非线性海洋内波的理论、模型与计算

海水因盐度与温度的垂向差异造成密度层结现象,进而由于海洋系统的内部扰动(如海潮流过局部隆起的海底地形)与外部扰动(如死水现象)造成等密面的波动,这一现象称为"内波".内波在全球范围内大量存在,尤其是在海峡入海口等密度层结现象较为明显和稳定的区域会有内波频繁活动.海洋通常呈现"三明治"状的结构:密度相对稳定的混合层与深水层,以及位于中间密度连续过渡的密跃层.密跃层的整体脉动对于海洋工程和海洋生态环境有重大的影响;而密跃层内部的波动对于潜艇的非声探测(反过来说,对于潜艇的隐身作战)具有潜在的应用价值.而造成这些重大影响的根源在于内波在水平和垂直方向都具备传播能力,这是有别于海洋表面波浪的关键之处.本文针对两类海洋密度模型-连续分层模型与间断分层模型,从理论研究、数值模拟、实验室机理实验等方面论述了研究海洋内波的各类非线性模型(包括弱非线性的Korteweg-de Vries方程、BenjaminOno方程,Kadomtsev-Petviashvili方程等著名模型以及强非线性Miyata-Choi-Camassa方程、非线性势流理论、带密度变化的不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程等),讨论各自的适用范围,并借此探讨内波在海洋质量动量能量输运中所起的至关重要的作用.     

分层流体中内孤立波数值造波方法及其应用

海洋内波是发生在密度分层海水中的波动，对潜艇航行的稳定性和悬停性都有重要影响。本文采用有限体积自适应半结构多重网格法求解Navier-Stokes方程，并用VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法追踪两层流体界面，应用双推板造波法进行内孤立波数值造波，对两层流体中的内孤立波数值造波方法进行研究和探讨。数值模拟结果证...     

连续分层海洋中内波传播的一种数值模式

基于Euler方程,使用有限体积法建立了一种密度为连续分层情况下、适应水深变化的水域中内波传播的数值模式.为了使计算格式能够达到二阶精度,对流项的处理使用了TVD (total variation diminishing)格式.将SIMPLE算法引入连续分层海洋中内波的数值计算,为了简化计算并方便地适应多种TVD格式,在计算预估速度场时采用了显式格式,而没有采用传统的隐式格式;鉴于在原始的SIMPLE算法中没有涉及到由于密度扰动而引起的静水压力场的改变问题,给出了该问题的计算方法.因此改进了SIMPLE算法.出流边界的处理采用阻尼消波和Sommerfeld辐射条件相结合的方式,以使内波得到有效的衰减和释放.将等水深水域的数值解和理论解进行了比较,两者吻合较好;并对存在潜堤时数值计算的不同时刻密度变化的空间分布进行了详细的定性分析.计算结果表明,所建立的数值模式能有效地模拟内波的传播和变形.      

连续分层流体中内波传播的李群分析法

对于密度连续分层海洋流体中的内波传播,从绝热Boussinesq近似方程组出发,得出了考虑变密度的非线性控制方程。应用李群分析方法,推导出了系统偏微分方程组的多组允许无穷小对称性、守恒矢量以及群不变解,对不变解的有关性质进行了说明,给出了系统精确解析解表达式。本文的李群分析解析解与已有文献中内波传播过程密度和垂向速度随时间变化的数值模拟计算结果基本一致,密度和垂向速度随时间呈正弦振荡,并且李群分析解析解也可推导出内波色散关系具有各向异性特征。     

分层流体中运动源生成的内波研究进展

针对两类密度分布模型------连续分层流体和间断分层流体, 综述了在运动潜体生成的Kelvin型和非Kelvin型内尾迹研究方面的现状, 内容侧重于运动源生成内波的解析理论和分层拖曳水槽中内尾迹实验方面的研究成果. 介绍了在连续分层流体中运动源生成的Kelvin型非线性内波的一般方程和在间断分层流体中Kelvin型内波的势流分析的一般方法; 概述了运动源诱生的先锋内孤立子、代数孤立子和平孤立波3类特殊非线性内波的研究进展, 其中运动潜体生成的平孤立内波被作者实验证实是一类极限孤立波, 并首次建立了共轭流动模型予以描述; 综合分析了在密度线性分布流体中潜体运动生成内波的动力学过程多样性特征, 其中包括内尾迹近场和远场的时空结构、不稳定结构、涡旋与湍流耦合结构以及湍流与内波相互作用结构等.      

关于一类层结切变流的分类和非线性解

本文从层结切变流体的非线性重力内波方程出发,考虑了行波一类流动,对于这一类流动,导得了两个变量(扰动速度和扰动密度)的一阶自治动力系统的常微分方程组.并在以扰动速度和扰动密度为坐标的相平面原点附近,用微分方程定性理论的方法对积分曲线的几何拓扑结构作了定性分析。在相图上按Richardson数不同,把积分曲线分成若干不同性质的区域。当Ri<0时,不管速度切变dū/dz是正是负,奇点是不稳定的鞍点。当Ri>0时,正切变dū/dz区奇点是不稳定的,负切变dū/dz区奇点是稳定的(01/4时是稳定焦点,即存在振幅衰减的周期解;Ri→∞时是稳定的中心,即存在周期解)。 对非线性项展开保留到二次项得到二次系统。分析表明,解的拓扑结构和一次系统完全一致.一次系统的中心点仍是二次系统的中心点,二次系统的周期解满足著名的K_dV方程,是椭圆余弦波.二次系统其它情况下的解(即随时间才变化的速度)和一次系统并不相同,更反映大气和海洋的许多现象(包括湍流)的实际情况。     

基于势流理论的内孤立波与立管作用数值研究

内孤立波是一种发生在水面以下的在世界各个海域广泛存在的大幅波浪, 其剧烈的波面起伏所携带的巨大能量对以海洋立管为代表的海洋结构物产生严重威胁, 分析其传播演化过程的流场特征及立管在内孤立波作用下的动力响应规律对于海洋立管的设计具有重要意义. 本文基于分层流体的非线性势流理论, 采用高效率的多域边界单元法, 建立了内孤立波流场分析计算的数值模型, 可以实时获得内孤立波的流场特征. 根据获得的流场信息, 采用莫里森方程计算内孤立波对海洋立管作用的载荷分布. 将内孤立波流场非线性势流计算模型与动力学有限元模型结合来求解内孤立波作用下海洋立管的动力响应特征, 讨论了内孤立波参数、顶张力大小以及内部流体密度对立管动力响应的影响. 发现随着内孤立波波幅的增大, 海洋立管的流向位移和应力明显增大. 由于上层流体速度明显大于下层, 且在所研究问题中拖曳力远大于惯性力, 因此管道顺流向的最大位移发生在上层区域. 顶张力通过改变几何刚度阵的值进而对立管的响应产生明显影响. 对于弱约束立管, 内部流体的密度对管道的流向位移影响较小.      

海洋内波研究现状简介

Ⅰ.引言内波是发生在稳定层化流体中的一种波动,其最大振幅在流体内部,频率介于惯性频率f与浮性频率N之间。在海洋中由于海水的层化,内波是很普遍的现象。它具有很强的随机性,时空尺度分布在相当宽的范围内,典型地有:振幅为几米至几十米乃至百米;水平波长为百米至几十公里;铅垂波长为几十米至几公里;周期为几分钟至几十小时。因而海洋内波是很容易观测到的。      

水面下的波浪--海洋内波

讨论了海洋中因温度、盐度非均匀引起的分层结构．内波因恢复力小比表面波有较大振幅和较低频率．在地球上,内波以不同形式(如：内潮,内孤立波等)发生在层结、洋流和地形合适的大陆边缘地带．内波活动是海洋结构的安全隐患、水下声道的背景噪声源和深水混合的“搅拌器”,我们考察了内波在海洋工程、海洋环境和水声探测中的各种应用．     

内孤立波作用下潜深对潜体运动响应和载荷特性的影响研究

内孤立波常发生于海洋密度跃层, 因其峰高谷深、携带能量巨大, 在传播过程中会导致跃层上下的海水流动呈现剪切状态, 并引起突发性的强流. 潜体在水下悬停时极有可能会遭遇内孤立波, 由于内孤立波的流场特性, 置于跃层上下的悬浮潜体所产生运动响应和水动力载荷变化不尽相同, 甚者会出现掉深现象. 为探究潜深对波体耦合作用的影响, 基于不可压缩N-S方程和mKdV理论, 采用速度入口造波, 结合重叠网格技术和流固耦合方法, 建立了分层流中内孤立波耦合水下潜体多自由度运动的数值模型, 通过该模型分析了不同潜深下悬浮潜体的运动响应和载荷特性. 结果表明: 在内孤立波作用下, 位于密度跃层上方和跃层中的潜体顺着波的前进方向运动, 先下沉后抬升, 位于跃层下方的潜体则会逆流持续下沉; 潜体与波面的垂向距离越小, 对其纵荡、垂荡和速度的影响越显著, 而位于密度跃层中的潜体在分界面处沿着波形运动, 其运动响应和载荷变化受影响较小; 潜体在跃层上、下流体中所受水平力的方向相反, 水平力峰值小于垂向力峰值, 且位于跃层下方的潜体一直受到低头力矩, 最终导致掉深.      

Experiments on the interaction of internal waves with the semi-submersible platform in a stratified fluid

对密度分层流体中内波与半潜平台的相互作用问题 进行了模型试验研究. 采用摇板方法进行了内波造波试验,对内波波长、周期和波高进行了 测量分析,获得了内波波高和波长与周期之间的相关关系. 利用激光和倾角仪方法对半潜平 台的纵荡和纵摇运动响应进行了测量分析,获得了平台纵荡运动及纵摇角幅值与内波周期之 间的相关关系. 结果表明,在半潜平台的设计与应用中,内波对其运动响应的影响是不可忽 视的. 特别地,发现了在内波周期的某个范围内, 半潜平台的纵荡和纵摇都会出现 倍频周期运动响应的现象.     

The coupling between turbulent,penetrative convection and internal waves

Experiments aimed at exploring the coupling of penetrative convection with internal waves in the adjoining, stable layer were performed in a long convection cell. The experiments are motivated by preliminary theoretical results suggesting that an intrinsic phase instability may exist in the coupled system in which case long internal waves modulate the height and strength of convective plumes. Using a temperature-controlled, stably stratified experimental apparatus, measured temperature data reveal the presence of long internal wave modes that persist for many convective time scales. The frequencies of these waves increase linearly in time during the energy transfer between the convective and stratified regions as the depth of the stratified region diminishes and the depth of the mixed layer increases. Temporal variations in the heat flux, interface rise characteristics, and frequencies of internal wave motions are reported. A natural temporal modulation of the thickness of the transition layer separating the mixed layer from the stratified layer occurs following commencement of heating, with the amplitude and frequency of the modulation varying with the initial stratification. Temperature variance data suggest that a fairly strong interaction between convection and internal waves occurs, especially when the interface region is midway between the upper and lower boundaries of the cell and the no-slip boundary conditions play a less influential role on the dynamics of the coupling.     

Phase velocity spectrum of internal waves in a weakly-stratified two-layer fluid

The problem of steady-state internal waves in a weakly stratified two-layer fluid with a density that is constant in the lower layer and depends exponentially on the depth in the upper layer is considered. The spectral properties of the equations of small perturbations of a homogeneous piecewise-constant flow are described. A nonlinear ordinary differential equation describing solitary waves and smooth bores on the layer interface is obtained using the Boussinesq expansion in a small parameter.     

Multi-soliton solutions of the forced variable-coefficient extended Korteweg–de Vries equation arisen in fluid dynamics of internal solitary waves

Under investigation in this paper, with symbolic computation, is a forced variable-coefficient extended Korteweg–de Vries equation, which can describe the weakly-nonlinear long internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the fluid with the continuous stratification on density. By virtue of the Hirota bilinear method, multi-soliton solutions for such an equation with the external force term have been derived. Furthermore, effects are discussed with the aid of the characteristic line: (I) Inhomogeneities of media and nonuniformities of boundaries, depicted by the variable coefficients, play a role in the soliton behavior; (II) Solitons change their initial propagation direction on the compact shock or anti-shock wave background in the presence of the external time-dependent force, and the results present an extended view compared with that for the linear theory; (III) Combined effects of the inhomogeneities and external force are regarded as the nonlinear composition of the independent influence induced by the two factors. Those results could be expected to be helpful for the investigation on the dynamics of the ISWs in an ocean or atmosphere stratified fluid.     

Transition modes in stratified compressible fluids

Normal modes which exist in stratified compressible fluids are investigated. For the analysis, the conservation of the number of zeros in an eigenfunction is used. It is generally shown that the condition for transition modes such as Lamb-wave modes to exist is determined only by boundary conditions. This mathematical result is physically explained by boundary waves, and this explanation crucially depends on which is larger, gravity acceleration g or the product of Brunt–Väisälä frequency and sound speed Nc_s. This theory gives a guide to choose boundary conditions free of spurious boundary waves. It also explains why a distinct Lamb wave is not found in the ocean unlike in the atmosphere: it is simply because the ocean is not deep enough, but if the ocean were stratified a little more strongly than it is, the Lamb wave would not exist in the ocean however deep it might be.     

Generation of internal waves by a turbulent jet in a stratified fluid

The process of generation of internal waves by an initially cylindrical, turbulent jet with a Gaussian profile of the average horizontal velocity component in a fluid with stable linear density stratification is investigated by direct numerical simulation. It is shown that on time intervals Nt < 30, where N is the buoyancy frequency, the vertical velocity pulsations collapse, which is accompanied by the generation of internal waves whose spatial period is close to the wavelength of the spiral mode of jet instability in a homogeneous fluid. The wave dynamics and kinematics can be satisfactorily described by the linear theory for a pulsed source and their parameters are in good agreement with the parameters of the “coherent” internal waves generated by a stratified wake in a laboratory experiment. At large times the wave generation ceases and the variations of the fluid density are localized in the neighborhood of the centers of large-scale vortices formed in the horizontal plane in the neighborhood of the jet.     

The solitary waves in stratified shear flow

In this paper, the basic equation of internal long waves in stratified shear flow is derived under Boussinesq assumption, the first order approximation solution is given for solitary waves with the effects of slowly varying topograph at the sea bottom, weak stratification and basic shear flow. The Project Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Energy characteristics of harmonic internal wave generators

The propagation of internal waves plays an important role in liquid media with layers that vary according to density (stratified liquids) and are located in a gravitational field, which include the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Highly controlled experiments are essential for investigating efficient generators of internal waves (in particular, harmonic internal waves). Hence, it is important to compare the efficiences of various types of internal wave generators. This problem is considered for the simplest forms of stratification: discontinuous and uniform (with a constant buoyancy frequency N). Although there are very few studies of oscillations in the case of discontinuous stratification, there are even fewer investigations of uniform stratification (e.g., see [1–4]). A comparison of the efficiences of different types of generators has not been made for the latter case. This is done below on the basis of energy estimates for two types of generators: for objects (a sphere or cylinder) that undergo small harmonic oscillations in a liquid and for objects with pulsating volumes.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 53–59, July–August, 1986.