堆肥过程不同分子量水溶性有机物电子转移能力的演变及影响因素

利用超滤技术、电化学方法和光谱技术, 以堆肥水溶性有机物的不同分子量(MW)组分为研究对象, 分析在堆肥过程中不同分子量水溶性有机物(DOM)的组成特征、结构演变和电子转移能力变化的影响因素.结果表明, 类蛋白物质主要存在于堆肥前期的DOM(MW<1 kDa)中, 随着堆肥的进行, 类蛋白物质不断降解, 类富里酸物质持续合成, 堆肥后期类蛋白物质被完全降解, 类富里酸物质成为DOM(MW<1 kDa)主要的荧光组分.类腐殖物质是DOM(MW=1～3 kDa)、DOM(MW=3～5 kDa)和DOM(MW>5 kDa)的主要荧光组分, 堆肥过程中类腐殖质物质在3种不同分子量组分的变化各不相同, 但是堆肥后期类腐殖质物质在3个不同分子量组分的含量均高于堆肥初期. 堆肥过程中DOM(MW<1 kDa)的电子供给能力(EDC)呈降低趋势, 而电子接受能力(EAC)呈升高趋势; DOM(MW>5 kDa)的EDC在堆肥过程中呈上升趋势, 而EAC则无明显的变化规律.DOM(MW=1～3 kDa)和DOM(MW=3～5 kDa)的EDC和EAC在整个堆肥过程无明显变化规律.不同分子量组分堆肥DOM 的EAC受控于堆肥过程木质素降解产物的含量, 而其EDC变化与荧光参数和紫外参数无明显关系.     

三维荧光光谱结合物理和数学分离研究溶解性有机质组成

采用分子排阻色谱和激发/多波段发射荧光检测器,结合三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析,研究了新、老填埋垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机质( DOM)的组成。实验结果表明,两种渗滤液来源的DOM均含有类蛋白和类腐殖质物质。在新填埋垃圾渗滤液中,类蛋白物质有4种存在形态,包括大分子蛋白质形态、高/低分子量腐殖质结合态和多肽/氨基酸形态;在老填埋垃圾渗滤液DOM中,类蛋白物质只有两种形态,分别为大分子蛋白质形态和腐殖质结合态。相比于分子排阻色谱,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析能够分辨出腐殖质和非腐殖质结合态的类蛋白物质,但不能有效区分蛋白质和以多肽/氨基酸形态存在的类蛋白物质。结果表明,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析和分子排阻色谱,可以表征DOM中不同形态分布的类蛋白和类腐殖质物质。     

基于电化学方法研究猪粪堆肥过程溶解性有机物电子转移能力演变规律

堆肥水溶性有机物(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)是堆肥有机质中最活跃的部分,而具有氧化还原能力的官能团使得DOM能够作为电子穿梭体促进微生物与电子受体间的电子传递。本研究提取了8个不同阶段堆肥样品的DOM,利用电化学方法,以2,2'-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺胺)二铵盐(ABTS)和敌草快农药(DQ)作为介导剂,工作电压设为0.61 V/~-0.49 V,分别测定电子供给能力(Electron donating capacity,EDC)和电子接受能力(Electron accepting capacity,EAC)。同时结合三维荧光光谱、红外光谱和元素分析等方法阐明DOM结构组分变化,并探讨其变化对电子转移能力的影响。结果表明,堆肥DOM的EDC从堆肥1 d的16.850μmol e~-/(g C)增加至43 d的22.077μmol e~-/(g C),EAC从堆肥1 d的1.866μmol e~-/(g C)降至43 d的1.779μmol e~-/(g C)。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,在堆肥过程中类腐殖质组分含量逐渐增多,类蛋白组分逐渐减少,表明堆肥过程类腐殖质组分的形成对DOM的ETC起重要的贡献作用。红外光谱显示堆肥过程中DOM含量较高的羟基和羧基变化不显著,对电子转移能力无明显贡献。元素分析结果表明,DOM中氧元素含量随着堆肥进行而增加,含硫基团是电子转移能力的贡献基团。     

三维荧光光谱研究垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物与汞相互作用

为了研究垃圾填埋过程中渗滤液水溶性有机物(DOM)对重金属配位能力的影响,采用三维荧光光谱、共振瑞利散射、荧光猝灭滴定技术及非线性回归拟合分析,研究了不同填埋年限渗滤液DOM与Hg(II)的相互作用过程.结果表明: Hg(II)与DOM中不同荧光基团配位比接近1: 1,配位过程中没有生成沉淀;不同填埋年限渗滤液DOM中类蛋白物质和类富里酸物质与Hg(II)配位的条件稳定常数分别为4.30～5.70和4.35～4.98;参与配位的荧光基团分别为54.1%～92.3%和35.8%～60.1%.随着填埋年限的增加,类富里酸物质对Hg(II)的配位能力降低,但参与配位的荧光基团的比例增加.渗滤液DOM-Hg(II)配位过程受介质pH值的影响,在酸性和碱性范围内尤为明显.     

堆肥中亲水性有机物还原容量表征及影响因素研究

还原容量(RC)是衡量水溶性有机物(DOM)还原特性的重要指标。分别取未腐熟和腐熟后筛分的堆肥样品提取DOM并分离亲水性组分(Hy I)作为电子供体及电子穿梭体,以3种不同形态的铁作电子受体测定其还原容量。结果表明,对于3种形态的电子受体Fe2(SO4)3,Fe(NO3)3和柠檬酸铁(FeCit),腐熟筛分后Hy I的还原容量值分别为15.88,13.41和51.45 mmol e-/mol C,均大于未腐熟阶段的Hy I还原容量值13.45,11.77和43.16 mmol e-/mol C。同时还发现不同电子受体对Hy I的还原能力影响明显,FeCit条件下测得的RC值明显高于在Fe2(SO4)3和Fe(NO3)3条件下的RC值。而且Hy I的微生物还原容量低于本底还原容量。通过紫外-可见光谱特征值(包括SUVA254和SUVA280)、特征值比值(包括A250/A365和A465/A665)及面积积分比值分析发现,芳香族、不饱和共轭双键结构、芳化度和有机质分子量都会对Hy I氧化还原能力产生影响;结合三维荧光光谱体积积分值及百分比分析发现,类腐殖质(包括类富里酸和类胡敏酸)相对含量是Hy I还原容量主要影响因素。本研究为科学表征亲水性组分的氧化还原特性、揭示其在堆肥体系污染物降解转化中的作用提供了科学依据。     

电子穿梭体介导的微生物胞外电子传递:机制及应用

厌氧条件下微生物将电子传递给胞外电子受体的现象非常普遍,电子穿梭体(electron shuttle,ES)是介导胞外电子传递过程的重要途径之一,但其具体的机制尚未明晰。一部分微生物自身能分泌一些物质作为内生ES,另一部分微生物能利用天然存在或人工合成的某些物质作为外生ES,并将其携带的电子传递至微生物胞外电子受体。ES介导微生物胞外电子传递的基本过程为:氧化态电子穿梭体(ES_ox)接受电子变成还原态(ES_red),ES_red传递电子给胞外电子受体,自身再次氧化成ES_ox,从而循环往复。本文重点介绍不同种类ES及其电子穿梭机制,以及ES的分子扩散、氧化还原电势及电子转移能力对胞外电子传递过程的影响。ES介导的胞外电子传递过程直接影响污染物转化和微生物产电,因此在污染修复及生物能源等方面具有重要的应用前景。     

受体强度及D/A比对D-A型共轭聚合物几何结构和电子性质的影响研究

以Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene(TT)为电子供体(D),Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole(BT)、[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline(Td Q)、和Benzobis[1,2,5]thiadiazole(BBT)为电子受体(A),设计了供体-受体摩尔比(D/A比)分别为1∶1和2∶1的6种供体-受体交替排列的D-A型共轭聚合物.采用杂化的密度泛函方法(B3LYP),在6-31G(d)理论水平下研究了其几何结构和电子性质.研究发现,电子受体接受电子的能力和D/A比对基于TT的D-A型共轭聚合物的几何结构和电子性质有重要影响.对于D/A比相同的聚合物,电子受体接受电子的能力增强,聚合链上桥键的键长缩短,供体环上的碳碳双键的平均键长(L_(AD))增大而碳碳单键平均键长(L_(AS))减小.对由相同电子供体和受体构成的聚合物,D/A比增加,桥键变长.电子受体对D/A比为2∶1的聚合物的性质影响有显明的规律.当电子受体接受电子的能力增强,聚合物的能隙(Eg)变窄、价带(W_(VB))和导带(W_(CB))变宽、载流子有效质量(m_H和m_L)减小.研究发现,p-TdQ-TT和p-BBT-DTT能隙窄,能带相对较宽、载流子有效质量小,可能是的潜在的本征导电聚合物材料.     

光催化氧化处理过程中渗滤液溶解性有机物组分的三维荧光光谱变化特征

采用三维荧光光谱分析技术研究了垃圾渗滤液DOM不同组分的光催化转化特征。结果表明,憎水性碱(HOB)、憎水中性(HON)、憎水性酸(HOA)、亲水性酸(HIA)、亲水性碱(HIB)和亲水中性(HIN)组分在光催化处理过程中荧光光谱发生显著变化,HIA组分相对稳定。各组分中代表类腐殖酸区域的荧光信号在处理过程中变化最大,处理60 h后,该区域荧光峰完全消失,说明类腐殖酸类物质能优先发生光催化降解。在72 h光催化处理液中,主要残留可见区富里酸、类色氨酸和类酪氨酸的荧光信号,其中代表类蛋白的类色氨酸和类酪氨酸类物质占主要部分,说明光催化氧化能将大分子的腐殖酸和富里酸降解为小分子的类蛋白物质。     

两种异质结太阳能电池聚合物供体材料的设计与理论性质

模拟了以苯并噻吩作为富电子基团分别与1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole和1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-6-carbonitrile作为缺电子基团构成的两种聚合物太阳能电池供体材料(PBnDT-HTAZ, PBnDT-6CNTAZ)及PC60BM为受体材料的理论性质. 利用DFT理论分析了两种聚合物的电子和光物理性质, 通过Marcus理论研究了供-受体化合物在供受体界面的电荷转移性质和供体聚合物的空穴迁移能力. 计算结果表明: 供体聚合物具有强而宽的吸收, 并且具有强的分子内电子转移和从电子供体到电子受体的分子间电子转移, 对应的复合物都具有较小的激子束缚能; 与PBnDT-HTAZ相比, 设计的供体PBnDT-6CNTAZ, 由于引入了强吸电性的氰基而具有更大的开路电压和更好的抗氧化能力, 另外, 在供受体界面具有更好的电荷转移特性, 并且在供体中具有相对大的空穴迁移速率. 因此, 可以推断得知引入氰基的PBnDT-6CNTAZ是一种潜在的更好的太阳能电池供体材料.     

不同分子尺寸溶解性有机物的光解行为研究

研究了三个分子量区间(0.45μm~100kDa,100~5kDa和5kDa)的溶解性有机物(DOM)在不同光源辐照下的光解行为。溶解有机碳(DOC)和UV254的测试结果表明,光解可以有效地减少所有分子量区间的DOM总量,而且UVC光源的存在可以进一步促进DOM的降解。三维荧光光谱测定结合平行因子分析,识别出3个腐殖质类荧光组分(C1:UVA+UVC,C2:UVA+UVB,C3:UVC)。在光解过程中,较大分子腐殖质类(5kDa)的荧光强度相对较稳定,甚至增强;而小分子腐殖质类(5kDa)的荧光组分C1和C2具有显著的光解行为,UVC的存在可以促进两种荧光组分的光解。所有分子量区间的C3组分都发生了光生成现象。     

Electron Transfer Capacities of Dissolved Organic Matter Derived from Swine Manure Based on Eletrochemical Method

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most active fraction of compost organic matter. The presence of the redox-active functional groups in DOM allows it to act an electron shuttle to promote the electron transfer between microorganisms and terminal electron acceptors. In this study, the electron transfer capacities (ETCs) of compost DOM samples at eight different composting stages were determined by electrochemical method. 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and Diquat dibro-mide monohydrate (DQ) were used to measured electron donating capacity (EDC) and electron accepting capacity (EAC) at working voltage 0.61 V/–0.49 V, respectively. The evolution characteristics of the chemical structures and components were analyzed by combining the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and elemental analysis. The results showed that the EDC of DOM increased from 16.850 μmol e^? (g C)^?1 to 22.077 μmol e^? (g C)^?1, The EAC decreased from 1.866 μmol e^? (g C)^?1 to 1.779 μmol e^? (g C)^?1. The results of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the relative contents of humic-like and protein-like components gradually increased and decreased, respectively, during the composting process. The humuc-like components were the main contributor for the ETC of DOM. FTIR spectra showed that there was no significant change in the hydroxyl and carboxyl group contents of DOM during composting, suggesting no contribution of these function groups to the ETC of DOM. The elemental analysis showed that the content of oxygen in the DOM increased during the composting process, while the sulfur-containing group might be dominated contributor for its ETC.     

Investigating sorption-driven dissolved organic matter fractionation by multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and PARAFAC

Soil organic matter is involved in many ecosystem processes, such as nutrient supply, metal solubilization, and carbon sequestration. This study examined the ability of multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to provide detailed chemical information on the preferential sorption of higher-molecular-weight components of natural organic matter onto mineral surfaces. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soil organic horizons and tree leaf tissues was obtained using water extracts. The suite of fluorescence spectra was modeled with PARAFAC and it was revealed that the DOM extracts contained five fluorescing components: tryptophan-like (peak location at excitation <255 nm:emission 342 nm), tyrosine-like (276 nm:312 nm), and three humic-substance-like components (<255 nm:456 nm, 309 nm:426 nm, <255 nm:401 nm). In general, adsorption onto goethite and gibbsite increased with increasing DOM molecular weight and humification. PARAFAC analysis of the pre- and post-sorption DOM indicated that the ordering of sorption extent was humic-like components (average 91% sorption) > tryptophan-like components (52% sorption) > tyrosine-like components (29% sorption). This differential sorption of the modeled DOM components in both the soil organic horizon and leaf tissue extracts led to the fractionation of DOM. The results of this study demonstrate that multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC can quantitatively describe the chemical fractionation process due to the interaction of DOM with mineral surfaces.     

三维有序金掺杂纳米TiO_2修饰电极用于抗肿瘤药物与DNA相互作用的研究

利用模板法在氧化铟锡(ITO)电极表面制备了三维有序多孔结构的金掺杂纳米Ti O2薄膜修饰电极(3DOM GTD/ITO),并在此修饰电极上成功固定小牛胸腺DNA(ct DNA),从而构建了一种新型的DNA生物传感器(DNA/3DOM GTD/ITO),并通过透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)对修饰电极的表面形貌进行表征。采用电化学交流阻抗(EIS)法研究了ct DNA在3DOM GTD/ITO修饰电极表面的固定情况,结果表明,ct DNA已被成功地固定在3DOM GTD/ITO修饰电极表面。采用循环伏安法、微分脉冲伏安法等电化学方法研究了抗肿瘤药物槲皮素(Qu)在3DOM GTD/ITO修饰电极表面的电化学性质及与ct DNA的相互作用。结果表明,Qu在3DOM GTD/ITO修饰电极表面有1对准可逆的氧化还原峰,其氧化还原反应为2电子和2质子的转移过程。Qu可与固定在修饰电极上的ct DNA发生较强的结合作用,其结合常数(K)为3.61×106L/mol。循环伏安实验、紫外-可见吸收光谱、分子荧光光谱、圆二色性光谱均表明Qu与ct DNA之间的相互作用模式为嵌插作用。Qu与ct DNA的碱基结合具有序列选择性,对Qu与聚(d G-d C)及聚(d A-d T)的结合常数进行计算,得到结合常数比K(d G-d C)/K(d A-d T)=3.5,表明Qu与ct DNA发生嵌插作用时更倾向于结合在GC富集区域。     

Effect of functional group (fluorine) of aromatic thiols on electron transfer at the molecule-metal interface

Electron transfer at the molecule-metal interface of self-assembled monolayers of 1,1';4',1'-terphenyl-4'-thiol (BBB) and its partially fluorinated counterpart (BFF: p-thiophenyl-nonafluorobiphenyl) on Au(111) is investigated by core-hole clock spectroscopy. Ultrafast electron transfer at the BBB/Au(111) interface in the low-femtosecond regime (on the same time scale as the C 1s core-hole lifetime, approximately 6 fs) was observed. In contrast, for BFF/Au(111), the interface electron transfer was forbidden during the core-hole decay. This strongly suggests that fluorination of phenyl rings significantly enhances the localization of the excited electrons in the LUMO.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter from Guangzhou landfill leachate on sorption of phenanthrene by montmorillonite

To investigate the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the adsorption of phenanthrene (PHE) by montmorillonite (MMT), organic clay complex was prepared by associating montmorillonite with DOM extracted from landfill leachate. Both the raw MMT, DOM, and MMT complex (DOM-MMT) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Batch adsorption studies were carried out on the adsorption of PHE as a function of contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose. The sorption of PHE on complex was rapid, and the kinetics could be described well by the Pseudo-first-order model (R(2)>0.99), with an equilibrium time of 120 min. The adsorption isotherm was in good agreement with the Henry equation and Freundlich equation. Also, thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. Compared with MMT, the adsorption capacity of DOM-MMT complex for PHE was greatly enhanced. The effects of DOM on PHE sorption by MMT may be attributed to the changes in the surface structure, the specific surface area, the hydrophobic property, and the average pore size of MMT. A series of atomistic simulations were performed to capture the structural and functional qualities observed experimentally.     

Determination of the density and energetic distribution of electron traps in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells

Electron transport and recombination in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSCs) are strongly influenced by the presence of trapping states in the titanium dioxide particles, and collection of photoinjected electrons at the contact can require times ranging from milliseconds to seconds, depending on the illumination intensity. A direct method of determining the density and energetic distribution of the trapping states responsible for slowing electron transport has been developed. It involves extraction of trapped electrons by switching the cell from an open circuit to a short circuit after a period of illumination. An advantage of this charge extraction method is that it is less sensitive than other methods to shunting of the DSC by electron transfer at the conducting glass substrate. Results derived from charge extraction measurements on DSCs (with and without compact TiO(2) blocking layers) are compared with those obtained by analysis of the open circuit photovoltage decay.     

Effect of solution chemistry on the fouling potential of dissolved organic matter in membrane bioreactor systems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a potent foulant in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems has attracted great attention in recent years. This paper attempts to elucidate the effect of solution chemistry (i.e. solution pH, ionic strength, and calcium concentration) on the fouling potential of DOM with different characteristics. Results of microfiltration experiments showed that the fouling potential of DOM having higher hydrophobic content increased more markedly at low pH due to the reduced ionization of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups of aquatic humic substances. In contrast, the fouling potential of hydrophilic DOM components and the molecular size of DOM appeared to be less affected by solution pH. The more compact molecular configuration of DOM at high ionic strength contributed to form a denser fouling layer, and limited the amount of foulants retained by the membranes on the other hand. DOM fouling potential greatly increased with increasing calcium concentration. The magnitude of the increase, however, was independent of the hydrophobicity of DOM, suggesting strong interactions exist between calcium ions and hydrophilic DOM components. Moreover, it was observed that the main mechanism governing the effect of calcium ions on the molecular size of DOM transited from charge shielding to complex formation as calcium concentration increased.