激光水中衰减系数的比较测量法研究

研究了激光水下衰减系数的比较测量法,通过在激光传输路径上进行多点测量激光能量或功率,经过数据拟合获得准确的激光水中衰减系数,此方法可以消除一般测量方法容器侧壁的反射及吸收的影响,并可在较长距离测量激光传输路径上不同位置的衰减系数。在实验室中测量了脉冲绿光、连续绿光、连续蓝光在自来水中衰减系数并进行了比较,结果表明蓝光在水中的衰减系数大于绿光。对水下光通信及水下目标探测具有一定参考价值。     

连续谱X射线在ICT中的能谱硬化修正模型

X射线ICT中,由于连续谱X射线源在穿过物质时,能量较低的射线优先被吸收,也即较高能量的X射线的衰减系数比较低能量的X射线的衰减系数小,射线随透射厚度增大,变得更易穿透,也就是发生了能谱硬化现象。如不加修正,必引起赝像。文中对能谱硬化现象进行实验和理论上的分析,探讨了在均匀物质中, X射线的衰减系数与透射厚度的关系, 提出新的能谱硬化修正方法和严谨精确的能谱硬化修正模型。     

X-ray extended-range technique for precision measurement of the X-ray mass attenuation coefficient and Im(f) for copper using synchrotron radiation

We reconsider the long-standing problem of accurate measurement of atomic form factors for fundamental and applied problems. We discuss the X-ray extended-range technique for accurate measurement of the mass attenuation coefficient and the imaginary component of the atomic form factor. Novelties of this approach include the use of a synchrotron with detector normalisation, the direct calibration of dominant systematics using multiple thicknesses, and measurement over wide energy ranges with a resulting improvement of accuracies by an order of magnitude. This new technique achieves accuracies of 0.27–0.5% and reproducibility of 0.02% for attenuation of copper from 8.84 to 20 keV, compared to accuracies of 10% using atomic vapours. This precision challenges available theoretical calculations. Discrepancies of 10% between current theory and experiments can now be addressed.     

Evidence for a crossover in the frequency dependence of the acoustic attenuation in vitreous silica

We report measurements of the sound attenuation coefficient in vitreous silica, for sound waves of wavelength between 50 and 80 nm, performed with the new inelastic UV light scattering technique. These data indicate that in silica glass a crossover between a temperature-dependent (at low frequency) and a temperature-independent (at high frequency) acoustic attenuation mechanism occurs at Q approximately equal to 0.15 nm(-1). The absence of any signature in the static structure factor at this Q value suggests that the observed crossover should be associated with local elastic constant fluctuations.     

Optimization of the algorithms for estimating the ultrasonic attenuation along the propagation path

In this study, we perform statistical analysis on two methods used to estimate the total ultrasound attenuation along the propagation path from the surface of the transducer to a region of interest at a particular depth; namely, the spectral-fit method and the multiple-filter method. We derive mathematical equations for the bias and variance in the attenuation estimates as a function of region of interest (ROI) size, imaging system bandwidth, and number of independent Gaussian filters (for the multiple filter method). We use numerical simulations to validate the mathematical equations and compare the two algorithms. The results show that the variance in the total attenuation coefficient estimates obtained with the two methods are comparable, and that the estimates are unbiased. For the multiple filter method, the optimal number of Gaussian filters is two.     

X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中的能谱硬化修正模型

X射线TICT中,由于X射线能谱具有多色性, X射线在透射物质时,能量较低的射线优先被吸收,也即较高能量的X射线的衰减系数比较低能量的X射线的衰减系数小,射线随透射厚度增大,变得更易穿透,也就是发生了能谱硬化现象。如不加修正,必引起赝像。文中对能谱硬化现象进行了分析,探讨了X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中, X射线的衰减系数与透射厚度的关系, 并根据Beer定律和X射线与复合材料作用的特点, 推导出X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中, 严谨精确的能谱硬化修正模型及其修正方法。对修正后的衰减系数再做卷积反投影重构, 即可有效消除能谱硬化造成的影响。     

Absorption and scattering effects of Maalox,chlorophyll, and sea salt on a micro-LED-based underwater wireless optical communication [Invited]

In this work, a blue gallium nitride(GaN) micro-light-emitting-diode(micro-LED)-based underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC) system was built, and UWOCs with varied Maalox, chlorophyll, and sea salt concentrations were studied. Data transmission performance of the UWOC and the influence of light attenuation were investigated systematically. Maximum data transmission rates at the distance of 2.3 m were 933, 800, 910,and 790 Mbps for experimental conditions with no impurity, 200.48 mg/m~3 Maalox, 12.07 mg/m~3 chlorophyll,and 5 kg/m~3 sea salt, respectively, much higher than previously reported systems with commercial LEDs. It was found that increasing chlorophyll, Maalox, and sea salt concentrations in water resulted in an increase of light attenuation, which led to the performance degradation of the UWOC. Further analysis suggests two light attenuation mechanisms, e.g., absorption by chlorophyll and scattering by Maalox, are responsible for the decrease of maximum data rates and the increase of bit error rates. Based on the absorption and scattering models,excellent fitting to the experimental attenuation coefficient can be achieved, and light attenuation by absorption and scattering at different wavelengths was also investigated. We believe this work is instructive apply UWOC for practical applications.     

In-line concentration measurement in complex liquids using ultrasonic sensors

Recently there has been increased demand for chemical sensors measuring in-line the concentration of selected substances in complex liquids in order to guarantee a high product quality in the process industry. At present there is a great interest in acoustic sensor systems for concentration measurements. This article presents a new ultrasonic sensor system consisting of a miniaturized multi-sensor arrangement for the comprehensive acoustic characterization of liquid mixtures. The sensor system measures sound velocity, impedance coefficient, attenuation coefficient and temperature.     

Quantification of color alteration in human teeth with optical coherence tomography

It is necessary to develop a laboratory model to evaluate tooth discoloration, because there are several limitations to assessment methods at present stage. Therefore, in this letter, we report the results from a pilot study on using optical coherence tomography imaging method to quantify color alteration in the human teeth treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching in vitro. Quantitative comparison of chromogens reduction in dental tissue showed that near infrared attenuation coefficient (μ) increased for enamel with the bleaching passage time and diminution for dentine. Therefore, the precise detection of the change in attenuation coefficient is can accurate quantitative chromogens alteration in tooth. OCT has a potential to become a useful tool for the assessment color alteration in human teeth.     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

高量级光衰减时对线偏振片组衰光系数的研究

利用琼斯矢量法推导实际偏振片的琼斯矩阵和两片偏振片组的透射光强表达式和衰光系数表达式.通过计算说明,在高量级光衰减时用马吕斯定律计算偏振片的衰光率存在一定误差.因此,该衰光系数表达式可作为马吕斯定律实际运用时的修正式.依据该理论推导得出两偏振片组的最大衰光率为2ε2,并得到三偏振片组的关于θ2的透射光强表达式.该式以及相应实验表明在θ1,θ2=90°,135°和90°,315°时最大衰光率可达到2ε4.     

Determination of optical parameters of pulp suspensions by time-resolved detection of photoacoustic signals and total diffuse reflectance measurements

Time-resolved photoacoustics were used to measure the optical parameters of pulp suspensions for the first time. Reconstructing stress distribution along the direction of the incident laser light allows the effective attenuation coefficient of these suspensions to be determined. Simultaneously, the total diffuse reflectance of the suspensions was measured by the same laser source. Based on the effective attenuation coefficient and total diffuse reflectance, the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of pulp suspensions can be calculated. In this study, three kinds of pulp suspensions with different kappa number (2, 13, and 16), a measure of lignin content in pulp fibers, were diluted with water to make samples with a consistency range from 1% to 5%, and studied at 355 nm wavelength. The results showed that the optical coefficients were approximately proportional to pulp consistency; on the other hand, the absorption coefficient was linearly correlated with kappa number, but the reduced scattering coefficient was not. Therefore, by determining its optical parameters, it is possible to extract the consistency and kappa number of an unknown pulp suspension.     

A generalized method of converting CT image to PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution in PET/CT imaging

The accuracy of attenuation correction in positron emission tomography scanners depends mainly on deriving the reliable 511-keV linear attenuation coefficient distribution in the scanned objects. In the PET/CT system, the linear attenu- ation distribution is usually obtained from the intensities of the CT image. However, the intensities of the CT image relate to the attenuation of photons in an energy range of 40 keV-140 keV. Before implementing PET attenuation correction, the intensities of CT images must be transformed into the PET 511-keV linear attenuation coefficients. However, the CT scan parameters can affect the effective energy of CT X-ray photons and thus affect the intensities of the CT image. Therefore, for PET/CT attenuation correction, it is crucial to determine the conversion curve with a given set of CT scan parameters and convert the CT image into a PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution. A generalized method is proposed for con- verting a CT image into a PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution. Instead of some parameter-dependent phantom calibration experiments, the conversion curve is calculated directly by employing the consistency conditions to yield the most consistent attenuation map with the measured PET data. The method is evaluated with phantom experiments and small animal experiments. In phantom studies, the estimated conversion curve fits the true attenuation coefficients accurately, and accurate PET attenuation maps are obtained by the estimated conversion curves and provide nearly the same correction results as the true attenuation map. In small animal studies, a more complicated attenuation distribution of the mouse is obtained successfully to remove the attenuation artifact and improve the PET image contrast efficiently.     

噻酮对离体乳猪皮肤光透明效果影响的实验研究

研究一种新型促渗剂——噻酮对皮肤组织光透明效果的影响。分别用单纯聚乙二醇400(PEG400)溶液以及PEG400与噻酮的混合溶液作用于含角质层及去角质层的离体乳猪皮肤,利用积分球系统动态检测样品对632．8 nm光的透射率变化,并对样品拍照获得直观图。结果表明:混合溶液作用于两种皮肤模型后,其光透明性均有不同程度的增加,即衰减系数降低;比较去角质层皮肤与含角质层皮肤的衰减系数的变化,前者比后者大19倍;单纯的PEG400仅对去角质皮肤有一定的光透明效果,并且所导致的皮肤衰减系数的降低仅为混合液作用后的2/3。因此,噻酮作为良好的促渗剂能与PEG400产生协同效应,有效提高皮肤光透明效果。     

Time-resolved Monte Carlo Simulation of Propagation of Photons Through Layered Tissues

The propagation of photons through layered tissues is discussed using time resolved Monte Carlo method. The effects of the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and anisotropy coefficient on the shape of time resolved transmission are investigated. The energy attenuation of light in layered tissues is also achieved for the infinitesimal-width light and infinite-width light, respectively.     

三维高斯拟合激光光强快速衰减算法

为缩短衰减倍率调整的时间,提高激光参数测试的效率,提出激光光强快速衰减算法。衰减倍率精确调整量由当前衰减倍率和采集到的光斑光强真实的最大灰度值共同决定。当因光电接收器件(CCD)饱和造成采集光斑图像失真时,即衰减倍率过小时,由于激光光斑的光强通常满足高斯分布,通过对光斑图像进行处理,去除饱和部分光强信息,对剩余部分光强信息利用最小二乘法进行三维高斯拟合,还原出激光光斑光强的真实分布并获得最大灰度值;当衰减倍率过大时,根据采集光斑图像可以直接获得当前最大灰度值,最后通过计算获得最佳的衰减倍率调整值,实现了激光光强快速准确的调整。算法的有效性通过步进电机带动的双轮可变衰减器及CCD配合得到验证。     

Time-resolved Monte Carlo Simulation of Propagation of Photons Through Layered Tissues

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基于衍射条纹非对称性的表面波衰减系数的测量

通过采用将入射光掠入射到频率为几百赫兹的衰减低频液体表面波上,观察到了清晰的间距分布具有明显非对称性的衍射条纹。当入射光掠入射到低频液体表面上时,衍射图样非对称分布具有普遍性。理论上得到了考虑表面波衰减影响后观察屏处衍射光强分布的解析表达式。理论结果表明:衍射图样的这种非对称分布与衍射级次、入射光波波长、液体表面波波长及表面波衰减系数有关;正负级次衍射亮条纹距离中央零级亮条纹的间距体现表面波衰减信息;正衍射级次之间以及负衍射级次之间的条纹间距体现表面波波长信息。利用所提出的方法实现了对几百赫兹液体表面波的衰减系数的实时便捷测量。     

Multiple scattering and modeling of laser in fog

When a laser is transmitted in fog, and the water droplets will scatter and absorb the laser, which affects the intensity of the laser transmission and the accuracy of radar detection. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the laser transmission in the fog. At present, the main method of calculating the scattering and attenuation characteristics of fog is based on the radiation transmission theory, which is realized by a large number of numerical calculations or physical simulation methods, which takes time and cannot meet the requirements for obtaining the fast and accurate results. Therefore, in this paper established are a new laser forward attenuation model and backward attenuation model in low visibility fog. It is found that in low visibility environments, the results calculated by the Monte Carlo method are more accurate than those from most of the existing forward attenuation models. For the cases of 0.86-μm, 1.06-μm, 1.315-μm, 10.6-μm typical lasers incident on different fogs with different visibilities, a backscatter model is established, the error between the fitting result and the calculation result is analyzed, the backward attenuation fitting parameters of the new model are tested, and a more accurate fitting result is obtained.     

基于脉冲分组的光剂量监控新算法

精确控制脉冲激光加工光剂量是保证加工产品工艺和质量的关键。在对现有的光剂量控制算法进行分析后,提出了基于脉冲分组的光剂量监控新算法,有效提高了光剂量监测精度和反馈控制速度。设计了光剂量监控系统,实现了脉冲激光加工光剂量实时监测及反馈控制。与Ophir公司的StarLab激光能量测量系统相比,500个激光脉冲以内的总能量测量,本系统测量误差不超过±0.1 5%。对一套脉冲最大重复频率为10 kHz、单脉冲最大能量为5 mJ、恒压工作下最大能量波动为±10%的脉冲激光加工系统光剂量进行了监控实验。在本系统的监控下,可将日标光剂量为150 mJ/mm~2以内的加工光剂量控制精度和重复精度分别控制在0.90%和0.100mJ/mm~2以内,同时将光剂量反馈控制速度提高了4倍。