低雷诺数下串列布置双圆柱涡激振动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对串列布置双圆柱双自由度涡激振动问题进行了数值模拟计算,并分析了间距比、剪切率、频率比以及折减速度4个参数对圆柱结构动力响应的影响.研究发现:不同固有频率比与剪切率对下游圆柱振动幅值影响较大,然而对上游圆柱振动幅值影响较小.上游圆柱在两个自由度方向达到最大值的折减速度不同,然而下...     

平面剪切来流作用下串列布置三圆柱流致运动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对Re=100时,剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱体双自由度流致振动问题进行了数值计算.首先,与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后,着重分析剪切率、固有频率比和折减速度三个关键参数对串列三圆柱体结构流致动力响应及流场特性的影响.数值计算结果表明:剪切率、固有频率比与折减速度对结构振幅和运动轨迹的影响较大.随剪切率的增大,上游圆柱最大振幅的变化与单圆柱工况类似.中下游圆柱最大振幅会增大且会出现双向共振现象,同时,发生共振响应区域会扩大.随固有频率比的增大,上游圆柱顺流向锁定区间范围会减小,而中下游圆柱双向锁定区间会扩大.另一方面,均匀来流作用下,结构运动轨迹以"8"字形和不规则形状为主.随剪切率的增大,锁定区间内运动轨迹会由"8"字形转变为"雨滴"形.在大剪切率与高固有频率比工况下,中游圆柱体结构运动轨迹会出现"双雨滴"形状.最后,通过对流场特性的分析,揭示了剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱结构流致运动响应的内在机理.     

平面剪切来流作用下串列布置三圆柱流致运动特性研究

基于四步半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元方法,对Re=100时,剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱体双自由度流致振动问题进行了数值计算. 首先,与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性. 然后,着重分析剪切率、固有频率比和折减速度三个关键参数对串列三圆柱体结构流致动力响应及流场特性的影响. 数值计算结果表明:剪切率、固有频率比与折减速度对结构振幅和运动轨迹的影响较大. 随剪切率的增大,上游圆柱最大振幅的变化与单圆柱工况类似. 中下游圆柱最大振幅会增大且会出现双向共振现象,同时,发生共振响应区域会扩大. 随固有频率比的增大,上游圆柱顺流向锁定区间范围会减小,而中下游圆柱双向锁定区间会扩大. 另一方面,均匀来流作用下,结构运动轨迹以"8"字形和不规则形状为主. 随剪切率的增大,锁定区间内运动轨迹会由"8"字形转变为"雨滴"形. 在大剪切率与高固有频率比工况下,中游圆柱体结构运动轨迹会出现"双雨滴"形状. 最后,通过对流场特性的分析,揭示了剪切来流作用下串列三圆柱结构流致运动响应的内在机理.      

柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力系数识别及其特性

涡激振动是诱发海洋立管、浮式平台系泊缆和海底悬跨管道等柔性圆柱结构疲劳损伤的重要因素.目前,海洋工程中用于柔性圆柱涡激振动预报的流体力系数主要来源刚性圆柱横流向受迫振动的实验数据,存在一定缺陷和误差.本文综合考虑横流向与顺流向振动耦合作用,建立了柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力模型,运用有限元法和最小二乘法确定升力系数、脉动阻力系数和附加质量系数.为了准确识别柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力系数,设计并开展了拖曳水池模型实验,实验用柔性圆柱模型的质量比为1.82,长径比为195.5.通过与刚性圆柱流体力系数对比,深入分析了柔性圆柱流体力系数的特性.结果表明:柔性圆柱在一阶模态控制区,流体力系数随约化速度变化趋势与刚性圆柱大致相似;二阶模态控制区,升力系数和脉动阻力系数显著增大;附加质量系数在响应频率较低时与振动位移的相关性增强;当响应频率较低时,振动位移较大区域为能量耗散区,当响应频率较高时,振动位移较大区域为能量输入区.     

低雷诺数下串列三圆柱涡激振动中的弛振现象及其影响因素

对间距比为1.2和雷诺数为100的串列三圆柱涡激振动进行数值模拟, 发现在某个折合流速之后, 三圆柱的响应均呈现为随着折合流速增大而增大的弛振现象, 平衡位置偏移、低频振动以及旋涡脱落与圆柱运动之间的时机三个因素共同决定了弛振现象的出现. 进一步的研究发现, 串列三圆柱的弛振现象仅出现在质量比不大于2.0和雷诺数不大于100的工况下. 当质量比较大时, 串列三圆柱的平衡位置固定不变, 且圆柱的振动不规律, 使得旋涡脱落与圆柱运动的时机处于变化之中. 当雷诺数较高时, 最上游圆柱的平衡位置在折合流速较大时回到初始位置, 不再参与对圆柱振动的调节, 使得圆柱的振动响应不再规律, 旋涡脱落与圆柱运动的时机也一直处于变化之中.      

低雷诺数下串列三圆柱涡激振动中的弛振现象及其影响因素

对间距比为1.2和雷诺数为100的串列三圆柱涡激振动进行数值模拟,发现在某个折合流速之后,三圆柱的响应均呈现为随着折合流速增大而增大的弛振现象,平衡位置偏移、低频振动以及旋涡脱落与圆柱运动之间的时机三个因素共同决定了弛振现象的出现.进一步的研究发现,串列三圆柱的弛振现象仅出现在质量比不大于2.0和雷诺数不大于100的工况下.当质量比较大时,串列三圆柱的平衡位置固定不变,且圆柱的振动不规律,使得旋涡脱落与圆柱运动的时机处于变化之中.当雷诺数较高时,最上游圆柱的平衡位置在折合流速较大时回到初始位置,不再参与对圆柱振动的调节,使得圆柱的振动响应不再规律,旋涡脱落与圆柱运动的时机也一直处于变化之中.     

串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动研究

数值研究了串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动问题，研究发现：(1) 双自由度的圆柱振幅峰值及出现振峰的频率比都比单自由度的大；(2) 尾流圆柱中的升力远大于均匀来流的，而阻力却相反；(3) 下游圆柱的位移响应对于频率比的变化没有均匀来流中的"敏感"；(4) 尾流中，在频率比1.16和0.87之间，出现了明显的"拍"现象，即圆柱的振幅响应包含不同的频率，而在均匀来流中，并无明显的"拍"现象. 采用ALE方法，计算网格采用H-O非交错网格系统，结合分块耦合方法. N-S方程的对流项和扩散项分别采用三阶迎风紧致格式和四阶中心紧致格式离散. 圆柱振动采用弹簧柱体阻尼器模型，柱体的振动方程采用龙格-库塔法求解. 通过模拟柱体和流体之间的非线性耦合作用，成功地捕捉到了"拍"和"相位开关"等现象.     

双分隔板对圆柱体结构流致动力响应影响分析

基于流体计算软件Fluent，对雷诺数Re=150工况下的带双分隔板圆柱体结构流致振动问题进行二维数值模拟，主要分析了折减速度U_r=4.0和U_r=5.0工况下，双分隔板对圆柱体结构近尾流场分布、结构动力响应、流体力系数和频谱特性的影响．研究结果发现：在两种折减速度工况下，分隔板的长度对圆柱体结构的振动响应影响较小．随着双分隔板间距比n₁的增大，圆柱体结构的横流向振幅会逐渐减弱，但当n₁≥0.8时抑制作用会基本失效，并且会激发结构动力响应．同时，双分隔板对圆柱体结构的阻力的抑制效果也会逐渐减弱．然而，仅在U_r=4.0时会对升力产生抑制效果，当0≤n₁≤0.2时较为显著．另一方面，当U_r=4.0时，随双分隔板长度与间距的变化，圆柱体结构的尾流漩涡脱落频率会从单频率模式转为双频率模式．     

串列双圆柱体绕流特性与互扰效应研究

基于大涡模拟(LES)方法对亚临界雷诺数(Re=3900)下三维串列双圆柱体绕流问题进行了数值计算。首先,通过求解单圆柱算例来验证计算模型及参数的正确性。然后,着重分析了不同间距比对双圆柱体的流体力系数的影响,并阐述了双圆柱体流场特性变化及其互扰效应内在机理。研究表明:雷诺数Re=3900时,串列双圆柱体绕流临界间距比在3.9～4.0之间;随着间距比的增加,双圆柱体临近流场中二次涡团形成的区域与三维涡结构均会发生变化,导致其结构表面所受的流体力系数在时间与空间上变化的规律性逐渐减弱;达到临界间距比时,流体力系数的变化会呈现出较强的规律性。     

低雷诺数下弹性圆柱体涡激振动及影响参数分析

利用Fluent软件数值求解不可压缩粘性流体的N-S方程,研究均匀来流Re=200时弹性圆柱体的涡激振动.圆柱体运动简化为质量-弹簧-阻尼系统,将Newmark-β方法代码写入用户自定义函数(UDF)求解运动方程,柱体与流体间的非线性耦合作用通过动网格技术实现.详细分析了涡激力系数、柱体位移特征值和尾流涡结构随频率比的变化关系,获得"相位开关"、"拍"等现象.考虑流向振动对横向振动影响时,圆柱体最大横向振幅为0.65倍直径.当固定频率比,而质量比或折合阻尼增大时,圆柱体流向与横向振动均呈非线性衰减趋势,但增大质量比对流向平均位移的偏离起到更好的控制效果.     

不同控制角下附加圆柱对圆柱涡激振动影响

在弹性支撑的圆柱周围布置直径更小圆柱会影响剪切层发展以及旋涡脱落,进而改变其涡激振动状态.通过不同的布置形式和附加小圆柱个数可以实现对圆柱涡激振动的促进或抑制.激励更大幅值的振动可以更好地将水流动能转化为可利用的机械能或电能,抑制其振动则可以实现对海洋平台等结构物的保护.采用基于迭代的嵌入式浸入边界法对前侧对称布置两个小圆柱的圆柱涡激振动进行数值模拟研究,系统仅做横向振动,其中基于主圆柱直径的雷诺数为100,质量比为2.0,折合流速为3~11.小圆柱与主圆柱的直径比为0.125,间隙比为0.125.结果表明,在研究的控制角范围内(30°~90°),附加小圆柱可以很大程度上改变圆柱涡激振动的状态.当控制角较小(30°)时,附加小圆柱对主圆柱的振动起抑制作用;当控制角为45°~60°时,圆柱的振动分为涡振和弛振两个阶段,在弛振阶段,圆柱振幅随折合流速增加而持续增加;当控制角较大(75°~90°)时,附加小圆柱的促进作用随着控制角增加而减小.进一步地,结合一个周期内不同时刻旋涡脱落以及圆周压强分布,解释了附加小圆柱对主圆柱涡激振动的作用机制.应用能量系数对圆柱系统的进一步分析发现,弛振阶段由流体传递到主圆柱的能量系数随折合流速的增加逐渐下降,旋涡结构的改变是产生这种变化的直接原因.      

上游静止方柱尾流对下游方柱体尾激振动效应影响

基于半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元法,对低雷诺数下串列布置上游静止方柱--下游双自由度运动方柱体结构的尾激振动问题进行了研究.首先与现有文献结果进行对比验证该方法的正确性.然后着重分析了雷诺数($Re$)与折减速度$(U_{\rm r})$两个关键参数对下游方柱尾激振动响应的影响,同时将计算结果与单方柱工况进行了对比. 数值计算结果表明,雷诺数和折减速度对下游方柱的振幅、振动频率和运动轨迹等动力响应特性的影响较大.随着雷诺数的增大,双柱系统的互扰效应从以涡激效应为主逐渐转变为尾激效应发挥主导作用,从而导致下游方柱的振动响应增强.单方柱工况结构运动轨迹均呈"8"字形. 然而,下游方柱的运动轨迹会随着雷诺数的增加而变得复杂.雷诺数较小时($Re\!=\!40$, 80),下游方柱的运动轨迹基本为"8"字形. 雷诺数较大时($Re\!=\!120$, 160,200), 下游方柱的运动轨迹会出现双"8"字形. 同时,下游方柱的尾流场特性主要呈现2S, 2S*, 2P, 2T, P+S和稳态6种模式.最后, 通过对流场特性进行分析,揭示了串列双方柱系统尾激振动效应的作用机理.      

结构振动对湍流近尾迹的影响

研究了圆柱绕流中流体与结构的相互作用,侧重结构振动对湍流尾迹的影响,用激光测振仪测量圆柱在升力方向的位移;用热线和LDA（二维）测量湍流的近尾迹,通过变化自由流的速度和圆柱体直径（特征尺寸）来变化雷诺数,用两个振动特性不同的（一个相对刚性,一个相对弹）圆柱来产生尾迹,研究固体结构振动对湍流近尾迹的平均速度场和湍流场的影响,结果表明,结构自由振动对湍流近尾迹场影响明显,该影响随雷诺数的变化不明显。     

Vortex-induced vibration of two elastically coupled cylinders in side-by-side arrangement

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of two elastically coupled circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangement is investigated numerically. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved by the finite element method for simulating the flow and the equation of motion is solved for calculating the vibration. The mass ratio (the ratio of the mass of the cylinder to the displaced fluid mass) is 2 and the Reynolds number is 5000 in the simulations. Simulations are carried out for one symmetric configuration (referred to be Case A) and one asymmetric configuration (referred to be Case B). In both Case A and Case B, the primary response frequencies of the two cylinders are found to be the same both inside and outside the lock-in regimes. Five response regimes are found in both cases and they are the first-mode lock-in regime, the second-mode lock-in regime, the sum-frequency lock-in regime and two transition regimes. When the vibration is transiting from the first- to the second-mode lock-in regimes, the vibration of each cylinder contains both first- and the second-mode natural frequencies, and the vibrations are usually irregular. In the transition regime between the second-mode lock-in and the sum-frequency lock-in regimes, the response frequencies of both cylinders increases with an increase in the reduced velocity until they are close to the sum of the two natural frequencies. In both cases, the lower boundary reduced velocity of the total lock-in regime (the sum of the five lock-in regimes) is about 3 and the upper boundary reduced velocity is about 11 times the first-to-second-mode natural frequency ratio.     

Grid‐free surface vorticity method applied to flow induced vibration of flexible cylinders

In order to study cross flow induced vibration of heat exchanger tube bundles, a new fluid–structure interaction model based on surface vorticity method is proposed. With this model, the vibration of a flexible cylinder is simulated at Re=2.67 × 10⁴, the computational results of the cylinder response, the fluid force, the vibration frequency, and the vorticity map are presented. The numerical results reproduce the amplitude‐limiting and non‐linear (lock‐in) characteristics of flow‐induced vibration. The maximum vibration amplitude as well as its corresponding lock‐in frequency is in good agreement with experimental results. The amplitude of vibration can be as high as 0.88D for the case investigated. As vibration amplitude increases, the amplitude of the lift force also increases. With enhancement of vibration amplitude, the vortex pattern in the near wake changes significantly. This fluid–structure interaction model is further applied to simulate flow‐induced vibration of two tandem cylinders and two side‐by‐side cylinders at similar Reynolds number. Promising and reasonable results and predictions are obtained. It is hopeful that with this relatively simple and computer time saving method, flow induced vibration of a large number of flexible tube bundles can be successfully simulated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental investigation of the flow-induced vibration of a curved cylinder in convex and concave configurations

Experiments have been conducted to investigate the two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response of a rigid section of a curved circular cylinder with low mass-damping ratio. Two curved configurations, a concave and a convex, were tested regarding the direction of the flow, in addition to a straight cylinder that served as reference. Amplitude and frequency responses are presented versus reduced velocity for a Reynolds number range between 750 and 15 000. Results for the curved cylinders with concave and convex configurations revealed significantly lower vibration amplitudes when compared to the typical VIV response of a straight cylinder. However, the concave cylinder showed relatively higher amplitudes than the convex cylinder which were sustained beyond the typical synchronisation region. We believe this distinct behaviour between the convex and the concave configurations is related to the wake interference taking place in the lower half of the curvature due to perturbations generated in the horizontal section when it is positioned upstream. Particle-image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the separated flow along the cylinder highlight the effect of curvature on vortex formation and excitation revealing a complex fluid–structure interaction mechanism.     

On the origin of wake-induced vibration in two tandem circular cylinders at low Reynolds number

We numerically investigate flow-induced vibrations of circular cylinders arranged in a tandem configuration at low Reynolds number. Results on the coupled force dynamics are presented for an isolated cylinder and a pair of rigid cylinders in a tandem configuration where the downstream cylinder is elastically mounted and free to vibrate transversely. Contrary to turbulent flows at high Reynolds number, low frequency component with respect to shedding frequency is absent in laminar flows. Appearance and disappearance of the vorticity regions due to reverse flow on the aft part of the vibrating cylinder is characterized by a higher harmonic in transverse load, which is nearly three times of the shedding frequency. We next analyze the significance of pressure and viscous forces in the composition of lift and their phase relations with respect to the structural velocity. For both the isolated and tandem vibrating cylinders, the pressure force supplies energy to the moving cylinder, whereas the viscous force dissipates the energy. Close to the excitation frequency ratio of one, the ratio of transverse viscous force to pressure force is found to be maximum. In addition, movement of stagnation point plays a major role on the force dynamics of both configurations. In the case of isolated cylinder, displacement of the stagnation point is nearly in-phase with the velocity. During vortex-body interaction, the phase difference between the transverse pressure force and velocity and the location of stagnation point determines the loads acting on the cylinder. When the transverse pressure force is in-phase with velocity, the stagnation point moves to higher suction region of the cylinder. In the case of the tandem cylinder arrangement, upstream vortex shifts the stagnation point on the downstream cylinder to the low suction region. Thus a larger lift force is observed for the downstream cylinder as compared to the vibrating isolated cylinder. Phase difference between the transverse load and the velocity of the downstream cylinder determines the extent of upstream wake interaction with the downstream cylinder. When the cylinder velocity is in-phase with the transverse pressure load component, interaction of wake vortex with the downstream cylinder is lower compared to other cases considered in this study. We extend our parametric study of tandem cylinders for the longitudinal center-to-center spacing ranging from 4 to 10 diameter.