变密度多层的Lockheed修正模型分析北大核心

基于Lockheed修正模型,对用于低温液体贮箱的变密度多层绝热性能进行理论研究。通过对Lockheed修正模型的分析,计算了贮箱内为不同低温液体时最优层密度随热边界温度的变化情况,研究了不同层密度配置方案时绝热多层的热流密度大小,并对不同方案的绝热效果进行了对比分析。     

变密度多层的Lockheed修正模型分析

基于Lockheed修正模型,对用于低温液体贮箱的变密度多层绝热性能进行理论研究。通过对Lockheed修正模型的分析,计算了贮箱内为不同低温液体时最优层密度随热边界温度的变化情况,研究了不同层密度配置方案时绝热多层的热流密度大小,并对不同方案的绝热效果进行了对比分析。     

应用于低温贮箱的变密度多层绝热传热分析

采用Layer-by-Layer传热模型对真空多层绝热结构中的传热过程进行了分析,根据各项(辐射换热、气体导热、固体导热)换热分布情况,提出4区域不同层密度的多层绝热结构,分析了各区域层密度变化对多层绝热性能的影响,得出一个使总热流最小的层密度,研究了其各项换热规律以及受到热边界温度的影响。     

变密度多层绝热最优层密度研究

基于正交实验法对变密度多层绝热(VD-MLI)设计不同层密度组合方案,同时采用逐层传热分析模型进行漏热量计算。结果表明不同层密度组合的VD-MLI漏热量不同,VD-MLI最优层密度组合方案为低密度区8层/cm,中密度区14层/cm,高密度区20层/cm。在最优层密度组合基础上,确定了不同热端温度条件下,液氮、液氧、液态甲烷VD-MLI满足漏热量要求的最小厚度。热端温度165K,液氮最小厚度9mm,液氧8mm,液态甲烷6mm;热端温度300K,液氮最小厚度39mm,液氧38mm,液态甲烷36mm;热端温度400K,液氮最小厚度94mm,液氧93mm,液态甲烷92mm。     

应用于ZBO存储的SOFI/VD-MLI技术研究

低温推进剂长期在轨储存技术是制约航空航天探测不断深入的关键技术之一。基于变密度多层绝热的组合型绝热(SOFI/VD-MLI)技术是泡沫塑料绝热与变密度多层绝热相结合的一种新型绝热方式,其绝热效果好、质量轻,在飞行器地面发射阶段和空间在轨阶段均能发挥良好的绝热作用,广泛用于航天低温推进剂的存储。文中从国内外研究现状、结构原理等方面介绍SOFI/VD-MLI技术,重点分析SOFI/VD-MLI技术的优点和未来研究方向。     

ITER馈线系统CTB盒冷屏多层绝热结构传热性能的实验研究

线圈终端盒(CTB)是保证ITER装置可靠运行的关键部件之一,为磁体系统与低温车间、电源大厅、数据采集系统和低温控制元件提供4.5K的超低温工作环境。线圈终端盒(CTB)内部设有80K冷屏,以吸收室温环境对其内部工作空间带来的辐射热负荷,在杜瓦和冷屏中间,设有30mm的真空多层绝热夹层。首先采用量热法和称重法,对多层绝热试件进行了热性能测试,然后分别与理论分析和CTB原型件系统实验结果进行对比,得出了CTB盒中多层绝热结构的热性能参数,为下一步大规模生产提供了有力的技术支持。     

高真空多层绝热被的性能及其量热器的试验研究

量热器的尺寸和结构会影响到被测多层绝热被的性能,高真空多层绝热被作为大型低温容器隔热结构的应用趋势,其真实性能应通过更符合工程实际的量热器来测得。文中比较了两种量热器对多层绝热被测试性能的试验结果,为多层绝热被的理论研究和工程应用提供更合理的依据。     

复合绝热低温容器真空丧失后抗热冲击分析

真空丧失对低温容器的安全性是一大威胁,可能会造成严重后果。文中通过实验,利用氮气为破空介质,对比了高真空多层绝热结构与真空复合多层绝热结构低温容器在真空丧失情况下的排放率和漏热。结果表明,复合绝热结构在真空破坏时能较好的保护低温容器,大大降低了低温储罐真空丧失后的热冲击。     

低温容器绝热真空丧失后的绝热夹层漏热量计算分析

真空丧失对低温容器的安全性是一大威胁,可能会造成严重后果。文中通过实验,利用氮气为破空介质,测得了高真空多层绝热低温容器在真空丧失情况下的排放率,根据测得的排放率计算了热流密度。结果表明,根据测得的排放率,不考虑液体温度变化计算得到的热流密度与考虑液体温度变化计算得到的热流密度之间存在差异。     

层间稀薄气体传热对多层绝热材料性能的影响分析

通过建立的热量传递模型,分析了不同的气体稀薄程度(Knudsen数)时,气体传热对多层绝热材料有效热导率和各层温度分布的影响。分析表明:由多层绝热材料真空度变化引起的稀薄气体传热量波动较大,在10—60层/cm层密度范围,真空度低于100Pa时,Kn数属于自由分子状态区域和中间压强区域,此时材料的有效热导率随残留气体热适应系数的增大而减小,并随着真空度的降低而增大;当残留气体为空气时,为保证多层材料的绝热性能,尽量维持真空度不低于10-2Pa。同时分析表明,为有效降低低真空下稀薄气体传热对多层绝热性能的影响,可以采用综合热适应系数较低的气体置换夹层中的空气,以减少低真空多层绝热材料的有效热导率,改善绝热性能。     

几类粒子密度算符和粒子流密度算符的讨论

从粒子密度和粒子流密度出发,分析了几类相关的算符,讨论了它们的性质与相互关系;从具体的物理意义出发,明确了合适的粒子密度算符和粒子流密度算符的表达形式.     

曲率对Rh在锯齿型单壁碳纳米管内外吸附影响的研究

利用密度泛函理论系统的研究了单壁碳纳米管的曲率对Rh原子在锯齿型碳管内外的吸附行为, 发现Rh原子在管外吸附比管内稳定; 随着碳管管径的增加, 曲率减小, 管内外吸附能的差值逐渐减小, 接近Rh原子在石墨烯上的吸附能. 电荷密度分析表明, 由于卷曲效应使碳纳米管管外的电荷密度大于管内, 随着曲率减小, 这种差别逐渐减小. 管内外吸附Rh原子的Bader电荷差值及局域态密度差别亦随着曲率的下降而减小, 这与Rh原子在管内外吸附能的变化规律相一致.     

Density functional approximations for classical fluids with long-range interactions

Density functional approximations for systems interacting via long-range forces are revisited. The theory is illustrated with examples of one-component plasmas in two and three dimensions.Dedicated to Philippe Choquard, Coulomb fluid expert.     

Universality principle and the development of classical density functional theory

The universality principle of the free energy density functional and the ‘test particle' trick by Percus are combined to construct the approximate free energy density functional or its functional derivative. Information about the bulk fluid radial distribution function is integrated into the density functional approximation directly for the first time in the present methodology. The physical foundation of the present methodology also applies to the quantum density functional theory.     

Density Matrix in Quantum Mechanics and Distinctness of Ensembles Having the Same Compressed Density Matrix

We clarify different definitions of the density matrix by proposing the use of different names, the full density matrix for a single-closed quantum system, the compressed density matrix for the averaged single molecule state from an ensemble of molecules, and the reduced density matrix for a part of an entangled quantum system, respectively. We show that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix can be physically distinguished by observing fluctuations of various observables. This is in contrast to a general belief that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are identical. Explicit expression for the fluctuation of an observable in a specified ensemble is given. We have discussed the nature of nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing. We show that the conclusion that there is no quantum entanglement in the current nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing experiment is based on the unjustified belief that ensembles having the same compressed density matrix are identical physically. Related issues in quantum communication are also discussed.     

也谈概率密度和概率流密度算符

针对<大学物理>2008年第8期上关于粒子概率密度算符和概率流密度算符的讨论一文进行了补充,对一般空间(如动量空间)中的概率和概率流进行了较系统的阐述,并纠正了该文中的有关错误论断.     

A Further Generalized Lagrangian Density and its Special Cases

By summarizing and extending the Lagrangian densities of general relativity and the Kibble’s gauge theory of gravitation,a further generalized Lagrangian density for a gravitational system is obtained and analyzed in greater detail, which will extend the studying range for the theory of gravitation. Many special cases can be derived from this generalized Lagrangian density, and the general characteristics and some peculiarities of them will be described and discussed.     

量子力学中的密度矩阵与具有相同密度矩阵的系综的可区分性

讨论了密度矩阵的不同定义。建议使用完全密度矩阵、压缩密度矩阵和约化密度矩阵分别描写一个封闭量子体系的、一个系综中平均分子的和一个复合体系中的一个子系统的密度矩阵。强调这与现在人们认为的具有相同压缩密度矩阵的系综是完全等价的结论完全不同,具有相同压缩密度矩阵但是成分不同的系综可以通过系综整体测量来区别。作为一个应用,现在认为现有的核磁共振量子计算中没有纠缠的结论是没有根据的。Density matrix is one important tool in quantum mechanics, and it has very broad applications. However there are different definitions about the density matrix, and they describe quite different systems. There has been some misunderstanding about the density matrix in the community, and these misunderstandings hinder the right application of the density matrix. In this article, we discuss the different definitions of density matrix. We suggest to use the full density matrix, compressed density matrix and the reduced density matrix to describe the state of a complete quantum system, the state of an averaged particle in an ensemble and the state of part of a composite system. We stress that contrary to the wide accepted understanding that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are physically indistinguishable, they are distinguishable through the so-called ensemble measurement. As an application, we suggest that the present conclusion that the present-day nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation does not have quantum entanglement is groundless.     

Electronic structure of twinned ZnS nanowires

The electronic properties of twinned ZnS nanowires (NWs) with different diameters were investigated based on first-principles calculations. The energy band structures, projected density of states and the spatial distributions of the bottom of conduction band and the top of the valence band were presented. The results show that the twinned nanowires exhibit a semiconducting character and the band gap decreases with increasing nanowire diameter due to quantum confinement effects. The valence band maximum and conduction band minimum originate mainly from the S-p and Zn-s orbitals at the core of the nanowires, respectively, which was confirmed by their spatial charge density distribution. We also found that no heterostructure is formed in the twinned ZnS NWs since the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum states are distributed along the NW axis uniformly. We suggest that the hexagonal (2H) stacking inside the cubic (3C) stacking has no effect on the electronic properties of thin ZnS NWs.     

Electronic structure of twinned ZnS nanowire

The electronic properties of twinned ZnS nanowires （NWs） with different diameters were investigated based on first-principles calculations. The energy band structures, projected density of states and the spatial distributions of the bottom of conduction band and the top of the valence band were presented. The results show that the twinned nanowires exhibit a semiconducting character and the band gap decreases with increasing nanowire diameter due to quantum confinement effects. The valence band maximum and conduction band minimum originate mainly from the S-p and Zn-s orbitals at the core of the nanowires, respectively, which was confirmed by their spatial charge density distribution. We also found that no heterostructure is formed in the twinned ZnS NWs since the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum states are distributed along the NW axis uniformly. We suggest that the hexagonal （2H） stacking inside the cubic （3C） stacking has no effect on the electronic properties of thin ZnS NWs.