密立根油滴条件的Mathematica图示

本分析了密立根油滴实验中可分辨基本电荷数目的油滴电量最大误差,并借助数学软件Mathematica作出油滴电量、油滴电量误差和基本电荷误差等曲线图。再分析曲线图得出油滴条件的直观图示。此图示为密立根油滴实验提供了很好的油滴选取依据。     

密立根油滴实验中的布朗运动

在进行密立根油滴实验时,如果选择的油滴过小,油滴会有明显的布朗运动,造成测得的下落时间与理想下落时间存在偏差.本文对密立根油滴实验中油滴的下落问题进行了实验观察和理论研究,并基于朗之万理论,求解了描述油滴运动的随机微分方程.通过引入单次下落时间偏差和多次下落时间偏差分别考察了油滴布朗运动的剧烈程度以及布朗运动对油滴下落时间的影响.结果表明,实验中由于实验次数有限,当油滴比较小时油滴的布朗运动对于实验的影响仍然需要考虑.     

密里根油滴实验中两种方法分析平衡电压和下落时间选取

密里根油滴实验采用静态法测量中,分析了油滴的运动过程。由油滴的运动方程,选取半径在的油滴,计算了测量中所需的时间区间;并结合平衡电压和下落时间曲线分析了合适油滴的时间选取和电压选取。     

密立根油滴实验中影响油滴控制的因素分析及对策

本文分析了密里根油滴实验中影响油滴控制的主要因素,并提出了相应的对策。     

密立根油滴实验中的一个小问题

分析了密立根油滴实验中油滴从静止到匀速直线运动的过程,讨论了油滴从静止开始下落到匀速直线运动状态所经历的时间,并在实验课的教学中给出加速驰豫过程时间量的概念.     

密立根油滴实验中油滴选取的研究

理论分析模拟了油滴下落时间与油滴半径的关系、油滴带电量子数与下落时间和平衡电压的变化关系,理论证实了平衡电压在150～400 V,下落时间在10～30 s附近的油滴为最佳油滴,探索提炼出油滴选取的方法和技巧,为学生理解和完成密立根油滴实验提供帮助。     

密立根油滴实验中一些问题的分析探讨

针对密立根油滴实验教学过程中出现的教学和实验难点,以实验原理为依据,对实验过程中涉及的原理、油滴的选择和基本电荷的计算等关键问题进行了系统的讨论。比较了不同油滴和数据处理方法对测量误差的影响。     

测量密立根油滴的平衡电压

通过分析密立根油滴的受力情况和运动状态,推导出仪器显示电压不等于油滴平衡电压时油滴的运动规律. 当判断仪器显示电压是平衡电压时需要等待一段时间让油滴静止不动,这段等待时间的长短难有统一的标准. 而用在密立根油滴受电场力的作用下,测量油滴运动确定距离的时间计算平衡电压.     

计算机编程在密立根油滴实验中的应用简

用直线函数拟合了环境温度与空气粘滞系数的关系,并利用VisualBasic编写了密立根油滴实验的数据处理程序,提高了计算油滴带电量的准确性。利用VisualBasic程序的可视化界面形式体现,简化了数据处理过程。利用Origin软件对实验数据进行处理,直观显示了平衡电压、下落时间与油滴所带电荷数的关系。     

密立根实验所用油滴粘滞系数对电子电量测量精确度影响规律的研究

本实验选取三种不同粘滞系数的油滴对密立根实验中影响电子电量测量精确度的物理因素、规律及其机制进行了研究.发现测量相对误差及其分布范围随油滴粘滞系数的增加而减少,随油滴下落时间的增加而增加.前者归因于油滴粘滞系数大,造成油滴体积、表面积、摩擦力增大,从而带电量大;后者归因于布朗运动对油滴下落时间测量产生的误差.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.