平面剪切来流作用下串列布置三圆柱流致运动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对Re=100时,剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱体双自由度流致振动问题进行了数值计算.首先,与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后,着重分析剪切率、固有频率比和折减速度三个关键参数对串列三圆柱体结构流致动力响应及流场特性的影响.数值计算结果表明:剪切率、固有频率比与折减速度对结构振幅和运动轨迹的影响较大.随剪切率的增大,上游圆柱最大振幅的变化与单圆柱工况类似.中下游圆柱最大振幅会增大且会出现双向共振现象,同时,发生共振响应区域会扩大.随固有频率比的增大,上游圆柱顺流向锁定区间范围会减小,而中下游圆柱双向锁定区间会扩大.另一方面,均匀来流作用下,结构运动轨迹以"8"字形和不规则形状为主.随剪切率的增大,锁定区间内运动轨迹会由"8"字形转变为"雨滴"形.在大剪切率与高固有频率比工况下,中游圆柱体结构运动轨迹会出现"双雨滴"形状.最后,通过对流场特性的分析,揭示了剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱结构流致运动响应的内在机理.     

剪切来流作用下串列布置双圆柱流致运动分析

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法,将四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元与动网格技术相结合,并发展了一种求解流致振动问题的算法。首先,通过求解文献中经典涡激振动算例来验证本文方法的正确性;然后,着重分析了雷诺数Re=160与间距比Lx/D=5.5工况,折减速度与剪切率两个关键参数对串列排布双圆柱两自由度流致运动特性的影响。计算结果表明:随折减速度的增加,上游圆柱振幅变化与单圆柱工况一致;但是,下游圆柱顺流向振幅的变化较为剧烈,且横流向的振幅曲线中会出现两个峰值。随剪切率的增加,双圆柱体两个方向的频率锁定区间会扩大,尤其对顺流向的振幅影响较大。另外,双圆柱体的运动轨迹以‘8’字形与‘O’形为主。最后,分析了剪切来流对双圆柱体之间互扰机制的影响,以及下游圆柱的涡致动力响应特征所发生的变化。     

串列布置三圆柱涡激振动频谱特性研究

对串列三圆柱体双自由度涡激振动问题进行了数值计算, 并分析了雷诺数、固有频率比和约化速度对串列三圆柱体结构动力响应及频谱特性的影响. 研究发现: 雷诺数、频率比对上游圆柱的振幅和流体力系数的影响较小. 中游圆柱频率锁定区域随着雷诺数的增大而增大, 其动力响应受上游圆柱尾流的影响较大, 但频率比的影响较小. 同时, 流体力系数在约化速度较小时受雷诺数和频率比的影响较大. 另外, 下游圆柱的振幅和流体力系数受雷诺数及频率比的影响较大. 雷诺数、频率比和约化速度对圆柱流体力系数能量谱密度(PSD)曲线中主峰幅值、频谱成分及波动性的影响较大. 流体力系数PSD曲线波动性的增强, 导致圆柱运动轨迹会从"8"字形转变成不规则形状. 当频率比为2.0时, 上游圆柱尾流出现P$+$S模式, 导致其发生非对称运动, 且升、阻力系数PSD曲线主峰重合. 最后, 激励荷载平均功率值随约化速度的变化趋势与对应的结构动力响应的变化类似. 在同一约化速度区间内, 结构振动响应的强弱与位移的平均功率值成正比. 对不同约化速度区间内的升力系数功率谱密度分析时, 振动频率比($f_{s}/f_{n, y})$对结构振动响应的影响更大.      

低雷诺数下串列布置双圆柱涡激振动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对串列布置双圆柱双自由度涡激振动问题进行了数值模拟计算,并分析了间距比、剪切率、频率比以及折减速度4个参数对圆柱结构动力响应的影响.研究发现:不同固有频率比与剪切率对下游圆柱振动幅值影响较大,然而对上游圆柱振动幅值影响较小.上游圆柱在两个自由度方向达到最大值的折减速度不同,然而下...     

串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动研究

数值研究了串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动问题，研究发现：(1) 双自由度的圆柱振幅峰值及出现振峰的频率比都比单自由度的大；(2) 尾流圆柱中的升力远大于均匀来流的，而阻力却相反；(3) 下游圆柱的位移响应对于频率比的变化没有均匀来流中的"敏感"；(4) 尾流中，在频率比1.16和0.87之间，出现了明显的"拍"现象，即圆柱的振幅响应包含不同的频率，而在均匀来流中，并无明显的"拍"现象. 采用ALE方法，计算网格采用H-O非交错网格系统，结合分块耦合方法. N-S方程的对流项和扩散项分别采用三阶迎风紧致格式和四阶中心紧致格式离散. 圆柱振动采用弹簧柱体阻尼器模型，柱体的振动方程采用龙格-库塔法求解. 通过模拟柱体和流体之间的非线性耦合作用，成功地捕捉到了"拍"和"相位开关"等现象.     

双分隔板对圆柱体结构流致动力响应影响分析

基于流体计算软件Fluent,对雷诺数Re=150工况下的带双分隔板圆柱体结构流致振动问题进行二维数值模拟,主要分析了折减速度U_r=4.0和U_r=5.0工况下,双分隔板对圆柱体结构近尾流场分布、结构动力响应、流体力系数和频谱特性的影响．研究结果发现：在两种折减速度工况下,分隔板的长度对圆柱体结构的振动响应影响较小．随着双分隔板间距比n₁的增大,圆柱体结构的横流向振幅会逐渐减弱,但当n₁≥0.8时抑制作用会基本失效,并且会激发结构动力响应．同时,双分隔板对圆柱体结构的阻力的抑制效果也会逐渐减弱．然而,仅在U_r=4.0时会对升力产生抑制效果,当0≤n₁≤0.2时较为显著．另一方面,当U_r=4.0时,随双分隔板长度与间距的变化,圆柱体结构的尾流漩涡脱落频率会从单频率模式转为双频率模式．     

低雷诺数串列双方柱流致振动质量比效应的数值研究

为澄清串列双方柱流致振动的质量比效应,采用数值模拟方法,在雷诺数为150时,研究了质量比(m*=3,10,20)对下游方柱振动响应特性的影响规律,分析了下游方柱尾流模态的演变过程,探讨了导致下游方柱振动的流固耦合机制.结果表明:质量比对下游方柱的流致振动有重要影响,低质量比(m*=3)时下游方柱的振动响应更为复杂,随着折减速度的增大,下游方柱并未出现传统"锁定"现象(即振动频率比fy/fn≈1的锁定),而发生了"弱锁定"现象(即fy/fn 1的锁定);随着质量比的增加(m*=10和20),"弱锁定"现象消失,而出现传统"锁定"现象,且下游方柱横流向最大振幅减小.质量比对串列双方柱的柱心间距有明显影响,低质量比(m*=3)时的柱间距在振动锁定区内会急剧减小,而较高质量比(m*=10和20)下的柱间距则变化不大.此外,质量比对串列双方柱的尾流模态和流固耦合机制也有显著影响,其中低质量比(m*=3)下的情况更为多样.     

上游静止方柱尾流对下游方柱体尾激振动效应影响

基于半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元法,对低雷诺数下串列布置上游静止方柱–下游双自由度运动方柱体结构的尾激振动问题进行了研究.首先与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后着重分析了雷诺数(Re)与折减速度(U_r)两个关键参数对下游方柱尾激振动响应的影响,同时将计算结果与单方柱工况进行了对比.数值计算结果表明,雷诺数和折减速度对下游方柱的振幅、振动频率和运动轨迹等动力响应特性的影响较大.随着雷诺数的增大,双柱系统的互扰效应从以涡激效应为主逐渐转变为尾激效应发挥主导作用,从而导致下游方柱的振动响应增强.单方柱工况结构运动轨迹均呈"8"字形.然而,下游方柱的运动轨迹会随着雷诺数的增加而变得复杂.雷诺数较小时(Re=40, 80),下游方柱的运动轨迹基本为"8"字形.雷诺数较大时(Re=120, 160, 200),下游方柱的运动轨迹会出现双"8"字形.同时,下游方柱的尾流场特性主要呈现2S, 2S*, 2P,2T, P+S和稳态6种模式.最后,通过对流场特性进行分析,揭示了串列双方柱系统尾激振动效应的作用机理.     

低雷诺数串列双方柱流致振动质量比效应的数值研究

为澄清串列双方柱流致振动的质量比效应, 采用数值模拟方法, 在雷诺数为150时, 研究了质量比($m^{\ast }=3$, 10, 20)对下游方柱振动响应特性的影响规律, 分析了下游方柱尾流模态的演变过程, 探讨了导致下游方柱振动的流固耦合机制. 结果表明: 质量比对下游方柱的流致振动有重要影响, 低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)时下游方柱的振动响应更为复杂, 随着折减速度的增大, 下游方柱并未出现传统“锁定”现象(即振动频率比$f_{y}$/$f_{\rm n} \approx1$的锁定), 而发生了“弱锁定”现象(即$f_{y}/f_{\rm n}<1$的锁定); 随着质量比的增加($m^{\ast }=10$和20), “弱锁定”现象消失, 而出现传统“锁定”现象, 且下游方柱横流向最大振幅减小. 质量比对串列双方柱的柱心间距有明显影响, 低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)时的柱间距在振动锁定区内会急剧减小, 而较高质量比($m^{\ast }=10$和20)下的柱间距则变化不大. 此外, 质量比对串列双方柱的尾流模态和流固耦合机制也有显著影响, 其中低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)下的情况更为多样.      

上游静止方柱尾流对下游方柱体尾激振动效应影响

基于半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元法,对低雷诺数下串列布置上游静止方柱--下游双自由度运动方柱体结构的尾激振动问题进行了研究.首先与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后着重分析了雷诺数($Re$)与折减速度$(U_{\rm r})$两个关键参数对下游方柱尾激振动响应的影响,同时将计算结果与单方柱工况进行了对比. 数值计算结果表明,雷诺数和折减速度对下游方柱的振幅、振动频率和运动轨迹等动力响应特性的影响较大.随着雷诺数的增大,双柱系统的互扰效应从以涡激效应为主逐渐转变为尾激效应发挥主导作用,从而导致下游方柱的振动响应增强.单方柱工况结构运动轨迹均呈"8"字形. 然而,下游方柱的运动轨迹会随着雷诺数的增加而变得复杂.雷诺数较小时($Re\!=\!40$, 80),下游方柱的运动轨迹基本为"8"字形. 雷诺数较大时($Re\!=\!120$, 160,200), 下游方柱的运动轨迹会出现双"8"字形. 同时,下游方柱的尾流场特性主要呈现2S, 2S*, 2P, 2T, P+S和稳态6种模式.最后, 通过对流场特性进行分析,揭示了串列双方柱系统尾激振动效应的作用机理.      

Flow-induced vibrations of two circular cylinders in tandem with shear flow at low Reynolds number

The flow-induced vibrations of two elastically mounted circular cylinders subjected to the planar shear flow in tandem arrangement are studied numerically at Re=160. A four-step semi-implicit Characteristic-based split (4-SICBS) finite element method is developed under the framework of the fractional step method to cope with the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) problem. For the computational code verification, two benchmark problems are examined in the laminar region: flow-induced vibration of an elastically mounted cylinder having two degrees of freedom and past two stationary ones in tandem arrangement. Regarding the two-cylinder VIVs in shear flow, the computation is conducted with the cylinder reduced mass M_r=2.5π and the structural damping ratio ξ=0.0. The effects of some key parameters, such as shear rate (k=0.0, 0.05, 0.1), reduced velocity (U_r=3.0–18.0) and spacing ratio (L_x/D=2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 8.0), are demonstrated. It is observed that the shear rate and reduced velocity play an important role in the VIVs of both cylinders at various center-to-center distances. Additionally, in comparison with the single cylinder case, a further study indicated that the gap flow has a significant impact on such a dynamic system, leading it to be more complex. The results show that, the performances of ‘dual-resonant’ are discovered in the shear flow. A valley is formed in transverse oscillation amplitude of DC for each spacing ratio when U_r is about 6.0. For the X–Y trajectories of the circular cylinders, figure-eight, figure-O and oval shape are obtained. Finally, the interactions between cylinders are revealed, together with the wake-induced vibration (WIV) mechanism underlying the oscillation characteristics of both cylinders exposed to shear flow. Besides, the “T+P” wake pattern is discovered herein.     

Interference effect of an upstream larger cylinder on the lock-in vibration of a flexibly mounted circular cylinder

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the flow-induced vibration response of a flexibly mounted circular cylinder located in the vicinity of a larger cylinder and subjected to cross-flow. The interfering larger cylinder was placed upstream and had a diameter twice that of the vibrating cylinder. Complex interaction was observed between the flow over the two cylinders. The vibration responses of the flexible cylinder were classified into different regimes according to the relative positions of the two cylinders. In the-side-by-side arrangement and the tandem or near-tandem arrangement, flow-induced vibrations of the flexible cylinder were greatly suppressed. In the staggered arrangement which covered a large portion of the relative cylinder positions being investigated, vibrations of the smaller cylinder were greatly amplified. The vibration response curves were also largely modified with a broadening of the lock-in resonance range. A shift of the peak reduced velocity for maximum vibration response was also found. Flow visualizations and wake velocity measurements suggested that the modifications of the vibration responses were related to the presence or absence of constant or intermittent flow through the gap region between the two cylinders. The proposed mechanisms of flow interactions and the resulting vibration response characteristics could explain previous observations on flow-induced vibrations of two equal-sized circular cylinders reported in the literature.     

Three-dimensional computation for flow-induced vibrations of an upstream circular cylinder in two tandem circular cylinders

It is well known from a lot of experimental data that fluid forces acting on two tandem circular cylinders are quite different from those acting on a single circular cylinder. Therefore, we first present numerical results for fluid forces acting on two tandem circular cylinders, which are mounted at various spacings in a smooth flow, and second we present numerical results for flow-induced vibrations of the upstream circular cylinder in the tandem arrangement. The two circular cylinders are arranged at close spacing in a flow field. The upstream circular cylinder is elastically placed by damper-spring systems and moves in both the in-line and cross-flow directions. In such models, each circular cylinder is assumed as a rigid body. On the other hand, we do not introduce a turbulent model such as the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models into the numerical scheme to compute the fluid flow. Our numerical procedure to capture the flow-induced vibration phenomena of the upstream circular cylinder is treated as a fluid-structure interaction problem in which the ideas of weak coupling is taken into consideration.     

Vortex-induced vibration of two elastically coupled cylinders in side-by-side arrangement

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of two elastically coupled circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangement is investigated numerically. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved by the finite element method for simulating the flow and the equation of motion is solved for calculating the vibration. The mass ratio (the ratio of the mass of the cylinder to the displaced fluid mass) is 2 and the Reynolds number is 5000 in the simulations. Simulations are carried out for one symmetric configuration (referred to be Case A) and one asymmetric configuration (referred to be Case B). In both Case A and Case B, the primary response frequencies of the two cylinders are found to be the same both inside and outside the lock-in regimes. Five response regimes are found in both cases and they are the first-mode lock-in regime, the second-mode lock-in regime, the sum-frequency lock-in regime and two transition regimes. When the vibration is transiting from the first- to the second-mode lock-in regimes, the vibration of each cylinder contains both first- and the second-mode natural frequencies, and the vibrations are usually irregular. In the transition regime between the second-mode lock-in and the sum-frequency lock-in regimes, the response frequencies of both cylinders increases with an increase in the reduced velocity until they are close to the sum of the two natural frequencies. In both cases, the lower boundary reduced velocity of the total lock-in regime (the sum of the five lock-in regimes) is about 3 and the upper boundary reduced velocity is about 11 times the first-to-second-mode natural frequency ratio.     

On the origin of wake-induced vibration in two tandem circular cylinders at low Reynolds number

We numerically investigate flow-induced vibrations of circular cylinders arranged in a tandem configuration at low Reynolds number. Results on the coupled force dynamics are presented for an isolated cylinder and a pair of rigid cylinders in a tandem configuration where the downstream cylinder is elastically mounted and free to vibrate transversely. Contrary to turbulent flows at high Reynolds number, low frequency component with respect to shedding frequency is absent in laminar flows. Appearance and disappearance of the vorticity regions due to reverse flow on the aft part of the vibrating cylinder is characterized by a higher harmonic in transverse load, which is nearly three times of the shedding frequency. We next analyze the significance of pressure and viscous forces in the composition of lift and their phase relations with respect to the structural velocity. For both the isolated and tandem vibrating cylinders, the pressure force supplies energy to the moving cylinder, whereas the viscous force dissipates the energy. Close to the excitation frequency ratio of one, the ratio of transverse viscous force to pressure force is found to be maximum. In addition, movement of stagnation point plays a major role on the force dynamics of both configurations. In the case of isolated cylinder, displacement of the stagnation point is nearly in-phase with the velocity. During vortex-body interaction, the phase difference between the transverse pressure force and velocity and the location of stagnation point determines the loads acting on the cylinder. When the transverse pressure force is in-phase with velocity, the stagnation point moves to higher suction region of the cylinder. In the case of the tandem cylinder arrangement, upstream vortex shifts the stagnation point on the downstream cylinder to the low suction region. Thus a larger lift force is observed for the downstream cylinder as compared to the vibrating isolated cylinder. Phase difference between the transverse load and the velocity of the downstream cylinder determines the extent of upstream wake interaction with the downstream cylinder. When the cylinder velocity is in-phase with the transverse pressure load component, interaction of wake vortex with the downstream cylinder is lower compared to other cases considered in this study. We extend our parametric study of tandem cylinders for the longitudinal center-to-center spacing ranging from 4 to 10 diameter.     

Vortex-shedding from single and tandem cylinders in the presence of applied sound

A single cylinder and two tandem cylinder configurations with longitudinal pitch ratios L/D=1.75 and 2.5 were rigidly mounted in an open circuit wind tunnel and a standing acoustic pressure wave was imposed so that the acoustic particle velocity was normal to both the cylinder axis and the mean flow velocity. The effect of sound on the vortex-shedding was investigated for various amplitudes by means of pressure taps on the cylinders and wake hot-wire probes. These tests show that applied sound can entrain and shift the natural vortex-shedding frequency to the frequency of excitation and produce nonlinearities in the wake. The lock-in envelope for the tandem cylinders is considerably larger than for the single cylinder. The lock-in range for the smaller tandem cylinder spacing was broader still than either the single cylinder, or the L/D=2.5 tandem cylinder case. The pressure and hot-wire measurements show for the single cylinder, and tandem cylinder configuration with pitch ratio L/D=2.5, that there was a phase jump near the coincidence of the vortex-shedding frequency and the excitation frequency, while there was no jump for the pitch ratio of 1.75. As well, the applied sound field was also noted to induce vortex-shedding in the gap for the L/D=2.5 case, while no vortex-shedding was noted for the smaller pitch ratio.     

Frequency effects on lift and drag for flow past an oscillating cylinder

A transversely oscillating cylinder in a uniform flow is modeled to investigate frequency effects of flow-induced wake on lift and drag of the cylinder. Specifically, verified unsteady fluid dynamic simulations using an immersed-boundary method in a fixed Cartesian grid predict the flow structure around the cylinder and reveal how the integration of surface pressure and shear distributions provides lift and drag on the oscillating cylinder. In this study, frequency ranges to be considered are both near and away from the natural frequency of wake vortex shedding. Subsequently, the effects of frequency lock-in, superposition and demultiplication on lift and drag are discussed based on the spectral analysis of time histories of lift and drag.