Variable TDMA MAC Protocol For WDM EPON

A MAC(Media Access Control) protocol, one of the most important technologies for an EPON(Ethernet Passive Optical Network), contains a scheduling algorithm to avoid collisions in shared links and assigns an effective bandwidth when ONUs (Optical Network Units) transfer signals upward. The current paper proposes a MAC Protocol that operates a TDMA(Time method with a variable slot assignment to overcome short of bandwidth using by the number of n wavelength., the next generation access network. To verify the above, the current study also implements an EPON model using OPNET as the simulation tool.     

一种光CDMA频域的二次方一致性码

在二次方一致性的基础上,构造了一种容量大、自相关和互相关特性好的码族研究表明,采用这个码族的光码分多址(OpticalCDMA)系统比波分复用(WDM)系统拥有大得多的用户数而且这个码族很适合于异步和多比特率接入的光码分多址系统据我们了解,这种码字用于在光码分多址非相干频域编制中为首次被提出.     

Scheme of a WDM Time-Limited RAM for OPS

We propose a new idea of utilizing Multiple Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Concurrence within a Single Medium to fullfill optical packet buffering and theoretically design a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Random Access Memory (RAM).     

Novel wavelength-division-multiplexed ring network architecture using optical path technology for multiple services and simple media access control procedure

A novel WDM ring network architecture that employs an attractive integrated-optic arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) add-drop multiplexer (ADM) is proposed that fully uses a variety of optical path technologies. Single-hopped multiwavelength looped-bus optical paths establish multipoint-to-multipoint (M-M) communication, while conventional ringtype optical paths realize point-to-point and broadcast communication. Optical paths for OAM & C can also be established on a multihop basis with no additional wavelengths. All these optical paths can be established by a simple AWG-ADM in a node. A simple MAC procedure for M-M communication is proposed, and its performance is simulated. This procedure switches between the random with minimum slot distance limitation scheme and the slot assignment scheme. Simulation results confirm its fairness as evaluated by the metric of delay variance and its small delay. Network survivability is realized by the optical loop-back (LB) method.     

Improving quality of service in four-channel WDM ethernet passive optical network

Energy-efficiency and green communications have become dominant topics related to access network implementation, since their energy consumption is a major contributor of energy consumption within the Internet. In this paper we analyze an implementation of a new energy-efficient dynamic bandwidth algorithm in a four-channel Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Network (WDM EPON), in which wavelength assignments take place per service class and not per Optical Network Unit (ONU). The improved Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm introduces independent bandwidth allocation for each wavelength, which results in efficient bandwidth management and utilization. The mathematical model for new DBA algorithm is described, as are changes to the Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP), necessary for its implementation. The obtained results show that the redefined DBA algorithm improves Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and as a consequently enables delivery of enhanced services to end-users. Significant energy savings are achieved without Quality of Service (QoS) degradation, and without network or equipment architecture changes.     

Construction of zero cross correlation code using a type of anti-diagonal-identity-column block matrices

This paper presents a new method for constructing zero cross correlation code with the help of anti-diagonal type-identity-column block matrices. The advantages of this code are easy code construction, existence for every natural number and acceptable code lengths. The numerical comparison shows that the newly constructed code is better code length and it supports more users than other Optical Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access (OSCDMA) codes.     

Wavelength assignment for all-to-all broadcast in bidirectional WDM optical ring with limited drops

All-to-all broadcast is to disseminate a unique message from each node to every other node in a network. This problem is significant in the context of control plane design as it relates to status information dissemination. In this paper, a wavelength assignment method to reduce the number of wavelengths is proposed to establish all-to-all broadcast in a bidirectional WDM ring network. The network model is an all-optical network, in which a message from source node can be dropped (or split) only at a limited number of destination nodes along a light path due to power loss of dropping optical signals. An expression for the upper bound on the number of wavelengths required to support all-to-all broadcast is derived for certain cases of WDM ring while for other cases, an attractive algorithm is given to identify the lengths of connection sets that can be grouped together with suitable wavelength assignment strategies. Numerical results are computed to show that the results obtained are close to the lower bound.     

浅海环境中的时间反转多用户水声通信

在无线电通信中,多用户通信可以采用时分多址(TDMA)、频分多址(FDMA)或者码分多址(CDMA)技术来实现,在水声通信中,信道的多途传播特性带来的空间差异,提供了另外的多用户通信手段。时间反转(或相位共轭)技术,能够实现对空间中指定点的聚焦接收和多途压缩,它为空间位置不同的多个用户提供了相互独立的通信通道,能够很好地克服用户之间的同道干扰(CI)。本文在垂直阵接收的基础上,利用时间反转技术来实现不同用户在同一信道中的同时通信,结合带锁相环的自适应判决反馈均衡技术来消除残余的多途码间干扰,并进行了初步的海上试验,实现了两个不同深度上用户的同时通信。     

硅基槽式微环谐振腔型偏振解复用器全矢量分析

提出一种紧凑型偏振解复用器, 其中两条常规硅基波导作为输入/输出信号通道, 居于其中的槽式微环谐振腔用于偏振态/波长选择组件. 采用全矢量频域有限差分法详细分析了硅基常规及槽波导的模式特性, 结果发现其横磁模的模场布及其有效折射率相似, 而其横电模相应的特性则差异明显, 结果输入横磁模能够在谐振工作波长下从下路端口输出, 而输入横电模与微环耦合可以忽略, 直接从直通端口输出, 从而实现两偏振态的高效分离. 采用全矢量时域有限差分法详细分析了该偏振解复用器的光波传输特性, 结果表明, 当微环半径为3.489 μm时, 在1.55 μm工作波长下, 横磁模与横电模的消光比与插入损耗分别为 ～ 26.12 (36.67) dB与 ～ 0.49 (0.09) dB. 另外, 论文详细讨论了器件关键结构参数的制作容差, 并给出了输入模场在器件中的传输演变情况.     

Wavelength assignment algorithms for WDM optical networks

In this paper, we have proposed an efficient wavelength assignment algorithm for dynamic provisioning of lightpath. This proposed algorithm is based on most-used wavelength assignment algorithm. We have also suggested a mathematical model for WDM optical networks for minimization of blocking probability. The results of proposed algorithm and suggested model are then compared with the conventional wavelength assignment algorithms such as first-fit, best-fit, random and most-used wavelength assignment algorithms. These proposed approaches are very effective for the minimization of blocking probability of optical WDM networks.     

EPON系统中的MPCP协议研究

在对近几年提出的EPON系统进行深入研究的基础上．针对EPON系统点到多点的特殊拓扑结构、详细介绍了用于EPON系统控制管理的多点控制协议(MPCP)．包括5个控制帧的结构、各个字段的含义等，并阐述了用MPCP协议如何实现点到多点的控制功能．即实现启动注册、测距和时延补偿、时隙分配的原理，对推动EPON系统的研究发展具有一定的价值，为同行提供了有益的参考。     

Routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks with dynamic link weight assignment

We consider the routing and wavelength assignment problem on wavelength division multiplexing networks without wavelength conversion. When the physical network and required connections are given, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is the problem to select a suitable path and wavelength among the many possible choices for each connection such that no two paths using the same wavelength pass through the same link. In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, there is need to maximize the number of connections established and to minimize the blocking probability using limited resources. In this paper, we have proposed three dynamic link weight assignment strategies that change the link weight according to the traffic. The performance of the existing trend and the proposed strategies is shown in terms of blocking probability. The simulation results show that all the proposed strategies perform better than the existing trend.     

Hybrid multiplexed OFDM-DWDM-EPON access network

For bottleneck problem of the broadband access networks, Ethernet-PON comes out as a striking and promising solution. Even though, EPON nodes necessitate a cost-effective up-gradation, WDM based topology proves to be a vigilant up-grading approach that deals with the deployment of multiple wavelengths in the upstream/downstream directions. Furthermore, only EPON nodes with privileged traffic can be WDM-upgraded. Accordingly, we propose and demonstrate a hybrid multiplexed OFDM/DWDM-EPON access network employing OSSB modulation scheme. Case A demonstrates a single channel OFDM-OSSB-EPON system and achieves a fiber link of 27 km with split ratio of 16. Afterwards, a contrast between OFDM-EPON and conventional EPON (C-EPON) after a fiber link of 20 km with split ratio of 16 is carried out. Case B targets the transmission of two channels with channel spacing of 0.1 nm to realize OFDM-DWDM-OSSB-EPON system and achieves a fiber link of 20 km with split ratio of 32.     

Tunable wavelength converters based switching structure for WDM-TDM hybrid PON

In the evolvement of Passive Optical Network (PON), the performance of hybrid Wavelength-Time Division Multiplexing based PON (WDM-TDM PON) is directly determined by the network architecture. This letter proposes a Tunable Wavelength Converter (TWC) based switching structure (TWC-SS) for WDM/TDM hybrid PON. Using the tunable wavelength converter technology, this Switch Node is designed and introduced into the hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Improved performances brought by the Switch Node on packet loss rate, bandwidth-utilization rate are proved by experimental results.     

Performance improvement for N × 80-Gb/s WDM transmission link with optimized alternate polarization

In this paper, it is shown that at a high bit rate of 80-Gb/s alternate polarization of adjacent bits in a Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) transmission link improves the system performance in terms of improved Q factor and minimum bit error rate (BER). Alternate Polarization Return to Zero (al-PRZ) further suppresses the non-linear effects at higher power levels of 25 dBm per channel and also improves the transmission length to 640 km for a N × 80-Gb/s WDM system and hence results in an improvement of BER to 10⁻²⁰.     

Investigation of a slot nanoantenna in optical frequency range

Following the analogy of radio frequency slot antenna and its complementary dipole, we propose the implementation of a slot nanoantenna (SNA) in the optical frequency range. Using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we investigate the electromagnetic (EM) properties of a SNA formed in a thin gold film and compare the results with the properties of a gold dipole nanoantenna (DNA) of the same dimension as the slot. It is found that the response of the SNA is very similar to the DNA, like their counterparts in the radio frequency (RF) range. The SNA can enhance the near field intensity of incident field which strongly depends on its feedgap dimension. The resonance of the SNA is influenced by its slot length; for the increasing slot length, resonant frequency decreases whereas the sharpness of resonance increases. Besides, the resonance of the SNA is found sensitive to the thickness of metal film, when the latter is smaller than the skin depth. The effect of polarization of incident field on the EM response of the SNA was examined; the field enhancement is optimum when polarization is parallel to the feedgap. Finally, we calculate the radiation patterns of the DNA and SNA and compare them with those of the RF dipole antenna. The radiation pattern of the SNA is found to be independent of its slot length when excited at resonant frequency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on a slot antenna in the optical frequency.     

FP腔腔长的测量新方法

ＦＰ腔是ＷＤＭ光纤通信系统中用于波长控制和解调的关键器件。为了进行匹配系统的设计以及计算已制成腔的自由谱区，准确测定腔长是必不可少的工作，但是由于ＦＰ腔的具体结构，测定腔长无法用直接的方法进行。本文通过谐振腔的谐振特性分析，推导出一种测量腔长的新方案。     

Survivable routing and spectrum allocation algorithm based on p-cycle protection in elastic optical networks

With the number of large capacity applications in core network increasing, the bandwidth requirement of optical connections in conventional Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks keeps enhancing, so that the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology is adopted to provide higher spectrum efficiency and flexibility in the future elastic optical networks. Meanwhile, survivability in the conventional WDM optical networks has been widely studied as an important issue to ensure the service continuity. However, survivability in OFDM-based elastic optical networks is more challenging than that in conventional WDM optical networks because each fiber usually carries even more connections. Therefore, it is necessary to study the new lightpath protection algorithm in elastic optical networks. Since p-cycle protection scheme has short restoration time and simple protection switching procedure, in this paper, we study the static Survivable p-Cycle Routing and Spectrum Allocation (SC-RSA) problem with providing an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation. Since RSA is a NP-hard problem, we propose a new heuristic algorithm called Elastic p-Cycle Protection (ECP) to tolerate the single-fiber link failure. For each demand, ECP scheme can compute highly-efficient p-cycles to provide protection for all of the on-cycle links and the straddling links. We also consider the load balancing and choose the proper working path for each demand. Simulation results show that the proposed ECP scheme achieves better performances than traditional single-line-rate survivable schemes.     

DWDM混合光学系统中帧间和信道内四波混频效应的抑制

本文提出了光码多分址（CDMA）和光密集波分复用（DWDM）的混合系统,全面研究了四波混频（FWM）的影响。在这个系统中,主要存在两个四波混频问题：包括多址干扰（MAI）和码间干扰（ISI）的帧间四波混频和信道内四波混频。结果表明,综合考虑信道间和信道内四波混频的影响,最佳发射功率可选为18 dBm。当发射功率大于18 dBm时,混合系统的误码率（BER）将增加。基于此,本文提出了一种电光相位调制器（EOPM）模块,将其放置在波分复用器之后,通过抑制信道内四波混频的影响,同时调制所有波长信号的相位,从而增加混合系统的非线性容限,这极大地改善了基于OOK传输的光学CDMA-DWDM混合系统的性能。此外,由于多对角线（MD）结构具有零互相关特性,通过使用多对角线识别序列码可以减少多址干扰的影响。结果还表明,CDMA技术与色散相结合有助于降低信道间四波混频的影响。此外,识别序列码间隔在减轻码间干扰中起着至关重要的作用,如结果所示,当识别序列码间隔压缩至比特持续时间的25%时,可以避免码间干扰,此时所提出的混合系统的性能最佳。     

On the use of frequency-domain cross-layer diversity techniques to cope with lost packets

The Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for modern broadband wireless systems can be very high, with small error rates and delays. To preclude significant degradation on the spectral efficiency, these systems also require high throughputs. Lost packets, either due to errors or collisions, are usually discarded and need to be retransmitted, leading to performance degradation. An efficient alternative to simple retransmissions is to combine the signals associated to different transmission attempts.This paper analyses two time diversity approaches to cope with lost packets that are relatively similar at physical layer but treat different packet loss causes: a low-complexity diversity combining ARQ scheme (Automatic Repeat reQuest) employed in a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) architecture; and a Network Diversity Multiple Access (NDMA), which is a multi-packet reception approach able to separate multiple mobile terminals transmitting simultaneously in one slot using temporal diversity. This paper combines the use of these techniques in Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) systems, which are widely recognized as the best candidates for the uplink of future broadband wireless systems. It aims to present a comparison among the approaches focusing on error rate, throughput and delay performances, not discarding the implementation complexity issues.