圆柱及切割圆柱低Mach数绕流气动声辐射

以柱体绕流声辐射为研究对象,探讨低Mach数流动气动声定量预测方法。首先,理论分析Lighthill声类比理论与基于流体动力学压力对时间求导的扰动分离模型之间内在联系。其次,利用计算流体动力学对圆柱及其尾部切割后的亚临界流态绕流进行二维数值求解,分析两种湍流模型的流场计算效果。最后,分别使用声类比理论FW-H方程及扰动分离模型进行柱体绕流气动声辐射定量预测,分析声指向性及频谱特性。数值结果表明声类比理论与扰动分离模型预测的声辐射频谱相似,但前者的幅值略高;圆柱尾部切割使尾流脉动增强,导致声辐射变大。     

考虑对流效应的圆柱绕流气动噪声的预测

采用非稳态雷诺时均(URANS)方程求解圆柱绕流获得近场声源信息,同时运用考虑对流效应的频域声比拟方法,研究了圆柱绕流的气动噪声问题,并考察了不同来流马赫数对辐射声压的影响。结果表明:卡门涡的脱落导致圆柱阻力系数频率为升力系数频率的两倍;较大的升力系数脉动幅值产生了偶极子源,偶极子源在远场辐射声压中占主导作用,最大辐射声压垂直于来流方向;随着马赫数的增大,对流效应显著增强且辐射声压正比于马赫数的三次方。     

圆柱绕流辐射声场的数值研究

本文从ψ-ω形式的不可压N-S方程出发,采用ADI-BGE格式及新的物面边界条件处理方法,并提出一种数值扰动模型,成功地计算了R_e=100时圆柱绕流卡门涡街流动,得到的流场结果比原有数值解准确,与实验结果符合良好,因而可用来进行声场数值研究。在声场计算方面,直接积分Curle方程,对R_e=100时的声源分布及其声辐射特性进行数值分析,并与涡声理论结果和流场中脉动力和脱体旋涡频谱进行比较,证明本文方法是成功的。     

转速对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声的影响分析

针对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声问题,采用大涡模拟(LES)和基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H模型相结合的方法进行非定常计算,通过快速Fourier转换(FFT),得到风机远场气动噪声声压级分布。对比研究了三种转速下旋转区内声压级分布规律、时域及频域特性,结果表明:旋转区域内声压级随转速增加而增大,前缘分离涡在某一转速时影响区域和强度最大;在一个旋转周期内,声压脉动呈现出6个波峰与波谷,验证了叶片转动频率是风机内部气动噪声的主要激励频率.     

边界层转捩区声辐射的预报方法研究

对Lighthill剪切应力脉动模型和Liepmann位移厚度脉动模型进行了讨论,在此基础上,本文提出利用Krane偶极子声源模型对Liepmann单极子声源模型进行改进。数值计算结果表明:作为偶极子声源的Lighthill理论剪切应力脉动模型,预报的噪声级偏低;而作为单极子声源的Liepmann模型,预报的噪声级又偏高;本文提出的两种改进模型预报的噪声级则与Lauchle实验值的一致性较好。     

数值模拟不等距叶片对贯流风机的影响

贯流风机的通过频率(BPF)是其重要的噪声频率.降低BPF噪声可以降低基频处的声压级,其中一种方法是采用不等距叶片.本文采用3种叶片距分布形式,采用realizable k-ε两方程和大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型模拟了风机的内流场,计算线性欧拉方程(LEE)中声源项得到声源位置及强度,采用基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H积分方程获得了叶轮和蜗舌处偶极子型的离散噪声频谱.比较了不同叶片距对风机性能,噪声特别是BPF噪声的影响.计算结果表明在对性能影响较小的情况下,不等距叶轮可降低BPF噪声和总A声级噪声.     

薄翼非定常气动力的涡方法计算

采用基于势流理论的涡方法,计算小扰动流场下薄翼的非定常气动特性。在中弧线和尾迹上布置涡量,建立两个控制方程和两个边界条件,数值求解薄翼的涡量分布并计算非定常气动力。将该方法用于二维平板绕流问题,计算了阶跃攻角和阵风两种工况,获得平板的涡量分布和非定常升力系数,结果与解析解Wagner函数和K(u|¨)ssner函数对比,证明了涡方法的准确性;最后采用ARMA降阶模型对涡方法的结果进行系统辨识,证明了ARMA降阶模型的有效性。以上研究将用于预测风力机非定常气动性能和气动弹性的分析。     

机翼颤振的有源声控制

借助于己推导出的声激励下绕三维薄翼的非定常位势流的精确解，本文进一步分析了限于弱扰动的声激励消除颤振的机理，讨论了声源参数对颤振边界的影响，并通过声一涡耦合的理论计算，解释了原有的风洞实验。结果表明，对于不同位置的声源，声致气动载荷的无环量和有环量部分起着不同的作用，而且，在声控制颤振的过程中，系统的各种参数存在一定的关系，必须合理地选取最佳参数。本文的研究为声控制技术在气动领域中的实际应用提供了理论基础。     

纳米尺度圆柱绕流现象的分子动力学模拟研究

本文采用分子动力学模拟方法,利用Lennard-Jones(L-J)势能模型,模拟了Re为28时Ar流体流过Pt纳米圆柱的绕流现象.采用小步长时均值作为涡的瞬时值的方法,在纳米尺度、纳秒量级下得到了涡的周期性产生、组合、发展和脱落现象;在大步长时均条件下,得到了稳定的对称涡,表现出了绕流现象在不同时间范围内的不同特征.绕流过程还体现了流体的密度变化,圆柱上游密度大于下游密度、对称的两侧离轴线越远密度越大.结果表明,分子动力学模拟方法可以有效地细节刻画圆柱绕流现象.     

空腔的非定常可压缩过流及相关气动声学问题

使用大涡模拟-声学比拟相结合的方法,研究三维开式空腔的非定常可压缩过流及其相关的气动声学问题.近场的声源流场部分使用大涡模拟,声音向远场的辐射使用Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)声学比拟,建立了适合于开式空腔的全三维计算气动声学预测方法.文中突出了声源采样时间和积分模数的选择问题.     

An experimental investigation of Curle's theory of aerodynamic noise generation by a stationary body in a turbulent air stream

Bies et al. (J. Sound Vib. 204(4) (1997) 631) investigated Curle's theory (Proc. R. Soc. Ser. A 231 (1955) 505) published in 1955 over a wide range of flow speeds from about 50-200 m/s and found only partial agreement with the experimental data. Here the experimental investigation has been repeated allowing the data to be recorded in a format amenable to analysis, which was not previously possible.Reintroduction of a term neglected by Curle has been found necessary as Curle's compact source condition ensures so low a radiation impedance that the effect cannot be detected in the jet background noise. The reintroduction of the term, which has been neglected, allows his analysis to include radiation from sources not compact but less than half a wavelength in characteristic dimension. It is shown that the power ratio defined as the measured sound power divided by Curle's amended prediction converges to about 3 whereas Curle predicts that the power ratio should converge to 1 as the wave number converges to zero. The introduction of the empirically determined constant 3 into Curle's prediction brings the measurements into very good agreement with prediction over the entire range of the non-dimensional wave numbers from about 0.4 to 3.2.     

A numerical study of transient flow around a cylinder and aerodynamic sound radiation

The fully 3D turbulent incompressible flow around a cylinder and in its wake at a Reynolds number Re = = 9×10⁴ based on the cylinder diameter and Mach number M = 0.1 is calculated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Encouraging results are found in comparison to experimental data for the fluctuating lift and drag forces. The acoustic pressure in far-field is commutated through the surface integral formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FWH) equation in acoustic analogy. Five different sound sources, the cylinder wall and four permeable surfaces in the flow fields, are employed. The spectra of the sound pressure are generally in quantitative agreement with the measured one though the acoustic sources are pseudo-sound regarding the incompressible flow simulation. The acoustic component at the Strouhal number related to vortex shedding has been predicted accurately. For the broad band sound, the permeable surfaces in the near wake region give qualitative enough accuracy level of predictions, while the cylinder wall surface shows a noticeable under-prediction. The sound radiation of the volumetric sources based on Lighthill tensors at vortex shedding is also studied. Its far-field directivity is of lateral quadrupoles with the weak radiations in the flow and cross-flow directions.     

A computational method of evaluating noncompact sound based on vortex sound theory

A numerical investigation is made of the production of sound by turbulence interacting with a noncompact body. The problem is formulated in the frequency domain by extending the theory of vortex sound proposed by Howe. The anomalous "numerical" generation of sound by the sudden termination of Lighthill's stress tensor at the outer boundary of a finite computational domain is avoided by identification of "scattered" sound sources that generate sound principally by interaction with the solid surface. It is argued that the boundary element method is the most efficient means of computing the aeroacoustic Green's function for the problem, because it requires a minimum of CPU time, is not prone to numerical errors such as dispersion and dissipation during propagation, and the radiation condition is easily applied at the outer boundary. The method is applied to the problem of sound generation by high Reynolds number flow past a circular cylinder. The "scattered" sources are shown to be confined to the vicinity of the cylinder surface. At low frequencies the radiation has a dipole-like directivity in agreement with the compact approximation. However, the directivity is quite different at high frequencies, where our noncompact method predicts a more complicated "leaf-like" radiation pattern.     

用基于声类比的边界元计算管道风扇的管道声传播和辐射

本文介绍了用基于声类比的边界元计算管道风扇声场的新方法,将已被成功地应用于物体对外声场的散射计算方法推广应用到管道风扇的管内声传播和管口声辐射问题。数值结果表明了模型和方法的正确性及其可以作为管道声处理降噪敏果预测的工具。     

空间声场全息重建的波叠加方法研究

提出了基于波叠加法的近场声场全息技术，并将其用于任意形状物体的声辐射分析.在声辐射计算问题中，边界元法是通过离散边界面上的声学和位置变量来实现，而波叠加方法则通过叠加辐射体内部若干个简单源产生的声场来完成.因而，基于波叠加法的声全息就不存在边界面上的参数插值和奇异积分等问题，而这些问题是基于边界元法的声全息所固有的.与基于边界元法的声全息相比较，基于波叠加法的声全息在原理上更易于理解，在计算机上更容易实现.实验结果表明：该种全息技术在重建声场时，具有令人满意的重建精度. 关键词： 声全息 逆问题 波叠加方法 正则化方法     

Direct computation of the noise radiated by a subsonic cavity flow and application of integral methods

The goal of this paper is to investigate the acoustic field generated by the flow over a cavity using two different and complementary numerical methods. First, a Direct Numerical Simulation of the 2-D compressible Navier-Stokes equations is performed to obtain directly the radiated noise. The results of the acoustic and aerodynamic fields are compared to the experimental data in the literature. Second, this reference solution is compared to solutions provided by hybrid methods using the flowfield computed inside the cavity combined with an integral formulation to evaluate the far-field noise. Numerical issues of three integral methods are studied: the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings analogy that extends Lighthill's theory to account for solid boundaries and two Wave Extrapolation Methods from a control surface, the Kirchhoff and porous Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings methods. All methods show a good agreement with the Direct Numerical Simulation, but the first one is more expensive owing to an additional volume integral. However, the analogy can help in the analysis of wave patterns, by separating the direct waves from the reflected ones. The wave extrapolation methods from a surface are more efficient and provide a complementary tool to extend Computational Aeroacoustics near field to the very far field.     

Planar near-field acoustical holography in a moving medium

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) is a well-established method to study acoustic radiation near a stationary sound source in a homogeneous, stationary medium. However, the current theory of NAH is not applicable to moving sound sources, such as automobiles and trains. In this paper, the inclusion of a moving medium (i.e., moving source and receiver) is introduced in the wave equation and a new set of equations for plannar NAH is developed. Equations are developed for the acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity when mean flow is either parallel or perpendicular to the hologram plane. If the source and the measurement plane are moving at the same speed, the frequency Doppler effect is absent, but a wave number Doppler effect exists. This leads to errors when reconstructing the acoustic field both towards and away from the source using static NAH. To investigate these errors, a point source is studied analytically using planar NAH with flow in one direction. The effect of the medium moving parallel to the hologram plane is noted by a shift of the radiation circle in wave number space (k-space). A k-space Green's function and a k-space filter are developed that include the effects of the moving medium.     

Sound generation by steady flow through glottis-shaped orifices

Although the signature of human voice is mostly tonal, it also includes a significant broadband component. Quadrupolelike sources due to turbulence in the region downstream of the glottis, and dipolelike sources due to the force applied by the vocal folds onto the surrounding fluid are the two primary broadband sound generating mechanisms. In this study, experiments were conducted to characterize the broadband sound emissions of confined stationary jets through rubber orifices formed to imitate the approximate shape of the human glottis at different stages during one cycle of vocal fold vibrations. The radiated sound pressure spectra downstream of the orifices were measured for varying flow rates, orifice shapes, and gas mixtures. The nondimensional sound pressure spectra were decomposed into the product of three functions: a source function F, a radiation efficiency function M, and an acoustic response function G. The results show that, as for circular jets, the quadrupole source contributions dominated for straight and convergent orifices. For divergent jets, whistling tonal sounds were emitted at low flow rates. At high flow rates for the same geometry, dipole contributions dominated the sound radiated by free jets. However, possible source-load acoustic feedback may have hampered accurate source identification in confined flows.     

Broadband sound generation by confined turbulent jets

Sound generation by confined stationary jets is of interest to the study of voice and speech production, among other applications. The generation of sound by low Mach number, confined, stationary circular jets was investigated. Experiments were performed using a quiet flow supply, muffler-terminated rigid uniform tubes, and acrylic orifice plates. A spectral decomposition method based on a linear source-filter model was used to decompose radiated nondimensional sound pressure spectra measured for various gas mixtures and mean flow velocities into the product of (1) a source spectral distribution function; (2) a function accounting for near field effects and radiation efficiency; and (3) an acoustic frequency response function. The acoustic frequency response function agreed, as expected, with the transfer function between the radiated acoustic pressure at one fixed location and the strength of an equivalent velocity source located at the orifice. The radiation efficiency function indicated a radiation efficiency of the order (kD)2 over the planar wave frequency range and (kD)4 at higher frequencies, where k is the wavenumber and D is the tube cross sectional dimension. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for the planar wave radiation efficiency of quadrupole sources in uniform rigid anechoic tubes. The effects of the Reynolds number, Re, on the source spectral distribution function were found to be insignificant over the range 20002.5. The influence of a reflective open tube termination on the source function spectral distribution was found to be insignificant, confirming the absence of a feedback mechanism.     

基于联合波叠加法的浅海信道下圆柱壳声辐射研究

针对浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射预报尚无高效可靠的研究方法,提出了一种浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射快速预报的联合波叠加法.该方法结合了浅海信道传输函数、多物理场耦合数值计算法和波叠加法理论,运用该方法可对浅海信道下弹性结构辐射声场进行快速预报.经数值法和解析解法验证后,从信道下辐射源、环境影响和辐射声场测量的角度研究分析了浅海信道下弹性圆柱壳的声辐射特性,阐释了进行浅海信道下结构声辐射研究的必要性.研究结果表明,仅在低频浅海信道下弹性结构可近似等效为点源,信道上下边界对声场产生显著的耦合影响,高频段的空间声场指向性分布尤为明显,垂直线列阵进行信道下结构辐射声功率测量时,测量结果受到信道环境边界和潜深的影响较大.