高铁酸盐在SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极上的选择性电化学合成

合成了SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极材料.实验结果证实,在14mol/LNaOH水溶液中和完全避免析氧反应的条件下,Fe(Ⅱ)物种在该电极上进行电化学氧化并生成FeO42-.结果表明,Fe(OH)3在浓NaOH溶液中发生酸式电离,形成可溶于水的FeO2-,该离子的浓度随着碱溶液浓度变化而发生明显变化,而且它还是发生化学氧化和电化学氧化的反应物.在SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极上,FeO42-的电化学还原起始电位为0.38V(vs.Hg/HgO,14mol/LNaOH),FeO2-电化学氧化起始电位为0.54V.结果还表明,用电化学方法氧化Fe(Ⅱ)物种生成FeO42-是个多步骤过程.     

刷涂热分解法制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5阳极及其性能

通过刷涂热分解法制备了锑掺杂的钛基二氧化锡(Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5)涂层电极. 在酸性介质中, 用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、循环伏安和快速寿命测试等方法研究了Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极制备条件、电极结构、性能和寿命. 结果表明, Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极涂层具有“干泥”结构, 用锡锑摩尔比为9:1的涂液组成、在550 ℃烧结温度下制备的Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5的电极涂层平整致密,龟裂小, 电极孔隙率小, 稳定性最好.     

基于概念密度泛函理论磷酸酯类反应性物质毒性预测

磷酸酯类反应性物质是乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂。本文应用概念密度泛函理论(CDFT),采用四组条件(B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water,MP2/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,MP2/6-311++ G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water),对20多个磷酸酯反应性物质进行反应性描述指数计算,包括分子的化学势μ,绝对硬度η、亲电性指数ω、分子的前线轨道能量等分子整体描述参数,以及原子福井函数、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷、Wiberg键级、NBO键级等分子局域描述参数。通过对反应性描述指数以及定量构性关系(QSPR)方程预测结果的比较分析,得出结论：大多数化合物亲电进攻的反应中心发生在磷原子上;磷酸酯类化合物侧链乙胺基叔氮的质子化,将显著增强反应中心磷原子的亲电进攻能力;B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas为最合理的计算条件;应用反应性描述指数建立的QSPR模型明显优于常规的2D-QSPR模型,能够用于乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂的精确毒性预测。     

Visualization of atomic processes on ruthenium dioxide using scanning tunneling microscopy.

The visualization of surface reactions on the atomic scale provides direct insight into the microscopic reaction steps taking place in a catalytic reaction at a (model) catalyst's surface. Employing the technique of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we investigated the CO oxidation reaction over the RuO2(110) and RuO2(100) surfaces. For both surfaces the protruding bridging O atoms are imaged in STM as bright features. The reaction mechanism is identical on both orientations of RuO2. CO molecules adsorb on the undercoordinated surface Ru atoms from where they recombine with undercoordinated O atoms to form CO2 at the oxide surface. In contrast to the RuO2(110) surface, the RuO2(100) surface stabilizes also a catalytically inactive c(2 x 2) surface phase onto which CO is not able to adsorb above 100 K. We argue that this inactive RuO2(100)-c(2 x 2) phase may play an important role in the deactivation of RuO2 catalysts in the electrochemical Cl2 evolution and other heterogeneous reactions.     

氯离子对苯酚电化学氧化降解过程的影响

本文用Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2和Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn氧化物涂层阳极研究了氯离子对苯酚电化学氧化降解过程的影响. 结果表明,在电解液中加入氯离子能提高苯酚的去除效率并完全降解. 在无氯离子存在下,有机物电化学降解主要以直接电氧化方式进行;在氯离子存在下,不仅可发生间接电化学氧化,而且也同时发生直接电氧化. 对于析氯阳极体系,如Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn阳极,主要发生有机物的间接电氧化;对于高氧超阳极体系,如Ti/PbO2阳极,有机物的间接电氧化和直接电氧化可能同时发生. 氯离子对于有机物的间接电氧化起到类似催化剂的作用,这种催化作用主要是由于氯离子在有机物氧化过程中阳极表面层和溶液本体电生成了Cl-/活性氯的氧化还原媒介.     

Surface chemistry study of RuO2/IrO2/TiO2 mixed-oxide electrodes

DSA metal oxide electrodes such as the RuO(2)/IrO(2)/TiO(2) mixed system are widely studied for their excellent electrocatalytic activity. In order to understand their catalytic properties, the comprehension of the surface chemistry involved during electrochemical treatments is crucial. With this aim, RuO(2)/IrO(2)/TiO(2) mixed-oxide electrodes having various noble metal contents were studied by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In particular, cathodic and anodic polarization and O(2) evolution reactions were carried out to test the electrode behaviour and SIMS analyses were performed after all these treatments. In this way, surface changes induced by electrochemical treatments and depending on electrode composition were widely investigated by SIMS, revealing, for example, the presence of hydration or preferential dissolution phenomena induced by electrochemical processing.     

掺硼金刚石电极电催化氧化酚类有机物的取代基效应

本文主要以当前水环境中存在酚类有机污染物为研究对象,探讨酚类有机污染物在掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极上的取代基效应,具体研究具有不同位置及种类官能团的取代酚类有机污染物在BDD电极上的电催化氧化过程,通过化学需氧量和浓度变化考察有机污染物在电催化降解过程中的降解趋势,深入分析电极种类、官能团位置与种类与电催化氧化活性之间的联系的同时,研究阳极材料电催化氧化有机污染物的机理及动力学。结果表明,有机物在电极表面的电催化过程以电产生羟基自由基为媒介,对苯二酚在不同电极上的电催化活性与电极析氧电位及表面产生羟基自由基量有着重要的联系,BDD电极拥有最强的电催化氧化活性;不同取代基团的对位取代酚在BDD电极上的电化学降解实验显示电催化反应速率受取代官能团自身的电子效应制约,有机物矿化过程中羟基自由基首先进攻苯环的对位发生取代反应,同时取代基脱离苯环过程成为整个取代酚类电化学降解过程的决速步骤,且有机物的电催化反应速率与取代基特征Hammett常数σ呈近似线性关系。     

A new electrocatalytic mechanism for the oxidation of phenols at platinum electrodes

Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds generally produces unstable phenoxy radicals that readily polymerize to passivate the surface of solid electrodes. In this study, the electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence and absence of methanol was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode. The cyclic voltammogram of phenol in a mixture of phosphate buffer/methanol solution showed well-defined peaks at ∼600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which surprising, gradually increased with repetitive scanning, stabilizing after 50 cycles. This unexpected behavior is in contrast to previous studies involving phenolic compounds, which always show a decrease in intensity during continuous potential scanning. Scanning electrochemical spectroscopy (SEM) was further used to investigate the changes in the surface morphology of the Pt electrode after electrodeposition. A new electrocatalytic mechanism for phenol oxidation on the surface of a Pt electrode is suggested in the presence of methanol. The proposed mechanism is based on the formation of a film of Pt oxide/hydroxides onto which the phenol and the products of its electrochemical oxidation are further deposited. The mechanism was also studied using more complex phenolic compounds including resveratrol, quercetin and bisphenol A. The results emphasized the effect of aryl substituents on the electrochemistry of this particular class of compounds.     

Structures and properties of zirconia-supported ruthenium oxide catalysts for the selective oxidation of methanol to methyl formate

The effects of RuO(x) structure on the selective oxidation of methanol to methyl formate (MF) at low temperatures were examined on ZrO(2)-supported RuO(x) catalysts with a range of Ru surface densities (0.2-3.8 Ru/nm(2)). Their structure was characterized using complementary methods (X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectra, and reduction dynamics). The structure and reactivity of RuO(x) species change markedly with Ru surface density. RuO(x) existed preferentially as RuO(4)(2-) species below 0.4 Ru/nm(2), probably as isolated Zr(RuO(4))(2) interacting with ZrO(2) surfaces. At higher surface densities, highly dispersed RuO(2) domains coexisted with RuO(4)(2-) and ultimately formed small clusters and became the prevalent form of RuO(x) above 1.9 Ru/nm(2). CH(3)OH oxidation rates per Ru atom and per exposed Ru atom (turnover rates) decreased with increasing Ru surface density. This behavior reflects a decrease in intrinsic reactivity as RuO(x) evolved from RuO(4)(2-) to RuO(2), a conclusion confirmed by transient anaerobic reactions of CH(3)OH and by an excellent correlation between reaction rates and the number of RuO(4)(2-) species in RuO(x)/ZrO(2) catalysts. The high intrinsic reactivity of RuO(4)(2-) structures reflects their higher reducibility, which favors the reduction process required for the kinetically relevant C-H bond activation step in redox cycles using lattice oxygen atoms involved in CH(3)OH oxidation catalysis. These more reactive RuO(4)(2-) species and the more exposed ZrO(2) surfaces on samples with low Ru surface density led to high MF selectivities (e.g. approximately 96% at 0.2 Ru/nm(2)). These findings provide guidance for the design of more effective catalysts for the oxidation of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols by the synthesis of denser Zr(RuO(4))(2) monolayers on ZrO(2) and other high surface area supports.     

Highly stable electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds at carbon ionic liquid electrode

A carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) was used for the investigation of the electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds in acidic media using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and square wave voltammetry techniques. The results indicate that, contrary to many other electrodes, the oxidation of phenolic compounds on CILE is highly stable and does not result in electrode fouling. Cyclic voltammetry showed that phenolic compounds such as phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and catechol were oxidized at CILE and remained electroactive after multiple cycles and at high concentrations of phenol. The cyclic voltammetric response of the CILE is very stable with more than 99% of the initial activity remaining after 20 s of stirring of a 0.5 mM solution of phenol.     

偏最小二乘和量子化学参数预测酯类物质的闪点

基于化合物定量结构与性质的关系,对其中88个酯类化合物进行了B3LYP/6-31G*水平上的结构优化,并在优化结构基础上进行了量子化学结构参数的计算。应用偏最小二乘(PLS)方法对酯类化合物闪点温度这个理化性质与量子化学参数进行了关联。结果表明,分子热力学自由能(ΔG)结合偶极距(μ)可以很好地表达酯类化合物闪点温度与量子化学参数间的定量关系。所建立的QSPR模型具有较强的稳健性和预测能力。