鳗鲡模式游动的鱼体变形曲率波的传播特性研究

将鳗鲡模式游动的七鳃鳗简化成材料性质均匀的变截面黏弹性梁,通过数值方法求解鱼体在主动弯矩波(作为激励的驱动波)的驱动下匀速游动时身体变形曲率波的传播特性.结果表明,当主动弯矩的驱动频率高于鱼体结构基频时,可以观察到曲率波相对于驱动波存在相位滞后,且越靠近尾部滞后现象越明显,这意味着曲率波的波速小于驱动波的波速,也间接地验证了前人的实验结果.通过参数研究发现,鱼体变形曲率波与驱动波的波速比与表征流体黏性作用的雷诺数无关,而与表征驱动波和鱼体材料属性的无量纲激励频率、激励波长及鱼体黏性系数有关.对于鳗鲡模式游动的鱼类,曲率波与驱动波的波速比随着无量纲激励频率和波长的增大而降低,随着鱼体黏性系数的增大而增大.进一步研究发现,通过小扰动分析得到的组合相似性参数Π可以统一描述波速比与激励参数、材料参数之间的关系.     

砂岩岩石力学参数各向异性研究

对胜利油田不同深度的四口井的砂岩岩芯进行了三轴压缩试验和动态岩石力学参数试验。根据获得的垂直地层方向和平行地层方向的试验数据,计算了各岩石力学参数的各向异性系数。通过分析围压以及深度对各向异性系数的影响,给出了砂岩峰值强度各项异性系数、静泊松比各向异性系数、纵波波速各向异性系数、纵横波速比和动泊松比各向异性系数与深度的拟合公式。发现峰值强度、纵波波速和纵横波速比的各向异性系数都随着深度的增加而减小,而泊松比各向异性系数随着深度的增加而增大。动、静弹性模量各向异性系数与深度相关性都很差,动弹性模量各向异性较弱,静弹性模量相对较强。     

外载荷作用下水泥砂浆复合材料中的弹性波波速分析

为研究水泥基复合材料中弹性波频散特性,应用主频分别为50kHz、300kHz和1MHz三种声波探头,对钢纤维体积含量分别为0.5%、1.0%和3.0%的三种钢纤维增强水泥砂浆试件进行了单轴压缩下的弹性波测试实验。结果表明:在加载初始阶段,P波波速随着载荷增大而明显增大,但这种增大趋势逐渐减弱,并达到一个较稳定的值。随着钢纤维体积含量增加,波速有增大趋势。S波具有类似趋势,但其增幅比P波小得多。三种材料均表现出一定的频散效应。为消除材料在初始加载过程的非线性特性影响,采用了相对波速的方法,并讨论了相对波速的频散效应。结合多组份未胶结模型和Hashin-Shtrikman上限模型,应用一种无量纲理论模型,对比分析了弹性波波速频散规律。     

爆炸下球壳变形空间周期分布的理论计算方法

早期研究提出了对振动叠加应变增长现象的解剖式分析方法，进而发现爆炸加载下带扰动源球壳上的弯曲波和壳体变形呈空间周期分布的规律。参考Timoshenko梁的弯曲理论，基于平截面假定和壳体发生较小的弯曲变形的假设，推导出球壳上弯曲波波速和波长的关系，计算得到最短弯曲波和与膜振动频率相近的弯曲波的波速，还结合早期研究提出的壳体变形分布周期与弯曲波波速的关系，计算得到了壳体变形空间分布的周期。结果表明:（1）理论计算结果与数值仿真结果基本吻合，其中弯曲波波速的计算结果与数值仿真结果相差在15%以内，壳体变形空间分布周期的计算结果与数值仿真结果相差在12%以内；（2）弯曲波波长越短，波速越快，当波长无限短时，波速趋于极限值，约为声速的0.574倍。本计算方法为解剖式分析方法提供了一定的理论依据。     

大气中非线性波和孤立波——有热源影响的非线性重力惯性内波

本文考虑有外界热源情况下的非线性重力惯性内波,首先我们讨论了波解存在的条件及得到了解析解的表达式。然后我们利用拟能影响函数中的根与系数之间关系,导出一个无量纲的量M,利用M把周期解存在条件转化为M>2/3,当M→2/3时,就得到了区别于KdV方程的孤立波解。最后利用M我们建立了非线性波的波速公式,波速C与振幅,特征散度,M之间的关系,当波速公式向线性化波速公式退化时,我们发现当M≥l时系统呈线性效应;当2/3相似文献   

PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FISH MUSCLE IN VIVO DURING STEADY SWIMMING

在综合游动力学的框架下采用整体模化分析方法,对比研究了鳗鲡鱼类和鲹科鱼类巡游中红肌（驱动鱼类巡游的骨骼肌）的力学性能异同. 该方法将观测总结的鱼体动态变形规律作为已知条件,首先确定鱼游中体外作用（包括流体动力响应和惯性力）,然后间接预测活体的体内作用（包括肌肉主动力和生物组织被动应力）. 研究结果显示,鳗鲡鱼类尾部的肌肉强度明显低于其躯干部分,而鲹科鱼类尾部和躯干部分肌肉强度相当,这与各自的体内作用主导机制相适应. 且体外作用的区别也导致了鲹科鱼类的能效更高. 同时发现,两种模式游动下都存在鱼体躯干内部从头至尾的能量传递,其肌肉输出净功沿鱼体轴向都呈“钟形” 分布. 总体上沿轴向各点的肌肉都输出正的净功.     

鲹科模式鱼体自主前游的标度律研究

鲹科鱼类采用波状摆动可以实现非常高效的巡游游动,在受力动态平衡下以很高的速度向前游动,其性能远超传统的人造水下航行器,因此,探寻鱼体自主前游状态下流体力和前游速度的规律并建立相应的预测式具有重要的意义.在开源OpenFOAM平台和柔性体自主推进算法基础上,实现了波动鱼体自主游动的数值模拟,以NACA0012翼型为典型鱼体外形,对鲹科模式前向自主游动开展了系统的数值模拟.由已获得的栓结模型下推力标度律的启发,分别对自主巡游下的压差力系数和摩阻力系数进行标度研究.结果表明在雷诺数从500到50 000的范围内,压差力系数和摩阻力系数分别具有形式一致的标度规律,由此可根据数值结果给出定量的预测公式,进而根据两作用力的匹配关系可以导出鱼体自主前游速度的标度律,获得了根据已知的鱼体波动参数来预估巡游速度的方法.此外,探讨了雷诺数为500和50 000工况,不同摆尾幅度和频率组合下,鱼体厚弦比对于巡游的水动力标度律和前游速度的影响,并分析了不同鱼体外形对效能比的影响,发现雷诺数越高,获得最优效能比的鱼体越细长.     

各向异性柔性壁上二维T-S波演化的数值研究

受自然界鸟类羽毛的柔性特征启发, 利用数值模拟的手段进行了各向异性柔性壁面对亚音速边界层中T-S(Tollmien-Schlichting)波空间演化的影响研究. 首先, 刚性壁面上的数值结果与线性理论预测的结果吻合得很好, 验证了所采用的高阶精度格心型有限差分方法的可靠性. 在此基础上, 将部分刚性壁面替换为柔性壁面, 结果表明柔性壁面能够减小甚至消除T-S波的不稳定增长区间, 即抑制T-S波的发展, 因而具有推迟边界层转捩的潜力. 柔性壁面的变形不仅有对应T-S波波形的成分, 还会因柔性段前缘引起波长更长, 与T-S波频率相同的壁面波动. 随后开展的参数研究表明, 增大壁面阻尼削弱了前缘引起的壁面波动; 增大壁面的刚度、张力以及弹性系数都会使得壁面的刚性增强, 整体变形幅度下降; 柔性壁面的支撑杠杆臂倾角越大, 壁面刚性越强. 以上参数的增大均会使得柔性壁面抑制T-S波的效果降低. 此外, 当流动反方向流过时, 抑制T-S波的效果也会明显下降. 这些研究结果旨在揭示鸟类高效飞行的部分奥秘, 为被动减阻提供新的思路.      

鱼类巡游中的活体肌肉力学性能预测

在综合游动力学的框架下采用整体模化分析方法,对比研究了鳗鲡鱼类和鲹科鱼类巡游中红肌（驱动鱼类巡游的骨骼肌）的力学性能异同. 该方法将观测总结的鱼体动态变形规律作为已知条件,首先确定鱼游中体外作用（包括流体动力响应和惯性力）,然后间接预测活体的体内作用（包括肌肉主动力和生物组织被动应力）. 研究结果显示,鳗鲡鱼类尾部的肌肉强度明显低于其躯干部分,而鲹科鱼类尾部和躯干部分肌肉强度相当,这与各自的体内作用主导机制相适应. 且体外作用的区别也导致了鲹科鱼类的能效更高. 同时发现,两种模式游动下都存在鱼体躯干内部从头至尾的能量传递,其肌肉输出净功沿鱼体轴向都呈“钟形” 分布. 总体上沿轴向各点的肌肉都输出正的净功.      

垂直断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播与场地地震动反应的影响

采用基于时域粘弹性人工边界的Rayleigh波输入方法,对具有不同宽度、不同剪切波速的垂直断层破碎带的场地进行了Rayleigh波作用下的动力时程反应分析,研究了垂直断层的宽度与剪切波速变化对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应的影响。计算结果表明:在Rayleigh波入射一侧的中远场地表面,断层宽度与剪切波速的变化对地面峰值位移反应影响很小;在Rayleigh波入射一侧的断层角点以及距角点较近处,随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小,峰值位移反应均增大;在另一侧中远场地面的峰值位移反应随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小而减小,且水平位移峰值减小的程度略大于竖向位移峰值。由此可以看到,软弱的断层破碎带对通过的Rayleigh波有削弱作用,且破碎带越宽或剪切波速越小削弱作用越明显。     

装药不耦合系数对碳酸盐岩爆炸地震波能量的影响

针对碳酸盐岩中化学爆炸地震勘探激发地震波能量弱、频率高、信噪比低的现状,为对炮孔装药结构提出合理的改进措施,建立了耦合与不耦合装药孔壁爆炸载荷及透射波能量的计算模型,并借助MATLAB编程计算得到解析解.同时在灰岩场地进行了装药不耦合系数Kd对地震波能量影响的现场实验,应用基于功率谱的能量分析方法对实验数据进行了分析....     

Anticlastic curvature in draw-bend springback

Draw-bend springback shows a sudden decline as the applied sheet tension approaches the force to yield the strip. This phenomenon coincides with the appearance of persistent anticlastic curvature, which develops during the forming operation and is maintained during unloading under certain test conditions. In order to understand the mechanics of persistent anticlastic curvature and its dependence on forming conditions, aluminum sheet strips of widths ranging from 12 to 50 mm were draw-bend tested with various sheet tensions and tool radii. Finite element simulations were also carried out, and the simulated and measured springback angle and anticlastic curvature were compared. Analytical methods based on large deformation bending theory for elastic plates were employed to understand the occurrence and persistence of the anticlastic curvature. The results showed that the final shape of a specimen cross-section is determined by a dimensionless parameter, which is a function of sheet width, thickness and radius of the primary curvature in the curled region of an unloaded sample. When the normalized sheet tension approaches 1, this parameter rapidly decreases, and significant anticlastic deflection is retained after unloading. The retained anticlastic curvature greatly increases the moment of inertia for bending, and thus reduces springback angle.     

Bifurcation and chaos analysis of multistage planetary gear train

A nonlinear time-varying dynamic model for a multistage planetary gear train, considering time-varying meshing stiffness, nonlinear error excitation, and piece-wise backlash nonlinearities, is formulated. Varying dynamic motions are obtained by solving the dimensionless equations of motion in general coordinates by using the varying-step Gill numerical integration method. The influences of damping coefficient, excitation frequency, and backlash on bifurcation and chaos properties of the system are analyzed through dynamic bifurcation diagram, time history, phase trajectory, Poincaré map, and power spectrum. It shows that the multi-stage planetary gear train system has various inner nonlinear dynamic behaviors because of the coupling of gear backlash and time-varying meshing stiffness. As the damping coefficient increases, the dynamic behavior of the system transits to an increasingly stable periodic motion, which demonstrates that a higher damping coefficient can suppress a nonperiodic motion and thereby improve its dynamic response. The motion state of the system changes into chaos in different ways of period doubling bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation.     

混联Ⅰ型惯容系统基于李鸿晶谱的地震响应分析

针对设有混联Ⅰ型惯容系统的耗能结构基于李鸿晶谱的响应分析较为繁琐的问题,提出求解地震响应的简明封闭解法,并研究了惯容系统基本参数对减震性能的影响。首先,建立惯容系统和结构之间的微分型本构关系,并运用复模态法和虚拟激励法获得结构系列响应的统一解。其次,将结构系列响应的功率谱密度函数精确转化为复特征值及结构自振频率平方和表示的二次分解式,进而获得响应0阶～2阶谱矩的简明封闭解。最后,通过数值算例验证了所提方法的正确性及计算的高效性,对惯容系统参数的研究表明,当惯容系数和阻尼系数越大,结构减震效果越好,而刚度系数对结构的减震效果取决于惯容系统名义圆频率与结构自振圆频率的比值,当两者比值为0.9时减震效果最好。     

Magnetic field effects on the nonlinear vibration of a rotor

The nonlinear vibration of a rotor operated in a magnetic field with geometric and inertia nonlinearity is investigated. An asymmetric magnetic flux density is generated,resulting in the production of a load on the rotor since the air-gap distribution between the rotor and the stator is not uniform. This electromagnetic load is a nonlinear function of the distance between the geometric centers of the rotor and the stator. The nonlinear equation of motion is obtained by the inclusion of the nonlinearity in the inertia, the curvature, and the electromagnetic load. After discretization of the governing partial differential equations by the Galerkin method, the multiple-scale perturbation method is used to derive the approximate solutions to the equations. In the numerical results, the effects of the electromagnetic parameter load, the damping coefficient, the amplitude of the initial displacement, the mass moment of inertia, and the rotation speed on the linear and nonlinear backward and forward frequencies are investigated. The results show that the magnetic field has significant effects on the nonlinear frequency of oscillation.     

The study of sound wave propagation in rarefied gases using unified gas-kinetic scheme

Sound wave propagation in rarefied monatomic gases is simulated using a newly developed unified gaskinetic scheme (UGKS). The numerical calculations are carried out for a wide range of wave oscillating frequencies. The corresponding rarefaction parameter is defined as the ratio of sound wave frequency to the intermolecular particle collision frequency. The simulation covers the flow regime from the continuum to free molecule one. The treatment of the oscillating wall boundary condition and the methods for evaluating the absorption coefficient and sound wave speed are presented in detail. The simulation results from the UGKS are compared to the Navier-Stokes solutions, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) simulation, and experimental measurements. Good agreement with the experimental data has been obtained in the whole flow regimes for the corresponding Knudsen number from 0.08 to 32. The current study clearly demonstrates the capability of the UGKS method in capturing the sound wave propagation and its usefulness for the rarefied flow study.     

Controlling the vertical shift of an isolated body based on the vibration of nonlinear systems with asymmetric damping forces

Asymmetric damping forces induce the equilibrium position of the isolated body to shift downward. Inspired by this phenomenon, this paper proposes the novel concept of shifting an isolated body based on the vibration of nonlinear systems with asymmetric damping forces. To verify the feasibility of this concept, a piecewise smooth isolation system is established. The incremental harmonic balance method is used to analyze the nonlinear vibration system and to obtain a steady-state analytical solution. The accuracy of the solution is verified by the Runge–Kutta method. Based on the analytical solution, the influences of some key parameters on the system vibration response are analyzed, revealing that the shift in the isolated body height increases with increasing excitation amplitude and damping asymmetry ratio. Additionally, this shift first increases and then decreases with increasing excitation frequency, reaching a peak near the natural frequency of the intermediate body. Finally, considering the complex structure, high energy consumption, and slow response of active suspension actuators, the proposed concept is applied to the tilt control of a vehicle. The simulation results show that the proposed methodology based on this concept can tilt a vehicle body to a certain angle in the turning direction, enabling the use of a semi-active actuator for vehicle tilt control to realize the control effect achieved by an active actuator.

     

Fluid pressure response in poroelastic materials subjected to cyclic loading

When cyclic loading is applied to poroelastic materials, a transient stage of interstitial fluid pressure occurs, preceding a steady state. In each stage, the fluid pressure exhibits a characteristic mechanical behavior. In this study, an analytical solution for fluid pressure in two-dimensional poroelastic materials, which is assumed to be isotropic, under cyclic axial and bending loading is presented, based on poroelasticity. The obtained analytical solution contains transient and steady-state responses. Both of these depend on three dimensionless parameters: the dimensionless stress coefficient; the dimensionless frequency; and, the axial-bending loading ratio. We focus particularly on the transient behavior of interstitial fluid pressure with changes in the dimensionless frequency and the axial-bending loading ratio. The transient properties, such as half-value period and contribution factor, depend largely on the dimensionless frequency and have peak values when its value is about 10. This suggests that, under these conditions, the transient response can significantly affect the mechanical behavior of poroelastic materials.