MOPO/SiO2催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应机理

 考察了丙烷以及丙烷选择氧化反应的有关中间体或其探针分子(如丙烯、烯丙醇、异丙醇和正丙醇)和产物(如丙烯醛、丙酮和丙醛)在MoPO/SiO2催化剂上的反应行为,用以探明该催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应的可能路径. 结果表明,异丙氧基是MoPO/SiO2催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯醛反应的主要中间体,异丙氧基脱β-H生成丙烯或脱α-H生成丙酮,而丙烯则经σ-氧烯丙基转化为丙烯醛.     

一个制备叔丁氧羰酰氨基酸衍生物的简单方法

近年来,叔丁氧羰酰基在多肽合成中已被广泛地用来保护氨基酸的氨基。它的主要优点是对酸具有较高的敏感性,可以用氯化氢的醇溶液或三氟乙酸酸解而去除。对碱稳定且不被催化氢解和肼解。叔丁氧羰酰氨基酸衍生物的制备方法,最初是用α-异(?)酸酯与叔丁醇反应而获得,后来大多是采用各种活化的叔丁氧羰酰基衍生物作为叔丁氧羰酰化的试剂。目前最常用的试剂是1959年 R.Schwyzer     

基态丙酮酸单分子反应的机理

运用MP2和B3LYP方法,对基态丙酮酸的8个可能的单分子反应的反应机理进行了详细的理论计算.研究发现,氢键相互作用及两个羰基的相对空间取向在丙酮酸异构体的稳定性中起着重要的作用.并且由最稳定的异构体Tc旋转为其它异构体的能垒都比较高,旋转异构反应在室温下是难于进行的.经由质子迁移过程可实现Ct和Tt异构体之间的转化,但反应能垒比内旋转过程高得多,说明质子迁移无法与内旋转过程相竞争.对基态丙酮酸脱羧和脱羰反应途径的研究均表明,脱羧反应是经由五中心过渡态首先生成甲基羟基卡宾中间体,然后中间体再进一步异构得到产物.四中心协同反应机理是不利的.     

DFT法研究3-羟基丙烯醛的双键旋转异构反应机理

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)分别在B3LYP/6-31G**和B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**的计算水平上优化了基态3-羟基丙烯醛分子在双键旋转异构反应过程中的平衡态以及过渡态的几何构型，分析了反应过程中键参数的变化，计算了该反应的内禀反应坐标(IRC)，发现在重排反应途径上存在一个四元环骨架的中间体.通过振动分析对平衡态和过渡态进行了确认，并得到了零点能.计算结果表明，基态3-羟基丙烯醛分子的双键旋转异构反应经过两步完成，第一步反应位垒稍高，第二步反应位垒较低，存在着发生重排反应的可能性.     

甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶形成荧光NAD衍生物过程中的脱羧

本文证明兔肌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,经紫外光照射,形成荧光NAD衍生物的过程中发生脱羧。用[1-~(14)C]碘乙酸示踪此反应当荧光强度达最大值时,大约有一半的总放射性以二氧化碳的形式放出。用弱光源照射,可以观察到荧光衍生物的生成先于脱羧。嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌酶,荧光NAD衍生物的生成为全位反应,并伴随有四分子二氧化碳放出。表明二氧化碳只能从形成荧光团的亚基上放出。控制实验条件,酵母酶四个活性部位的巯基可以全被羧甲基化,也可以仅有两个被羰甲基化。这两种酵母酶均形成两分子的荧光NAD衍生物,但二羰甲基酵母酶却只能脱去一分子二氧化碳。这一现象可能表示亚基间存在着构象的不对称性。     

二重态下反应HCCO(2A″)+O2(3∑-g)的势能面理论研究

选用cc-p VDZ,cc-pVTZ基组用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)研究了基态羰游基自由基HCCO(2A″)与基态氧分子O2(3∑g^-)反应的机理,在B3LYP／cc-pVDZ优化的几何构型基础上,使用CCSD(T)／cc-pVDZ方法进行了单点能校正．此外,还采用基于B3LYP／6-31G^*几何构型及振动频率的G383理论对所有驻点进行了更精确的能量计算．结果表明,只需越过6．31kJ／mol或6．23kJ／mol的位垒,氧分子中的一个氧原子便很容易地与羰游基中紧邻氢原子的碳原子相结合得到两个总能较比反应物低88．11kJ／mol或84．85kJ／mol的开环中间体,此二开环中间体很容易发生C-C-O-C环合或C-O-O环合从而转化为更稳定的环式异构体(总能较比反应物低149．81kJ／mol和54．97kJ／mol),转化位垒分别为8．73kJ／mol和86．44kJ／mol,该二环式异构体均很容易分解为反应的最终产物H CO CO2,其它可能的通道也在本文中有所探讨。     

乙醛低温绿色合成:焦磷酸锆催化乳酸脱羰反应

以生物基乳酸为原料,焦磷酸锆为催化剂,通过脱羰反应制备乙醛。探讨了模板剂、焙烧温度对催化剂的织构、表面酸碱性以及催化活性的影响规律。以此为基础,进一步揭示了催化剂的表面性质与脱羰反应活性之间的构效关系,发现乳酸脱羰反应由催化剂表面的酸碱位协同催化。和文献报道的相关催化剂比较,该催化剂拥有良好的低温催化活性。此外,在较高液空速、低催化剂用量以及控制低乳酸转化率(40%)下,催化剂连续运行50 h左右后,乳酸转化率及乙醛选择性没有明显变化,表明该催化剂拥有良好的稳定性能。通过反应尾气分析,证实了乙醛的合成主要是通过乳酸脱羰反应途径实现。     

取代羧酸和酮酸热消除机理的从头算研究(英)

利用从头计算方法研究了取代羧酸和酮酸的消除反应机理，结果表明，所有的脱羰过程均经历三元环过渡态，反应活性分别是：CH2FCOOH＞CH2＝CHCOOH＞CF3COOH＞CH3COOH和CF3COCOOH＞CH2FCOCOOH＞CH3COCOOH＞CH2＝CHCOCOOH，取代酮酸比羧酸的热消除更容易进行，α－酮酸的脱羧也已经被研究，其活化能比脱羰过程高得多。     

可见光促进的苯及衍生物去芳构化反应

总结了近年来可见光促进苯及其衍生物去芳构化反应的研究进展, 主要分为基态与激发态化学两方面, 并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

高分子固载钯金属络合物在脱羰及芳基化反应中的催化行为

本文考察了高分子钯络合物在脱羰及芳基化反应中的催化行为。证实了对钯具有很强络合能力的巯基配位基与钯形成的络合物对于催化此反应具有良好的活性;並较常用的膦、胺、腈等配位基与钯形成的高分子络合物更为稳定。文章对反应中导致催化剂失活的可能因素进行了探讨;对胺类及其用量、温度等的影响及可能的副反应作了实验研究。     

Etude quantique des etats electroniques des nitramines Part I. Etat fondamental et premier état triplet

(Quantum study of the electronic states of nitramines. Part I. Study of the ground state and first electronic triplet state)

The structure of the nitramide in its electronic ground state and its first electronic triplet state was calculated. The computations were carried out at the SCF level with the 4-31G* basis set. The double-well potential surfaces of these two states were investigated as a function of the N---N bond length and the inversion angle. The barrier height was calculated without, and with, a full optimization of the plane structure.     

Ab initio study of the low lying electronic states of ZnF and ZnF-

Highly correlated ab initio calculations have been performed for an accurate determination of the electronic structure and of the spectroscopy of the low lying electronic states of the ZnF system. Using effective core pseudopotentials and aug-cc-pVQZ basis sets for both atoms, the potential curves, the dipole moment functions, and the transition dipole moments between relevant electronic states have been calculated at the multireference-configuration-interaction level. The spectroscopic constants calculated for the X(2)Sigma(+) ground state are in good agreement with the most recent theoretical and experimental values. It is shown that, besides the X(2)Sigma(+) ground state, the B(2)Sigma(+), the C(2)Pi, and the D(2)Sigma(+) states are bound. The A(2)Pi state, which has been mentioned in previous works, is not bound but its potential presents a shoulder in the Franck-Condon region of the X(2)Sigma(+) ground state. All of the low lying quartet states are found to be repulsive. The absorption transitions from the v=0 level of the X(2)Sigma(+) ground state toward the three bound states have been evaluated and the spectra are presented. The potential energy of the ZnF(-) molecular anion has been determined in the vicinity of its equilibrium geometry and the electronic affinity of ZnF (EA=1.843 eV with the zero energy point correction) has been calculated in agreement with the photoelectron spectroscopy experiments.     

Quantum chemical investigation of the electronic spectra of the keto, enol, and keto-imine tautomers of cytosine

The low-lying excited singlet states of the keto, enol, and keto-imine tautomers of cytosine have been investigated employing a combined density functional/multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) method. Unconstrained geometry optimizations have yielded out-of-plain distorted structures of the pi --> pi and n --> pi excited states of all cytosine forms. For the keto tautomer, the DFT/MRCI adiabatic excitation energy of the pi --> pi state (4.06 eV including zero-point vibrational energy corrections) supports the resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectrum (Nir et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2002, 5, 4780). On its S1 potential energy surface, a conical intersection between the 1pipi state and the electronic ground state has been identified. The barrier height of the reaction along a constrained minimum energy path amounts to merely 0.2 eV above the origin and explains the break-off of the R2PI spectrum. The 1pipi minimum of the enol tautomer is found at considerably higher excitation energies (4.50 eV). Because of significant geometry shifts with respect to the ground state, long vibrational progressions are expected, in accord with experimental observations. For the keto-imine tautomer, a crossing of the 1pipi potential energy surface with the ground-state surface has been found, too. Its n --> pi minimum (3.27 eV) is located well below the conical intersection between the pi --> pi and S0 states, but it will be difficult to observe because of its small transition moment. The identified conical intersections of the pi --> pi excited states of the keto cytosine tautomers are made responsible for the ultrafast decay to the electronic ground states and thus may explain their subpicoseconds lifetimes.     

Singlet excitation energies of thiophene derivatives of fluorene: TD‐DFT study

Fluorene‐thiophene (FT)‐based oligomers and polymers and their derivatives are good candidates for organic blue light‐emitting diodes. In this work, the intrinsic properties of the ground and excited states of FT monomer and its derivatives are studied. The ground‐state optimized structures and energies are obtained using molecular orbital theory and density functional theory (DFT). The ground‐state potential energy curves or surfaces of FT and its derivatives are also obtained. All derivatives are nonplanar in their electronic ground states. The character and energy of the first 20 singlet–singlet electronic transitions are investigated by applying the time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) approximations to the correspondingly optimized ground‐state geometries. The lowest singlet state is studied with the configuration interaction (singles) approach (CIS). Excitation energies are red shifted when the FT unit or its derivatives are extended longitudinally. CIS results suggest geometry relaxation in the first singlet excited state. When available, a comparison is made with experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

3-羟基丙烯醛单键旋转异构光反应机理的从头算研究

应用从头算分子轨道法分别在RHF/6-31G**和UHF/6-31G**水平上对3腔┤┓肿拥幕?S0)和三重激发态(T1)单键旋转异构反应机理进行了研究,优化出反应物和产物在S0态和T1态的4种平衡态和过渡态的几何构型,通过振动分析得到的虚频和计算的内禀反应坐标对过渡态进行了确认,并得到了零点能,根据基态和激发态反应途径分析了光反应机理。计算结果表明,基态和激发态的3腔┤┓肿拥ゼ旃狗从ξ焕萁系停嘏湃菀追⑸永砺凵涎橹ち斯夥从κ笛橹屑钢忠旃固宓拇嬖凇?     

Theoretical Study of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of CPDT-TCNQ and Its Difluoro and Dimethyl Derivatives

1 INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of one-dimensional metallic behavior of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with tetracyano- quinodimethane (TCNQ)[1], organic charge-transfer (CT) complexes and CT salts have been intensively studied in search of electrically conducting and superconducting properties[2 ～ 6] which are most unusual for an organic material. The most intriguing property is that it is excellent metal with conducti- vity similar to that of metals at room temperature[7, 8]. In these…     

Nonadiabatic effects in C-Br bond scission in the photodissociation of bromoacetyl chloride

Bromoacetyl chloride photodissociation has been interpreted as a paradigmatic example of a process in which nonadiabatic effects play a major role. In molecular beam experiments by Butler and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 3848 (1991); J. Chem. Phys. 97, 355 (1992)], BrCH2C(O)Cl was prepared in its ground electronic state (S0) and excited with a laser at 248 nm to its first excited singlet state (S1). The two main ensuing photoreactions are the ruptures of the C-Cl bond and of the C-Br bond. A nonadiabatic model was proposed in which the C-Br scission is strongly suppressed due to nonadiabatic recrossing at the barrier formed by the avoided crossing between the S1 and S2 states. Recent reduced-dimensional dynamical studies lend support to this model. However, another interpretation that has been given for the experimental results is that the reduced probability of C-Br scission is a consequence of incomplete intramolecular energy redistribution. To provide further insight into this problem, we have studied the energetically lowest six singlet electronic states of bromoacetyl chloride by using an ab initio multiconfigurational perturbative electronic structure method. Stationary points (minima and saddle points) and minimum energy paths have been characterized on the S0 and S1 potential energy surfaces. The fourfold way diabatization method has been applied to transform five adiabatic excited electronic states to a diabatic representation. The diabatic potential energy matrix of the first five excited singlet states has been constructed along several cuts of the potential energy hypersurfaces. The thermochemistry of the photodissociation reactions and a comparison with experimental translational energy distributions strongly suggest that nonadiabatic effects dominate the C-Br scission, but that the reaction proceeds along the energetically allowed diabatic pathway to excited-state products instead of being nonadiabatically suppressed. This conclusion is also supported by the low values of the diabatic couplings on the C-Br scission reaction path. The methodology established in the present study will be used for the construction of global potential energy surfaces suitable for multidimensional dynamics simulations to test these preliminary interpretations.     

An ab initio potential energy surface and predissociative resonances of HArF

A three-dimensional potential energy surface of the ground electronic state HArF is constructed from more than 2000 ab initio points at the multireference averaged quadratic coupled-cluster level employing an augmented large basis set. The calculations indicate that the linear HArF molecule is metastable with a barrier of 0.643 eV in the atomization (HArF --> H + Ar + F) channel and a barrier of 1.017 eV in the dissociation (HArF --> Ar + HF) channel. Variational calculations of low-lying predissociative resonances of both HArF and DArF are performed on the three-dimensional potential energy surface using a complex-symmetric Lanczos propagation method, which yields both positions and widths of the resonance states. The resonance lifetime generally decreases with energy, but strong mode selectivity exists. Reasonably good agreement with experiment confirms the accuracy of our potential. These calculations provide valuable information on the stability and dynamics of HArF/DArF in its ground electronic state.     

IR laser manipulation of cis<-->trans isomerization of 2-naphthol and its hydrogen-bonded clusters

The cis<-->trans isomerization reaction has been carried out for 2-naphthol and its hydrogen (H) bonded clusters by infrared (IR) laser in the electronic excited state (S1) in supersonic jets. A specific isomer in the jet was pumped to the X-H stretching vibration in the S1 state, where X refers to C, O, or N atom, by using a stepwise UV-IR excitation, and the dispersed emission spectra of the excited species or generated fragments were observed. It was found that the isomerization occurs only in the H-bonded clusters but a bare molecule does not exhibit the isomerization in the examined energy region of Ev< or =3610 cm(-1), indicating a reduction of the isomerization barrier height upon the H bonding. The relative yield of the isomerization was observed as a function of internal energy. The isomerization yield was found to be very high at the low IR frequency excitation, and was rapidly reduced with the IR frequency due to the competition of the dissociation of the H bond within the isomer. Density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were performed for estimating the barrier height of the isomerization for bare 2-naphthol and its cluster for electronic ground and excited states. The calculation showed that the isomerization barrier height is highly dependent on the electronic states. However, the reduction of the height upon the hydrogen bonding was not suggested at the level of our calculation.