光正反方向入射冰洲石Wollaston棱镜分束角的温度效应

为了了解温度变化对光正反方向入射冰洲石晶体Wollaston棱镜分束角的影响,首先明确了棱镜的结构角和晶体中o光、e光的主折射率是决定棱镜分束角的两个因素;然后从温度对这两个因素的影响出发,从理论上对光正反方向入射冰洲石晶体Wollaston棱镜o光、e光分束角的温度效应进行了研究,结果表明：随温度的升高,光正反方向入射时Wollaston棱镜两分束角均在减小,但光正方向入射时o光分束角减小的幅度要比e光大得多,而光反方向入射时e光下降幅度要比o光大得多;总体上光反方向入射要比正方向入射分束角受温度的影响大,实验测试结果与理论分析相吻合.     

冰洲石晶体Wollaston棱镜分束角的温度效应

为了了解温度变化对冰洲石晶体W0llaston棱镜分束角的影响,首先需决定棱镜分束角的两个因素,即棱镜的结构角和晶体中o光、e光的主折射率;然后从温度对这两个因素的影响出发,从理论上对冰洲石晶体Wollaston棱镜中的o光、e光分束角的温度效应进行了研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,两分束角减小,但o光减小的幅度要比e光大得多。建立了实验测试系统,实验测试结果与理论分析结果相吻合。     

冰洲石/氟化钡紫外偏光镜正反向入射时的特性分析

分析了冰洲石/氟化钡紫外外偏光镜在正向使用时透射光束的偏离角及影响因素;指出了该种偏光镜反向使用时等效于罗匈棱镜,并计算了分束角的大小;对这两个特性进行了测试。结果表明:其反向使用时的分束角在265nm—768nm波段内为8°左右,随波长的起伏在9 679°—7 138°之间。反向使用时可以作为性能优良的紫外偏光分束镜,且反向使用时的消光比要优于正向使用时的消光比。     

低功率近红外光的偏振方向对光致折射率变化影响的实验研究

研究了利用低功率近红外光辐照In:Fe:LiNbO3晶体时写入光束的偏振方向对光致折射率变化(Δn)的影响.分别采用正常偏振(o光)和非常偏振(e光)的近红外细激光束,在In:Fe:LiNbO3晶体中进行了光折变实验.研究表明,两种偏振方向引起晶体的Δn实测曲线相似,但变化规律恰好相反,o光引起的折射率变化量约是e光的3倍左右.近红外光写入下两种偏振光束引起晶体的Δn分布规律都不同于可见光,尤其是e光辐照区域中心晶体的折射率升高.因此,通过选择不同偏振方向的近红外光可以在光折变晶体中制作不同折射率分布的非线性光学器件.     

基于洛匈棱镜的偏振度测量与空间退偏度分析方法研究

空间平均型退偏要求退偏后的光束不仅具有低偏振度,还要求避免偏振态的空间带状连续分布.为了实现光束偏振度的测量和空间退偏度的观察,提出基于洛匈棱镜的偏振度测量方法,理论推导了偏振度和各个光功率测量值之间的关系,设计了实验装置,并与全偏振度测量方法进行对比.结果显示:两种测量方法得到的偏振度相对偏差为0.192%,但洛匈棱镜能将o光和e光在空间分离,能对光束偏振态的空间分布进行观测.基于洛匈棱镜的偏振度观测方法结构简单,操作方便,在偏振度和偏振态的空间分布的同时观测中有重要应用.     

冰洲石-玻璃组合平行分束偏光镜的设计研究

为了既节省稀有昂贵的冰洲石晶体材料，又实现偏振光的大剪切差输出，采用冰洲石晶体与光学玻璃组合的方法，设计了一种新型平行分束偏光镜。该棱镜的前后半块分别为ZBaF₃玻璃和冰洲石晶体，由大折射率液态胶合剂溴代萘胶合而成。实验测试表明：该棱镜透射的2束平行光的消光比，o光可达10^－5；尽管受到光学玻璃的影响，e光的消光比仍优于10^－3；透射比均与纯冰洲石晶体材料的棱镜基本相当。理论分析表明：该棱镜自身结构带来的性能影响在一定情况下完全可以忽略，因此具有较好的应用前景。     

双轴晶体主平面上倍频的相位匹配参量

根据折射率椭球方程及双光轴晶体中光波的传播与偏振特性，分析双轴晶体在主平面内激光倍频相位匹配的特性与方法，导出光波在主平面上传播时倍频的相位失配关系；给出双轴晶体中容许相位匹配倍频的相位匹配角及混频的有效非线性系数deff的表达式。利用可相位匹配的类型、相位匹配角公式和有效非线性系数deff表达式的表，容易对任意一具体晶体在一给定波长求出实际能实现相位匹配的类型或偏振组合，算出相位匹配角，比较不同的相位匹配类型或偏振组合的有效非线性系数，选择最佳的相位匹配类型与方向。从相位失配关系可以计算晶体主平面内倍频的接收角、接收光谱宽度等特性参量。     

三元结构90°转向起偏棱镜的设计研究

为了节省稀有昂贵的冰洲石晶体材料,采用冰洲石晶体与光学玻璃组合的方法,设计了一种新型起偏棱镜。设计样品为ZBaF3玻璃中间加冰洲石晶体薄片的三元结构,并通过大折射率液态胶合剂溴代萘胶合而成。该棱镜既可以实现o光的偏振输出,又可实现入射光的90°转向。实验测试结果表明:设计棱镜的透射比在80%以上,消光比优于1-0 3。理论分析和性能测试均表明:三元结构冰洲石-玻璃90°转向起偏棱镜在一般情况下,可以取代相应的纯冰洲石晶体材料的偏光棱镜。     

晶体的主截面和光线的主平面是两个不同的概念

为了便于了解双折射中两束偏振光的特性,引入了晶体的主截面和光线的主平面这两个重要概念. 目前流行的光学教材中,对主截面和主平面的概念的引人说法不一,归纳起来有下面三种: 其一[1,2],把主截面和主平面统一起来写道:包含光轴和光线的平面称为晶体的主截面.O光的光矢量的振动方向垂直于主截面,e光的光矢量的振动方向平行于主截面. 其二[3],根本不提主平面的概念而只提出晶体的主截面.写道:通过光轴并与任一晶面正交的平面叫晶体的主截面.o.光和e光都是线偏振光,但振动方向不同,o光垂直于晶体的主截面,e光平行于晶体的主截面. 其三*,5],…     

双向分束角对称的偏光分束镜设计与性能分析

为了获得分束角对称的偏光分束棱镜，在双Wollaston棱镜结构的基础上，通过合理设计棱镜左右两端晶体光轴的取向，使棱镜整体呈中心切面对称；在保证对正向入射的光对称分束的同时，对反向入射光同样可以对称分束，达到了双向对称分束的目的；在此基础上给出了晶体光轴的旋转角δ与棱镜结构角S以及与波长的关系；并分析了对633 nm设计的棱镜用于其他波长时分束角的对称性.结果表明：在±300 nm的光谱范围内，分束角的不对称度均小于0.24°.     

Electromagnetic wave refraction on the interface of absorptive and transparent isotropic media and non-resonant excitation of surface waves

New formulae for the angles of refraction at the interface of the absorbing/transparent isotropic media are derived from Maxwell's equations. Using the time-averaged Poynting vector for the direction of the beam of light, the noncoincidence of incidence and refraction planes is predicted for the mixed polarization of incident wave. The angle between the refracted beam and incidence plane is especially large for the condition of non-resonant excitation of surface electromagnetic waves at a flat interface of absorptive-transparent media.     

Electro-optic modulation of light propagating near the optic axis with any polarization in uniaxial crystals

The electro-optic effect in uniaxial crystals for light propagating near the optic axis with any polarization has been analyzed. The passive and the electrically induced birefringences and the rotation of polarization direction in crystals have been calculated, and the conoscopic interference figures under orthogonal polariscopes for different polarizer directions have been plotted. The extinction areas caused by the rotation of polarization direction in crystals change with the polarizer direction, but the two heads of the induced optical axes do not vary, which are always on the induced principal axis with bigger refractive index. The directions of polariscopes are always extinction, and the ±45° directions with polarizer are always complete transmission. The conoscopic interference figures for LiNbO₃ crystals have been demonstrated experimentally by rotating polariscopes directions, which accord with the theoretically calculating plots.     

A stationary phase argument for the modal wave beam deviation in the time-space domain for anisotropic multilayered media

The aim of the paper is to describe the physical phenomenon of the excitation of modal waves, such as Lamb waves, in anisotropic multilayered media by a monochromatic incident beam and then by a time depending signal. A modal beam is generated in the structure and, due to the anisotropy of the media constituting the structure, is deviated with respect to the sagittal plane of the incident bounded beam. Using a stationary phase approach, it is possible to determine the deviation direction of the modal beam in the far field at a given frequency. This direction is normal to the modal curve, at the point corresponding to the main modal wave vector. Using Lagrange multipliers, it is possible to obtain the equation of an oblique plane in which the modal beam reradiates in the external fluid. As the modal waves are dispersive, the group velocity and the direction of propagation of the principal modal wave vary with the frequency. So, in the far field, for a time depending signal, the different monochromatic components of the main modal wave are found in different directions. In general, the main crest line of this modal wave packet is not a straight line.     

扩展琼斯矩阵在研究Solc滤波器离轴消光比中的应用

根据广泛使用的双折射材料的性质以及滤波器入射角有限的特点,讨论了晶体中o光和e光的关系;根据光的折射定律,将光在晶体表面的折射效果表述为输入、输出折射率矩阵;建立了从入射面坐标系到晶体本征坐标系的坐标变换矩阵;推出了简化的扩展琼斯矩阵。整个过程物理思想清楚,每个矩阵表示的物理意义直观、明确,得到的结果简单,计算量小。用于Solc滤波器消光比的研究,给出了在任意入射角下计算多块晶片Solc滤波器传输特性的一般表达式,对Solc滤波器锥光干涉图作了数值模拟。适用于计算各种类型双折射滤波器的离轴消光比。     

Scattering of a Bessel beam by a sphere

The exact scattering by a sphere centered on a Bessel beam is expressed as a partial wave series involving the scattering angle relative to the beam axis and the conical angle of the wave vector components of the Bessel beam. The sphere is assumed to have isotropic material properties so that the nth partial wave amplitude for plane wave scattering is proportional to a known partial-wave coefficient. The scattered partial waves in the Bessel beam case are also proportional to the same partial-wave coefficient but now the weighting factor depends on the properties of the Bessel beam. When the wavenumber-radius product ka is large, for rigid or soft spheres the scattering is peaked in the backward and forward directions along the beam axis as well as in the direction of the conical angle. These properties are geometrically explained and some symmetry properties are noted. The formulation is also suitable for elastic and fluid spheres. A partial wave expansion of the Bessel beam is noted.     

改型Wollaston棱镜的光程差及其特性分析

简述了改型Wollaston棱镜的偏光结构和分光机理;应用波法线追迹法分析了光在棱镜中的传播规律与波矢轨迹;推导出了任意入射面内、以任意角入射时光在棱镜中的传播方向及出射点坐标;给出了改型Wollaston棱镜中o光和e光光程差的理论表达公式;采用计算机模拟,给出了光程差随入射角、入射面与棱镜主截面的夹角、棱镜结构角及波长的变化曲线,并对其变化特性进行了深入的分析. 该研究对偏光棱镜的理论研究具有普遍的指导意义,为偏振分光器件及干涉成像光谱仪的研制和应用提供了重要的理论依据和实践指导. 关键词： 改型Wollaston棱镜 波法线追迹法 光程差     

Horizontal refraction of sound rays due to short-period internal waves in the ocean

The effect of a short-period internal wave measured in field conditions on the horizontal (side) refraction of sound rays is estimated. The angle of horizontal refraction, i.e., the angle between the direction of the signal arrival in the horizontal plane and the true direction to the sound source, is determined. The influence of various factors, such as the position of the receiving system in depth with respect to the layer of high sound velocity gradients, the rotation of the transmitter-receiver track with respect to the internal wave front, etc., on the horizontal refraction is estimated. Numerical calculations are carried out. Conclusions about the possible errors that arise in determining the azimuth direction to the sound source because of the effect of short-period internal waves are derived.     

Light refraction from air in glass in the case of light beam departure from the refracting surface

The effect of light refraction in the case of a light beam departing from the refracting face of a prism is examined in this paper. It is established that the refracted flux diminishes to zero as the angle of departure increases to 14°; the angle of refraction is independent of the angle of departure, and equals the angle of refraction of glazing rays. The nature of the distribution of the refracted ray intensity along the refracting face is determined. Data are presented about the intensity distribution in the refracted beam at the exit from the prism and in the plane of the radiation detector.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 55–58, December, 1987.The author is grateful to V. E. Zuev and S. D. Tvorogov for attention to the research and discussion of its results.     

Beyond Snel's law: Refraction of a nano-beam of light

The refraction of a localized narrow beam is significantly different from that of a plane wave. As the beam width decreases to be in the order of the wavelength, the refraction behavior deviates noticeably from Snel's law, and when the width of a light beam is smaller than about one fifth of the wavelength of the incident light, finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrate that refraction becomes negligible. That is, the narrow light beam retains its propagation direction even after entering another medium at an oblique angle. The result reveals novel features of nano-beams and may have applications in precise biomedical measurement or micro optical device.