC, blast, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts, as compared to the untreated mice. According to the above results, it appears that AuNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the clinical trial.     

Green formulation,chemical characterization and anti-acute leukemia effects of vanadium nanoparticles containing Foeniculum vulgare extract

In this study, vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs) were green synthesized using Foeniculum vulgare extract. VNPs were characterized using chemical analysis techniques including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and EDS. The microscopy techniques revealed a spherical morphology for the particles with size less than 50 nm. According to XRD data V₂O₅ was confirmed for VNPs. Maybe significant anti-human acute leukemia potentials of the synthesized nanoparticles against common human acute leukemia cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities. MTT assay was used on common acute leukemia cell lines i.e., 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-acute leukemia effects of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles had very low cell viability and high anti-acute leukemia activities dose-dependently against 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 cell lines without cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC). To determine the antioxidant properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. The IC₅₀ of VNPs were 25, 33 and 26 µg/mL against 32D-FLT3-ITD, MOLT-3 and Jurkat, Clone E6-1 cell lines, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 28 µg/mL.     

Application of natural compounds–based gold nanoparticles for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in an anemic mouse model: Formulation of a novel drug from relationship between the nanotechnology and hematology sciences

From time immemorial, people have tried to treat several diseases using natural compounds, including plants. Recently, researchers proposed that plants and herbal nanoparticles possess many remedial potentials. The results of this study confirmed the ability of an aqueous extract of Allium eriophyllum Boiss leaf grown under in vitro conditions for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and also revealed the anti-hemolytic anemia activity of AuNPs in an anemic rodent model. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM and FE-SEM images showed the biosynthesized nanoparticles as having a uniform spherical morphology and diameters in the range of 5–30 nm. In vivo design, the induction of hemolytic anemia, was done using phenylhydrazine in 40 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into five groups: HAuCl₄, A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, untreated, and control. AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors in the serum, liver, and spleen, and also alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total and conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, ferrous, ferritin, and erythropoietin in the serum increased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the serum, liver, and spleen and also total protein, high-density lipoprotein, and albumin in serum in the control mice as compared to the anemic mice. Also, AuNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the body weight; anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) concentration; and the total platelet, white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and red blood cell parameters but decreased the weight and volume of the liver and spleen and their subcompartments and decreased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) compared to the untreated mice. In vitro design, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test, revealed similar antioxidant potentials for A. eriophyllum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, AuNPs were similar to A. eriophyllum and had a high cell viability dose dependently against the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. In conclusion, the results of the chemical characterization confirm that the leaves of A. eriophyllum can be used to produce AuNPs with a remarkable amount of anti-hemolytic anemia property.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam and evaluation of their bio-activities under in vitro and in vivo conditions

The purpose of this experiment was the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (AgNPs@Ziziphora) and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound-healing effects. These nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–Vis, TEM, and FESEM analyses indicated that the size of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) depended on Z. clinopodioides and AgNO₃ concentrations. In vitro biological experiments indicated that AgNPs@Ziziphora has excellent antioxidant potential against DPPH, antifungal effects against Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida albicans, and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Also, these nanoparticles did not exhibit cytotoxicity property against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). An in vivo biological test revealed that AgNPs@Ziziphora ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the levels of wound contracture, blood vessels, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, and levels of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than other groups in rats. The results of UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM-EDX, AFM, and TEM confirmed that the aqueous extract of Z. clinopodioides can be used to produce silver nanoparticles with significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cutaneous wound-healing properties without any cytotoxicity.     

Chemical characterization and anti-breast cancer effects of silver nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera seed ethanolic extract on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in Sprague Dawley male rats

The aim of the recent research was to investigate the anti-breast cancer effects of silver nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera seed ethanolic extract (AgNPs). After preparation of Phoenix dactylifera seed extract, GC/MS was performed to detect the compounds. The findings indicated that 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester (40.95%) and Dodecanoic acid methyl ester (20%) were the most frequent constituents found in P. dactylifera. These nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 17-19 nm and characterized using various analytical techniques including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy to determine the presence of AgNPs in the solution. We studied functional groups of P. dactylifera extract in the reduction and capping process of AgNPs by FT-IR, crystallinity and FCC planes by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and surface morphology, shapes, and size of AgNPs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DPPH free radical scavenging test was used to test the antioxidant properties of P. dactylifera and AgNPs, which revealed high antioxidant potential similar to butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) as the positive control. The results of cytotoxicity analysis indicated that P. dactylifera and AgNPs were toxic for MCF-7 cells. In vivo design, induction of breast cancer was done by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) in 50 animals. After 10 days, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including healthy control, untreated control, two groups receiving the P. dactylifera at 2 and 6 mg/kg and two groups receiving the AgNPs at 2 and 6 mg/kg concentrations. Both doses of P. dactylifera and AgNPs (especially AgNPs6) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the weight and volume of liver, mammary gland, kidney, spleen, ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, total and conjugated bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose, ferrous, ferritin, erythropoietin, GR, IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα and increased HDL, total protein, albumin, WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophils, platelet, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, SOD, CAT, GPx, IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα compared to the untreated group. Moreover, P. dactylifera and AgNPs (especially AgNPs6) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) treated breast cancer with reduction of organs free of metastasis compared to the untreated group. Seemingly, the AgNPs can be used for the treatment of breast cancer.     

Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Lavandula stoechas extract

Due to environmentally friendly and cost- effective issues, biological methods for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis are advantageous over chemical and physical ones. In this study, AgNPs synthesized using Lavandula stoechas extract as a reductant and its antioxidant capacity, antibacterial property and cytotoxicity effect were investigated. The phyto-synthesized AgNPs were characterized using various analyses such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The prepared nanoparticles were spherical on shape with the size about 20–50 nm. Antibacterial studies through agar disk diffusion method confirmed the antibacterial potential of phyto-synthesized AgNPs toward two clinical Staphylococus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, although MTT assay demonstrated that S. aureus (MIC = 125 μg/ml) was more susceptible to AgNPs than P. aeruginosa (MIC = 250 μg/ml). Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay of phyto-synthezied AgNPs showed a low cytotoxic effect on RAW264 cell line at 62.5 μg/ml as an effective concentration. Also the considerable antioxidant capacity of the AgNPs confirmed through DPPH assay. Great antibacterial and antioxidant properties along with biocompatibility make the suggested phyto-synthesized AgNPs a great candidate for different biomedical applications including wound healing.     

Chemical characterization and anti-hemolytic anemia potentials of tin nanoparticles synthesized by a green approach for bioremediation applications

The therapeutic properties of tin nanoparticles have been proved in recent years. One of their probable effects is anti-anemia. In this study, tin nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized in aqueous medium using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaf aqueous extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. We also assessed the antihemolytic anemia potential of tin nanoparticles (SnNPs) in an animal model of hemolytic anemia. Tin nanoparticles were characterized using many techniques including Fourier transform-infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). FE-SEM images showed a uniform spherical morphology in size of 18.12 nm for the green synthesized nanoparticles. According to XRD analysis, SnNPs crystal size was17.94 nm. SnNPs had low cell viability dose-dependently against human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. in vivo design, induction of hemolytic anemia was done by phenylhydrazine in 40 mice. Tin nanoparticles significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen and the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased the body weight, anti-inflammatory cytokines concentration, total platelet, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts, and red blood cell parameters compared to the untreated mice. For the biochemical parameters, SnNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the concentrations of GPx, CAT, and SOD in serum, liver, and spleen and decreased the concentration of GR in serum, liver, and spleen, and also erythropoietin, ferritin, and ferrous in serum as compared to the anemic mice. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test showed similar antioxidant activities for SnNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. The results demonstrate the excellent antihemolytic anemia, hematoprotective, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant potentials of SnNPs compared to other experimental groups.     

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Tribulus terrestris L. extract and evaluation of their photocatalyst,antibacterial, and cytotoxicity effects

In recent years, progress of biological synthesis of nanoparticles is inevitable due to its important applications. In this research, a new and simple method for the synthesis of AgNPs from plant extracts is presented. The extract from shoots of the plant Tribulus terrestris L. was mixed with AgNO₃ with the aim of biologically synthesizing AgNPs. The biomolecules existing in the extract were accountable for the fast reduction of silver ions (Ag⁺) to AgNPs. Characterization of biosynthesized AgNPs was performed by UV–Vis, TEM, DLS, and XRD. The AgNPs exhibit a strong peak at 434 nm, and sphere-shaped AgNPs were found to be ~?25 nm. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have demonstrated high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was also investigated and was detected to be up to 15.62 μg/mL in the treated Neuro2A cells. The plant-mediated biosynthesis of AgNPs has comparatively rapid, eco-friendly, inexpensive and wide-ranging application in modern medicine and the food industry.

     

Relationship between the aggregation of nanoparticles bearing zinc ions and cytotoxicity and morphology of blood cells

The effect of nanoparticles bearing magnetic and nonmagnetic zinc nuclei on lymphocytes from healthy donors and leukemic cells of patients (15–20 years old) with acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was considered. The studies by confocal and fluorescence microscopy showed an apoptotic effect of nanoparticles bearing zinc ions. An increase in the aggregation of the nanoparticles and cell self-aggregation, resulting in a decrease in cytotoxicity, were observed in the case of the magnetic isotope. In spite of this, cell apoptosis under the action of even aggregated nanoparticles bearing magnetic ⁶⁷Zn was significantly higher than the apoptosis with lymphocytes of healthy donors and with nanoparticles bearing zinc of the total isotope composition.     

Pistacia atlantica leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antioxidant,cytotoxicity, and antibacterial effects under in vitro condition

Recently, researchers have investigated the therapeutical properties of metal nanoparticles especially silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo conditions. The aim of the experiment was green synthesis and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica leaf (Ag NPs) and evaluation of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects under in vitro condition. Ag NPs were spherical with a size range of 40-60 nm and characterized using various analysis techniques including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy to determine the presence of Ag NP in the solution. We studied functional groups of Pistacia atlantica extract in the reduction and capping process of Ag NP by FT-IR, crystallinity and FCC planes by XRD pattern, elemental analysis of the sample by EDS, and surface morphology, shapes, and size of Ag NPs by SEM, AFM, and TEM. Destroy initiation and termination temperatures of the Ag NPs were determined by TGA. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for Ag NPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized Ag NPs had great cell viability dose-dependently and indicated this method was nontoxic. Agar diffusion tests were done to determine the antibacterial characteristic. Ag NPs revealed similar antibacterial property to the standard antibiotic. Also, Ag NPs prevented the growth of all bacteria at 1-7 μg/ml concentrations and removed them at 3-15 μg/ml concentrations. Finally, synthesized Ag NPs revealed non-cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in a dose-depended manner.     

Application of organometallic chemistry in the formulation of a modern therapeutic drug by Ag nanoparticles green-mediated by Allium to treat the breast cancer

In the recent study, we decided to survey the capacities of metallic nanoparticles formulated by Allium monanthum (AgNPs) as a novel chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of several types of breast cancers. Characterization of AgNPs was done by UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). For investigating the antioxidant properties of AgNO₃, Allium monanthum, and AgNPs, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. To survey the cytotoxicity and anti-breast cancer effects of AgNO₃, Allium monanthum, and AgNPs, MTT assay was used on the breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), breast carcinoma (Hs 578Bst), infiltrating ductal cell carcinoma (Hs 319.T), infiltrating lobular carcinoma of breast (UACC-3133), inflammatory carcinoma of the breast (UACC-732), and metastatic carcinoma (MDA-MB-453) cell lines. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for Allium monanthum, AgNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Silver nanoparticles had very low cell viability and anti-breast cancer properties dose-dependently against MCF7, Hs 578Bst, Hs 319.T, UACC-3133, UACC-732, and MDA-MB-453 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on the normal cell line. The best result of anti-breast cancer properties of AgNPs against the above cell lines was seen in the case of the UACC-3133 cell line. According to the above findings, the silver nanoparticles containing Allium monanthum aqueous extract can be administrated in humans for the treatment of several types of breast cancer especially breast adenocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, infiltrating ductal cell carcinoma, infiltrating lobular carcinoma of breast, inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, and metastatic carcinoma.     

The magnetic isotope effect as a tool for apoptosis modulation in leukemic cells

Lymphocytes from healthy donors and leukemic cells of patients with acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (BALL-1) and acute myeloid leukemia were exposed to nanoparticles bearing magnetic (Zn-67) and nonmagnetic (total isotope pool) nuclei of zinc. The values of the corresponding magnetic isotope effects determined as the ratio of LD₅₀ magnitudes of preparations with magnetic and nonmagnetic zinc isotopes were 0, 3.5, and 1.5. Morphological studies using confocal and fluorescence microscopy showed apoptotic death of cells with the preparations; as well, there was an increase in the cell aggregation and better aggregation of nanoparticles in the case of ⁶⁷Zn-NP, which resulted in a decrease of cytotoxicity. However the magnetic isotope effect was observed even in the case of aggregation.     

Application of titanium nanoparticles containing natural compounds in cutaneous wound healing

The aim of the study was the rapid green synthesis of titanium nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (TiNPs@FV) and exploring their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing activities under in vitro and in vivo condition. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform-infrared(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy TEM) analyses. The synthesized TiNPs@FV had great cell viability on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and indicted this method was nontoxic. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for F. vulgaris, TiNPs@FV, and butylated hydroxytoluene. All data of antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing tests were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. In the antimicrobial part of this study, TiNPs@FV indicated higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all fungi were at 2–4 mg/mL and 2-8 mg/mL ranges, respectively. But, MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all bacteria were at 2-8 mg/mL and 2-16 mg/mL ranges, respectively. In the part of cutaneous wound healing, use of TiNPs@FV ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) raised the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM confirm that the aqueous extract of F. vulgaris leaves can be used to yield titanium nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects.