镁颗粒群非稳态着火过程数值模拟

建立了镁颗粒群着火的一维非稳态有限影响体模型, 数值模拟颗粒群中镁颗粒的着火过程. 研究表明, 当镁颗粒表面反应加剧之后,颗粒相温度急剧上升, 迅速达到着火, 而其周围气相的温升速率却远小于颗粒的温升速率; 在着火过程中气相温度只在颗粒表面附近升高比较明显, 整体温度升高不大. 分析了颗粒群内部参数和环境参数对镁颗粒群着火的影响. 随颗粒浓度的增加, 颗 粒群变得易于着火, 其着火时间变短, 但颗粒浓度增大到一定程度后, 继续增大该值将对颗粒群的着火起消极作用. 环境压力对颗粒群着火的影响比较小,在1-5 atm范围内颗粒群的着火性能基本不变. 气相中氧气浓度对颗粒群的着火性能影响也不显著, 但当氧气浓度过小时, 对着火过程的影响将大大增强.颗粒粒径、气相/颗粒相初温、辐射源温度对颗粒 群着火的影响巨大,小粒径、高温度促使颗粒群快速着火.数值模拟与文献中试验 结果的变化趋势相一致.     

镁颗粒-空气混合物一维非稳态爆震波特性数值模拟研究

镁颗粒因其能量密度高、点火特性和燃烧效率好的优势,作为燃料或添加剂应用于爆震燃烧动力系统具有广阔的应用前景.本文建立了镁颗粒-空气混合物的一维非稳态爆震波模型,数值模拟爆震波传播过程及其内部流场分布.研究结果表明,爆震波传播过程中爆震波压力峰值和空间分布均存在小幅度波动.考虑燃烧产物氧化镁在颗粒表面的沉积过程,镁颗粒的反应速率和爆震波的稳定传播速度增大.在考虑爆震管壁面损失的前提下,随管径减小,爆震波稳定速度和厚度均减小,同时爆震波内未能反应的镁颗粒比例增大.考虑壁面损失条件下,爆震波稳定传播速度以及厚度均随颗粒初始粒径的增大而减小,且镁颗粒初始为双粒径分布时对应的爆震波速度和厚度明显低于镁颗粒初始为统一单粒径的工况;稳定传播速度随颗粒初始当量比的增大而先增后减,厚度随初始当量比的增加单调递减. MgO熔化发生在CJ平面附近时, MgO熔化过程对爆震波传播稳定性无明显影响,而爆震波厚度显著增大.选取适当的点火区参数,能够使爆震波达到稳定传播状态所经历的距离明显缩短.     

铝颗粒粉尘对冲火焰数值模拟研究

铝颗粒由于具有能量密度高、易储存、燃烧过程不产生温室气体等优势,有望成为未来化石燃料替代的解决方案.本文建立了铝颗粒粉尘火焰的燃烧模型,其中考虑了相间传热、相变、表面化学反应、气相详细化学反应及辐射传热等过程,并针对铝颗粒粉尘对冲火焰开展了数值模拟研究.首先,通过仿真McGill大学的铝颗粒粉尘对冲火焰实验进行模型验证,并分析了实验中使用铝颗粒本身作为示踪粒子引起的气相速度测量误差,结果表明,数值模拟得到的离散相速度分布与实验结果基本一致,火焰传播速度的预测值也同实验数据吻合较好.当颗粒粒径小于10μm时,连续介质假设不再成立,相间传热模型必须考虑过度区机制,随着颗粒粒径的增加,火焰传播速度不断降低.随着对冲火焰拉伸率的增加,颗粒在火焰区的停留时间减少,并出现燃烧不完全的现象,粉尘火焰由双峰变为单峰结构.火焰传播速度随着拉伸率的增加而增大,通过线性外推可得到未拉伸的火焰传播速率约为29 cm/s.辐射引起的热损失会导致气相温度大幅降低,但辐射传热对颗粒的加热作用相对较小.     

煤焦着火温度预测

分别计算两种不同的煤焦(ZCY和SLH)的表面氧化反应动力学参数,从而计算煤焦表面氧化反应热流。因煤焦颗粒的直径很小,假设煤焦的表面和内部温度变化是一致的,根据煤焦的升温速率与热流的关系,计算出煤焦在炉膛中温度与进入炉膛时间的关系,利用Semenov着火判据,从而预测两种不同煤焦的着火温度以及着火所需时间。ZCY和SLH的着火温度分别为705 K、685 K;着火所需时间与炉膛的环境温度有关,温度越高,时间越短。     

镁颗粒-空气混合物一维稳态爆震波特性数值模拟

镁颗粒因其能量密度高、点火特性和燃烧效率好的优势,作为燃料或添加剂应用于爆震燃烧动力系统具有广阔的应用前景.本文建立了镁颗粒-空气混合物的一维稳态爆震波模型,数值模拟爆震波稳态传播过程及其内部流场分布.结果表明,镁颗粒-空气混合物爆震波仅能以特征值速度稳定自维持传播,特征值爆震速度的高低并不仅仅取决于反应放热多少,两相间的相互作用也会影响热能向气相动能的转化效率.当爆震波末端氧化镁处于熔化过程时,满足一定的来流速度和镁颗粒密度条件,爆震波仍能够稳定自维持传播.气相吸收反应放热膨胀加速至声速的过程主要发生在镁颗粒纯蒸发反应阶段,但在氧化镁熔化阶段由于熔化过程吸热量大,使气相吸热膨胀过程近乎停止.颗粒粒径变化主要影响爆震波尺寸,而对特征值爆震速度以及波后声速面参数影响甚微.在常温常压的初始条件下,爆震波稳定自维持传播过程中波内不涉及氧化镁的汽化离解过程.     

火焰喷雾热解合成ZrO2纳米颗粒的大涡–群平衡Monte Carlo(LES-PBMC)模拟

本文基于OpenFoam平台开发的非线性大涡模拟–部分搅拌反应器(NLES-PaSR)模型，对FSP湍流喷雾燃烧火焰进行LES模拟，并首次发展了高效的多维群平衡蒙特卡洛(PBMC)方法，对FSP过程中ZrO2纳米颗粒的时空演化过程进行描述。结果表明，FSP是一个剧烈的强湍流燃烧过程，在周围稳燃火焰的影响下，其火焰温度具有两个峰值，且三种动力学事件的发生速率均在第一个温度峰值(HAB=0.012 m)达到最大。随着颗粒在火焰中的迁移及停留时间的增加，颗粒粒径逐渐增大。三种动力学事件之间的相互竞争关系以及颗粒在流场中的迁移行为，共同影响着火焰中颗粒尺寸、形态的演变。     

不同煤种下单颗粒煤粉着火特性研究

煤粉颗粒的着火特性研究对于工业锅炉中煤的高效清洁利用和燃烧器稳定安全的运行具有十分重要的作用。本文基于平面火焰燃烧器,搭建了连续激光辅助高速摄像的光学测量系统,并结合自行开发的颗粒识别与追踪算法、着火时间判定方法、双色测温法等方法,开展了对不同煤种着火方式、着火延迟、着火温度等特性的研究。结果表明:烟煤和褐煤的着火方式为均相着火,且褐煤在脱挥发分过程中存在煤粉颗粒破碎的情况,而无烟煤的着火方式为异相着火;煤等级越低的煤着火延迟时间越短,着火时颗粒温度越低,着火越容易。     

超临界环境条件对碳氢燃料液滴燃烧特性的影响

利用开发的液滴燃烧模型,研究了环境压力、温度以及液滴初始温度对液滴燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在燃料的临界压力下液滴的燃烧寿命最短。随着环境压力的升高,着火延迟逐渐缩短,火焰半径逐渐减小,并且火焰温度在快速上升期的上升速度逐渐减慢。随着环境温度的升高,液滴寿命和着火延迟均逐渐变短,火焰半径逐渐增大。随着液滴初始温度的升高,液滴寿命和着火延迟均线性减小,液滴初始温度只会使液滴的燃烧过程整体提前或延后。     

基于图像处理的生物质颗粒燃烧特性研究

本文通过搭建McKenna型燃烧系统研究生物质颗粒的燃烧特性。基于数字图像处理技术分别研究氧浓度、流量和颗粒尺寸对生物质颗粒燃烧特征和挥发分火焰特征的影响。研究表明,随着氧浓度的增加,生物质颗粒的着火延迟时间、挥发分燃烧时间和碳燃烧时间均呈现下降趋势。挥发分火焰时均面积随着氧浓度的增加而减小,挥发分火焰时均平均亮度随着氧浓度的增加而增加。流量对生物质颗粒燃烧特性的影响与氧浓度的影响相似,而颗粒长度对生物质颗粒燃烧特性的影响与氧浓度和流量的影响相反。     

不同重力下窄通道内薄材料表面的火焰传播

在常重力下模拟微重力燃烧对载人航天器的火灾安全具有重要意义.窄通道就是这样一种可以有效限制自然对流的模拟设施.但是,不同重力下火焰传播的相似性仍然是有待研究的问题.本文用实验和数值模拟的方法,比较了不同重力下有限空间内热薄材料表面的逆风传播火焰.不同重力下火焰形状和火焰传播速度的比较表明,1cm高的水平窄通道可以有效地限制自然对流,在常重力下用这种通道能够模拟微重力下相同几何尺寸的通道中的火焰传播.因此,在地面上首先利用水平窄通道,模拟相同环境中的微重力火焰传播,然后考虑通道尺寸变化对火焰传播的影响,有可能成为地面模拟其他尺寸的空间中的微重力燃烧的方法.     

Dynamics of triple-flames in ignition of turbulent dual fuel mixture: A direct numerical simulation study

Pilot-ignited dual fuel combustion involves a complex transition between the pilot fuel autoignition and the premixed-like phase of combustion, which is challenging for experimental measurement and numerical modelling, and not sufficiently explored. To further understand the fundamentals of the dual fuel ignition processes, the transient ignition and subsequent flame development in a turbulent dimethyl ether (DME)/methane-air mixing layer under diesel engine-relevant conditions are studied by direct numerical simulations (DNS). Results indicate that combustion is initiated by a two-stage autoignition that involves both low-temperature and high-temperature chemistry. The first stage autoignition is initiated at the stoichiometric mixture, and then the ignition front propagates against the mixture fraction gradient into rich mixtures and eventually forms a diffusively-supported cool flame. The second stage ignition kernels are spatially distributed around the most reactive mixture fraction with a low scalar dissipation rate. Multiple triple flames are established and propagate along the stoichiometric mixture, which is proven to play an essential role in the flame developing process. The edge flames gradually get close to each other with their branches eventually connected. It is the leading lean premixed branch that initiates the steady propagating methane-air flame. The time required for the initiation of steady flame is substantially shorter than the autoignition delay time of the methane-air mixture under the same thermochemical condition. Temporal evolution of the displacement speed at the flame front is also investigated to clarify the propagation characteristics of the combustion waves. Cool flame and propagation of triple flames are also identified in this study, which are novel features of the pilot-ignited dual fuel combustion.     

Numerical investigation of pulverized coal particle group combustion using tabulated chemistry

The ignition and combustion of coal particle groups are investigated numerically in a laminar flow reactor. The Flamelet Generated Manifold method is extended to account for the complex mixture of gases being released during devolatilization, which is calculated with a competing two-step model. A second mixture fraction is introduced to include the mixing with the second methane fuel stream. The interactions of the gas phase with particles are modeled within a fully coupled Euler-Lagrange framework. To investigate the influence of particle groups on ignition and combustion, successively increasing densities of particle streams have been analyzed. The ignition delay time is increased significantly by higher particle densities. This delay is validated successfully with the available measurements. Moreover, the shape of the volatile flame was found to be strongly influenced by the particle number density inside the flame. A transition from spherical flames around single particles to a conical flame around the particle cloud could be found in numerical results as well as in experiments. As the primary mechanism for the substantial ignition delay and the formation of the flame, the increased heat transfer from the gas-phase to the particle group, resulting in lower gas-phase temperatures, was identified.     

Formation of dynamic spatial flame structures for gas burning in microchannels with temperature gradients on walls

The thermal-diffusive model was applied to the problem of flame propagation in a microchannel with controlled temperature distribution in the walls; this demonstrated the possibility of formation of oscillating or rotating spatial flame structures, which were described previously in experimental works on microcombustion. Two cases were considered: combustion in a rectangular channel and in the clearance between two disks with radial feeding of premixture. In both cases, the typical across size of the channel was lower than the critical diameter determined with respect to the ambient temperature. The gas flow was assigned and described by the Poiseuille-flow velocity profile. Formation of oscillating flame in a rectangular channel and rotating patterns in a radial channel was observed for a certain range of gas flow rate. At low flow rates beyond this range, repetitive ignition/extinction of flame took place; at high flow rate we observed a steady flame mode. Formation of these special flame structures is related to heat transfer between gas and hot walls of the channel, as well as to velocity maldistribution in the microchannel.     

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性杨长林，舒国才，刘月辉，王懿铭（天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室天津３０Ｏ０７２）关键词高温环境，甲醇喷雾，燃烧特性１前言甲醇作为一种内燃机代用燃料，已经受到了人们的广泛重视，但由于甲醇的十六烷值低，着人性能差，因此在柴...     

Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure

This study aims to clarify the effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure under various turbulence intensities. High-fuel-ratio coals are not usually used in coal-fired thermal power plants because of their low flame stability. The expectation is that ammonia as a hydrogen-energy carrier would improve the ignition capability of coal particles in co-combustion. Experiments on spherical turbulent flame propagation of co-combustion were conducted for various coal types under various turbulence intensities, using the unique experimental apparatus developed for the co-combustion. Experimental results show that the flame speed of co-combustion with a low equivalence ratio of ammonia/oxidizer mixture for bituminous coal case was found to be three times faster than that of pure coal combustion and two times faster than that of pure ammonia combustion. On the other hand, the flame speed of co-combustion for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case is lower than that of the pure ammonia combustion case, although the flame propagation can be sustained due to the ammonia mixing. To explain the difference of tendencies depending on the fuel ratio of coal, a flame propagation mechanism of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion was proposed. Two positive effects are the increases of local equivalence ratio and the increases of radiation heat flux, which increases the flame speed. In opposite, a negative effect is the heat sink effect that decreases the flame speed. The two positive effects on the flame speed of co-combustion overwhelm a negative effect for bituminous coal case, while the negative effect overcomes both positive effects for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case. The findings of the study can contribute to the reduction of solid fuel costs when the ammonia is introduced as CO₂ free energy carrier and can improve the energy security through the utilization of high-fuel-ratio coals.     

Simultaneous observation of liquid phase distribution and flame front evolution during the ignition transient of a LOX/GH2-combustor

Phenomena such as flame propagation, flame/spray interaction and flame stabilization during the transient ignition process in a cryogenic model rocket combustor are investigated on sub-millisecond time scale. Diagnostic techniques developed to characterize the stationary spray flame are applied to investigate the transient evolution of the LOX-spray and the flame front during the ignition process. Ignition is initiated by focusing a pulsed laser into the combustion chamber. Thus, ignition time as well as the position of ignition is well defined. This and the exact control of the delay between ignition and detection time allowed the observation of the evolution of the flame front. The distribution of the liquid oxygen phase and the velocity of LOX droplets and ligaments are determined by light sheet techniques using a double-pulsed laser system. Simultaneously the position of the flame front is measured by recording the spontaneous emission of the OH-radical. By varying the delay timet between ignition and detection in a series of test runs, the transient ignition phenomena has been investigated in the interval from 0 to 5 ms after ignition.     

1-庚烯/空气的高压层流火焰传播研究

本文使用定容圆柱形燃烧弹,在初始温度373 K和初始压力1、2、5、10 atm的条件下,对当量比从0.7到1.5的1-庚烯/空气混合物的层流火焰传播进行了研究.利用记录的纹影图像处理得到层流火焰传播速度和马克斯坦长度.基于先前报道的1-己烯燃烧反应动力学模型,发展了1-庚烯的模型.该模型验证了本工作测量的1-庚烯层流火焰传播速度数据及文献中的1-庚烯着火延迟时间数据.通过开展敏感性分析和路径分析,帮助理解了1-庚烯在不同压力下的高温化学及其对层流火焰传播的影响.另外,比较了1-庚烯/空气和先前报道的正庚烷/空气的层流火焰传播.由于更强的放热性及反应活性,1-庚烯/空气的层流火焰传播速度在绝大多数条件下均快于正庚烷/空气的结果.     

A comparative study on partially premixed combustion (PPC) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in an optical engine

Partially premixed combustion (PPC) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) are two new combustion modes in compression-ignition (CI) engines. However, the detailed in-cylinder ignition and flame development process in these two CI modes were not clearly understood. In the present study, firstly, the fuel stratification, ignition and flame development in PPC and RCCI were comparatively studied on a light-duty optical engine using multiple optical diagnostic techniques. The overall fuel reactivity (PRF number) and concentration (fuel-air equivalence ratio) were kept at 70 and 0.77 for both modes, respectively. Iso-octane and n-heptane were separately used in the port-injection (PI) and direct-injection (DI) for RCCI, while PRF70 fuel was introduced through direct-injection (DI) for PPC. The DI timing for both modes was fixed at –25°CA ATDC. Secondly, the combustion characteristics of PPC and RCCI with more premixed charge were explored by increasing the PI mass fraction for RCCI and using the split DI strategy for PPC. In the first part, results show that RCCI has shorter ignition delay than PPC due to the fuel reactivity stratification. The natural flame luminosity, formaldehyde and OH PLIF images prove that the flame front propagation in the early stage of PPC can be seen, while there is no distinct flame front propagation in RCCI. In the second part, the higher premixed ratio results in more auto-ignition sites and faster combustion rate for PPC. However, the higher premixed ratio reduces the combustion rate in RCCI mode and the flame front propagation can be clearly seen, the flame speed of which is similar to that in spark ignition engines but lower than that in PPC. It can be concluded that the ratio of flame front propagation and auto-ignition in RCCI and PPC can be modulated by the control over the fuel stratification degree through different fuel-injection strategies.     

Effect of the thermophysical properties of the material of a local energy source on conditions and characteristics of ignition of metallized composite propellants

Solid-phase ignition of metallized composite propellants by a single particle heated to a high temperature under conditions of an ideal thermal contact has been numerically studied. The effect of the thermophysical properties of the material of a local energy source on the conditions and characteristics of ignition of composite propellants has been analyzed. It has been found that sources with a high heat storage capacity exhibit shorter ignition delay times for metallized propellants (by 10–60%) and lower initial temperatures required to initiate the combustion process (by 170 K). In addition, it has been found that the presence of particles of metals (boron, aluminum, magnesium, lithium) in the propellant composition leads to an increase in the effective thermal conductivity of the propellant. The cumulative effect of the thermophysical properties of the materials of the “particle heated to a high temperature–metallized composite propellant” system leads to an increase in the ignition delay times (by 25–65%) and the heat penetration depth of the near-surface layer of the propellant (by 25–40%) at the time of combustion initiation compared with metal-free compounds.