Identification of droplet burning modes in lean, partially prevaporized swirl-stabilized spray flames

Experimental and numerical investigations of single droplet burning modes in a lean, partially prevaporized swirl-stabilized spray flame are reported. In the experiment single droplet flames have been visualized by CH-PLIF and simultaneous recording of the Mie signal. Two single droplet burning modes were identified: the envelope flame is a spherical diffusion flame burning at near-stoichiometric conditions. The wake flame is a potentially lean, partially premixed flame located downstream of the droplet. The droplet burning mode is of practical relevance, since it has significant impact on NO formation due to incomplete prevaporization.The droplet burning mode is determined by the ratio of chemical and convective time scales. The convective time scale is related to the droplet slip velocity. The impact of turbulent gas phase velocity fluctuations on droplet mechanics and droplet burning is discussed, based on a previous numerical investigation. In the present study the droplet slip velocity was measured with the 3D Phase Doppler (3D-PD) technique. For the measured slip velocities and ambient conditions in the hot gas region of the spray flame, simulations of single droplet burning were performed utilizing detailed models for chemical reaction, diffusive transport and vaporization. An agreement between the droplet burning modes predicted by the simulation and the droplet burning modes observed in the experiments was found.     

The effect of the evaporation coefficient on the thermophoresis of a volatile single-component drop in a binary gas mixture

A theory of the uniform thermophoretic motion of a liquid volatile spherical drop in a binary gas mixture is developed based on hydrodynamic analysis. One of the components undergoes the phase transition on the surface. The solution of the problem makes it possible to estimate the effect of the evaporation rate on the rate and direction of thermophoresis, as well as on the distributions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration of the volatile component. The thermal diffusion of the gas mixture, together with Stefan and capillary phenomena, is taken into account. The velocity of thermophoretic transport is expressed through the evaporation coefficient of the drop by the formula that generalizes the known results of the conventional theories for the cases of weak and moderately intense diffusive evaporation of a liquid drop.     

On the theory of thermodiffusiophoresis of a moderately coarse two-layer volatile aerosol particle

A hydrodynamic method with slip is used to construct a theory of uniform thermodiffusiophoretic transfer of a volatile high-viscosity two-layer particle under conditions in which one component of a moderately rarefied binary gas mixture undergoes phase transition on the particle’s surface. The solid spherical core and high-viscosity sheath of the particle are concentric to each other. The theory suggests that, when moving, a two-layer volatile aerosol particle may be considered as a homogeneous particle with an effective thermal conductivity. The effect of the evaporation rate, interfacial temperature steps, and presence of the core on the rate of thermodiffusiophoresis is considered. Thermal diffusion terms, Stefan effects, and the heat evolution due to the convective transfer of the evaporating mass are taken into account. Under the same initial assumptions, formulas derived in this work are of wider practical significance than those following from the conventional approaches.     

Transient convective burning of a periodic fuel-droplet array

The transient convective burning of fuel-droplets interacting within 3-D infinite periodic arrays in a hot gas stream is numerically studied for the first time, with considerations of droplet regression, deceleration due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature, surface tension, and n-octane one-step oxidation kinetics. Depending upon the initial conditions and other constraints, a flame is established early as either a wake flame or an envelope flame. An initial envelope flame remains an envelope flame, and an initial wake flame has a tendency to develop from a wake flame to an envelope flame. The flame shows no strong tendency to modify significantly the standoff distance during the lifetime of the droplet. For an initial wake flame, the moment of wake-to-envelope transition is advanced as the initial droplet spacing (intermediate) is decreased, but tends to be postponed as the initial droplet spacing is further reduced. The burning rate at smaller initial droplet spacing or smaller initial Reynolds number might be greater for some period during the lifetime because of an earlier wake-to-envelope transition which elevates the average surface temperature. Lower ambient temperature yields a later wake-to-envelope transition time and smaller mass burning rate. At the lower ambient pressure with the same initial relative stream velocity, the average surface temperature is reduced, the wake-to-envelope transition is later, and the mass burning rate is smaller. Validation of our analysis is made by comparing with the results of an isolated droplet Wu and Sirignano [11].     

Evaporation of pinned sessile microdroplets of water on a highly heat-conductive substrate: Computer simulations

The aim of the current numerical study is to investigate the influence of individual effects (kinetic effects, latent heat of vaporization, Marangoni convection, Stefan flow, droplet’s surface curvature) on the rate of evaporation of a water droplet placed on a highly heat conductive substrate for different sizes of the droplet (down to submicron sizes). We performed simulations for one particular set of parameters: the ambient relative air humidity is set to 70%, the ambient temperature is 20?^°C, the contact angle is 90^°, and the substrate material is copper. The Suggested model combines both diffusive and kinetic models of evaporation. The obtained results allow estimation of the characteristic droplet sizes where each of the mentioned above phenomena becomes important or can be neglected.     

Incorporation of film theory in single droplet combustion model for prediction of precursor release in flame spray pyrolysis

The precursor release rate during flame synthesis has been shown to influence the uniformity of synthesized particles. However, its quantification through single droplet combustion modeling was based on its immediate release from the droplet without considering the effect of the mass boundary layer surrounding the droplet. Here, the film theory is applied with the single droplet combustion model to understand the precursor release in the droplet. The resulting mass boundary layer thickness is coupled with droplet temperature to qualitatively investigate precursor release in flame spray pyrolysis. It is shown that small droplets can enhance the precursor release rate due to their small mass boundary layer thickness and higher heating rate. Increasing the EHA content in the EHA/toluene solvent mixture reduces the mass boundary layer thickness and increases the droplet temperature due to EHA's low specific heat capacity. Using droplet sizes estimated by the phase Doppler interferometry, the model shows that the temporal droplet temperature profile remains relatively constant for six synthesis conditions. Concurrently, the mass boundary layer thickness is increased when the liquid and oxygen flow rates are reduced, and atomizing pressure drop is enhanced, resulting in the overall suppression of precursor release from the droplet and consequently increased formation of smaller-size primary particles. Insight into the relative tendencies of the pure gas-to-particle formation route during the synthesis was also derived as a function of the synthesis conditions. This new methodology for the characterization of precursor release is essential for a more accurate understanding and design of homogeneous nanomaterial using flame spray pyrolysis.     

Theoretical and numerical studies of non-equilibrium slip effects on a catalytic surface

A new concentration slip model to describe the rarefied gas effect on the species transport in microscale chemical reactors was derived from the approximate solution of the Boltzmann equation. The present model is more general and recovers the existing models in the limiting cases. The analytical results showed that the concentration slip is dominated by two different mechanisms, the reaction induced concentration slip (RIC) and the temperature slip induced concentration slip (TIC). The magnitude of RIC slip is proportional to the product of the Damköhler number and Knudsen number. The impact of the velocity, concentration and temperature slips on the coupling between the surface catalytic reactions and the homogeneous gas phase reactions was examined using the detailed chemistry of hydrogen and methane within a wide range of accommodation coefficients in a two-dimensional microscale chemical reactor. The results showed that the impact of reaction induced concentration slip (RIC) effects on catalytic reactions strongly depends on the Damköhler number, the Knudsen number and the surface accommodation coefficient. It was found that the TIC slip had a strong effect on the fuel oxidation rates and the RIC slip dramatically changed the mass fraction distributions of radicals, especially when the mass accommodation coefficients were far less than unity.     

An experimental investigation into the icing and melting process of a water droplet impinging onto a superhydrophobic surface

The freezing and melting process of a small water droplet on a superhydrophobic cold surface was investigated using the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. The superhydrophobic surface was prepared using a sol-gel method on a red copper test plate. From the obtained fluorescence images, the phase transition characteristics during the freezing and melting process of a water droplet were clearly observed. It was found that, at the beginning of the droplet freezing process, liquid water turned into ice at a very fast rate. Such phase transition process decreased gradually with time and the volume of frozen ice approached a constant value at the end of the icing process. In addition, the freezing time was found to reduce with the decrease of the test plate temperature. Besides, when the test plate temperature is relatively high, the effect of droplet volume on the freezing time is very significant. Over all, we provide some tentative insights into the microphysical process related to the icing and melting process of water droplets.     

硫酸镁微液滴水和重水交换动力学的微区拉曼研究

本文利用微区拉曼技术,研究硫酸镁液滴水和重水交换的动力学.在低湿度时,由接触离子对连接形成的链状结构使硫酸镁液滴表面形成胶态结构,阻碍其与环境之间的水交换,造成表面和内部的结构差异.拉曼光谱的高空间分辨能力为观测这一特殊的表面结构提供了便利.沉积在聚四氟乙烯疏水基底上的硫酸镁重水液滴呈球形,可以实现对液滴表面和中心的两...     

Combustion characteristics and liquid-phase visualisation of single isolated diesel droplet with surface contaminated by soot particles

The combustion generated soot contamination effect on a single diesel droplet ignition and burning was investigated experimentally for the first time. Diesel droplet flame was used to contaminate the droplet to be investigated prior to ignition. Distinct differences in lifetime and stability of the burning of the neat and contaminated droplet samples were observed in their heating, boiling and disruptive phases. For a soot-contaminated droplet surface, the evaporation rate became weaker as a result of slower mass transfer thus contracted the flame formation. Contrary to the burning rate enhancement of droplet with stable and uniform suspension of particles observed by other researchers, the slightest contamination of soot particles in a fuel droplet surface can significantly reduce the burning rate. Denser agglomeration of soot can form a shell on the droplet surface which blocks the flow of gas escaping through the surface thus distort the droplet even further. At late combustion stage, bubbles are observed to rapture on the surface of the soot-contaminated droplet. Strong ejections of volatile liquid and vapour that would explode shortly after parting from the droplet are observed. It seems that the explosion and burning of ejected mixture have little interactions with the enveloped flame surrounding the primary droplet. Enhanced visualisation of droplet liquid-phase has clearly indicated the cause of declining trend in the burning rate and flame stand-off ratio of soot-contaminated diesel droplet. These insights are of significance for understanding the effect of fuel droplet contamination by combustion generated soot particles.     

偏晶合金液-液相分离的格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟

本文建立了一个模拟在弥散相液滴的扩散长大、碰撞凝并和Ostwald熟化等因素的作用下偏晶合金液-液相分离过程的二维格子玻尔兹曼方法 (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM) 模型.该模型结合了Shan-Chen的两相流模型和Qin的介观粒子相互作用势模型的优点,并在LB演化方程中引入了反映相变的源项.应用该模型模拟研究了偏晶合金液-液相分离过程中单液滴的生长、两液滴的合并和多液滴的生长规律.结果表明在两液相区中第二相单个液滴的生长是一个通过扩散从非平衡态到平衡态过渡的过程.两液滴合并 关键词： 偏晶合金 液-液相分离 格子玻尔兹曼方法     

Rayleigh instability of charged droplets in the presence of counterions

The classical instability of a charged spherical droplet is reconsidered in the presence of counterions. An ensemble of such droplets is studied within a simplified cell model. Screening of the electric field by the counterions is found to increase the equilibrium droplet size. Furthermore, if the ions can enter the droplet, a first-order phase transition occurs upon increasing Bjerrum length, surface tension or droplet density, leading to a phase separation. Simple scaling properties of the free energy give the shape of the phase boundary and show the system to be scale-invariant there. Pearl-necklace structures of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes are discussed as an application. Received 30 August 2001     

单滴燃料热壁蒸发、微爆与着火的实验研究

多组分燃料在热板的蒸发与着火规律与空间相比,具有一些新的特点,特别是乳化油的贴壁燃烧现象更有重要意义。本文通过实验将多组分与单组分的燃烧情况进行了对比研究。结果表明：（１）易挥发组分的着火延迟在较低的温度条件下长于不易挥发份,在较高温度时情况相反。混合物则居于其中;（２）对于含水的乳化油,燃烧与微爆发生先后同的外界条件有关,其着火过程极为迅速。（３）乳化油中易挥发燃料含量较高,环境温度也较高时,微爆滞后很明显。     

Pressure-induced crossover between diffusive and displacive mechanisms of phase transitions in single-crystalline alpha-GeO2

We present the first example of the phase transition occurring via the different kinetic mechanisms, displacive or diffusive, competing with each other in quartz-like alpha-GeO2 single crystals. Upon room-pressure heating, alpha-GeO2 transforms to the rutile-type phase (the alpha-->r transition) via the diffusive mechanism. With increase of the treatment pressure the diffusive mode of the temperature-induced alpha-->r transition is substituted at approximately 4 GPa by a displacive-like mode, and then at approximately 6 GPa the transition type changes from the alpha-->r sequence to a displacive martensitic-like transition to a distorted rutile-like phase (alpha-->r'. A crossover between diffusive and displacive transition modes suggests a new way to control the meso- and nanometer-scale morphology of high-pressure phases.     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

Stick-slip transition at the nanometer scale

We report the first observation of a stick-slip transition of surfactant solution flow through nanopores. From the experimental data, we were able to determine both the slip length and the critical wall shear stress from which slip occurs. Whereas the latter is found to increase linearly with the concentration, the former remains constant and approximately equal to 20 nm over the studied range of concentrations. We model slip to occur in the surfactant bilayer adsorbed at the nanopore wall. The stick-slip transition is then related to a reorganization of the surfactant bilayer from an entangled structure into independent layers flowing past one another, as evidenced by independent surface plasmon resonance experiments. We conclude from our analysis that surfactant solutions are always slipping in larger tubes. However, the larger the tube diameter, the smaller the relative slip contribution to the total flow.     

A kinetic model for droplet growth in the transition regime

A variant of the moment expansion method, used in an earlier paper to describe the flow of a gas toward an absorbing sphere, is applied to a more realistic model of a droplet condensing from a supersaturated vapor. In the simplest version a spherical droplet absorbs all incoming vapor molecules, but spontaneously emits molecules with a Maxwellian distribution at the droplet temperature and with the corresponding saturated vapor density. From a solution of the stationary linearized Boltzmann equation with these boundary conditions we obtain expressions for the heat and mass currents toward the sphere as a function of the supersaturation and the temperature difference between the droplet and the vapor at infinity. For small droplet radii the known free flow limit is obtained in a natural way. From the calculated expressions for the heat and mass current we derive evolution equations for the radius and temperature of the droplet. The temperature evolves more rapidly and can thus be eliminated adiabatically; the resulting growth curve for the radius shows a sharp transition from a kinetically controlled regime for small radii to a regime dominated by heat conduction for large radii. The effect of incomplete absorption at the surface is also studied. The actual calculations are carried out for Maxwell molecules, with parameters corresponding to argon at 0.65T _c and 100% supersaturation.     

随机粗糙微通道内流动特性研究

采用计算流体动力学的方法, 研究了微通道内气体在速度滑移和随机表面粗糙度耦合作用下的流动特性. 其中, 利用二阶速度滑移边界条件描述气体的边界滑移, 利用分形几何学建立随机粗糙表面. 研究发现, 综合考虑二阶速度滑移边界条件和随机表面粗糙度在较大的平均Knudsen数范围内 (0.025-0.59) 得到的计算结果与实验数据符合得很好, 而一阶速度滑移边界条件只在平均Knudsen数较小时(<0.1)符合实验结果. 随机表面粗糙度对气体在边界处的滑移有显著影响, 相对粗糙度越大, 速度滑移系数越小. 并针对计算结果, 给出了滑移系数与相对粗糙度近似满足的关系. 随机粗糙表面对气体流动过程中的压强、速度、Poiseuille数也有显著影响. 关键词： 随机表面粗糙度 二阶速度滑移边界条件 分形 微通道     

Advanced Study of Unsteady Heat and Chemical Reaction with Ramped Wall and Slip Effect on a Viscous Fluid

This paper investigate the effect of slip boundary condition, thermal radiation, heat source, Dufour number,chemical reaction and viscous dissipation on heat and mass transfer of unsteady free convective MHD flow of a viscous fluid past through a vertical plate embedded in a porous media. Numerical results are obtained for solving the nonlinear governing momentum, energy and concentration equations with slip boundary condition, ramped wall temperature and ramped wall concentration on the surface of the vertical plate. The influence of emerging parameters on velocity,temperature and concentration fields are shown graphically.