Soliton Transmission and Reflection Due to the Inhomogeneity

A new approach to nonlinear wave in one-dimensional discontinuous fluid-filled elastic tube is presented. As-a model, an elastic tube which has a discontinuity of radius, thickness and Young's modulus is considered. The incident, reffe cted and transmitted waves are described by KdV equations. The reflected and transmitted waves are constructed from incident wave analytically. Fission and reflection of a soliton due to the discontinuity are explicitly shown in the lowest order     

Polarized light for horizontal incidence and reflection by plane-parallel atmospheres

We show that the intensity vector of light reflected by a plane-parallel atmosphere is discontinuous if the directions of incidence and reflection are both horizontal. An exact expression describing the discontinuity is presented. This expression shows that the discontinuity is only due to first order scattering at the top of the atmosphere and occurs for all four Stokes parameters, as well as for the polarized intensity. No discontinuity exists, however, for the degrees of linear and circular polarization. The exact expression may be applied, for example, to clarify the results of photo-polarimetric observations of regions near the intensity poles of a planet. Another application concerns the possibility of obtaining values for the albedo of single scattering and scattering matrix elements as functions of the scattering angle at the top of a cloud deck or aerosol layer from observations for nearly horizontal directions of incidence and reflection.     

旋转间断过渡层中的粒子轨道

用一维粒子Code研究了旋转间断过渡层中的粒子轨道。发现绝大多数粒子都能穿过过渡层到达下游区;但是,有少量的粒子被捕获在过渡层内;也有一定数量的粒子被反射回上游区。捕获粒子数和反射粒子数与过渡层厚度D有关。在稳定旋转间断中,反射粒子数和捕获粒子数分别为2％和3％左右。对于不稳定的旋转间断,这两个比值可上升2-4倍。反射粒子和捕获粒子的动力学效应可以很好地解释旋转间断,中间激波和多重激波模拟的一些重要结果.     

Observation of the lateral displacement of surface acoustic beams reflected at boundaries of layered substrates

The reflection of an acoustic surface wave incident on a velocity discontinuity is studied near the critical angle by using an optical-diffraction probe. The abrupt velocity change is implemented on fused quartz and on single crystal quartz substrates by plating the surface with a prism-shaped gold layer. A lateral displacement of the reflected beam, relative to the mirror-reflection path, is observed. For angles of incidence corresponding to total reflection, the phenomenon exhibits a behaviour which is similar to the Goos-Hänchen effect encountered at the total reflection of bounded electromagnetic waves. However, contrary to the electromagnetic case, it is found here that a significant lateral shift occurs also for angles well into the partial-reflection region and that the reflected beam profile is considerably distorted at the critical angle. These observations may be evidence of a leaky-wave mode along the boundary of the plated area, with the phase-matching condition satisfied at or near the critical angle.     

On the nature of the phase transition in MnO

The temperature dependence of the nuclear Bragg reflection (222) and of the magnetic Bragg reflection (111) of MnO was simultaneously measured by neutron diffraction on a powder sample. The intensity of the nuclear line exhibits a 40% drop at temperatures between 113 and 116 K. This dip was attributed to a decrease of the Bragg intensity due to structural fluctuations. If the effect of these fluctuations on the magnetic intensity is taken into account, the magnetization discontinuity is found to be greatly reduced or even to disappear, in disagreement with other authors.     

Reflexionsversuche mit elektromagnetisch erzeugten Verdichtungsstößen hoher Mach-Zahlen

In a 80 cm long quartz-tube of 33 mm diameter plasma is generated by theta-pinch mechanism with conical coil and accelerated in the direction along the axis of the tube. A luminous front is observed and its velocity has been studied in, in dependence of coil distance and initial pressure. In Helium in a pressure range from 0·3 to 5 Torr it has been found by reflection experiments that before the luminous front a discontinuity in the pressure is moving ahead of the luminous front. The distanceΔx between this discontinuity and luminous front increases with increasing distance from the coil and with increasing initial pressure for instance up to 10 cm at a distance of about 50 cm and an initial pressure of 5 Torr. The results are compared to theoretical considerations.     

On reflection from a suddenly created plasma half-space: transientsolution

The reflection by a suddenly created plasma half-space of a time-harmonic plane electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is considered. The problem involves a temporal discontinuity, a spatial discontinuity, and a dispersive medium. The steady-state solution is obtained by considering the basic features of the scattering processes due to each of the discontinuities in terms of analogous transmission-line models. The electric field of the reflected wave consists of two components. One component (called component A) is of the same frequency as the incident wave frequency and is due to the spatial discontinuity. The other component (called component B) is of a different frequency and arises because of the temporal discontinuity. The B component is damped out even if the plasma is only slightly lossy. The damping rate of the B component is calculated. The transient solution is obtained through the use of Laplace transforms. The solution is given in terms of Bessel-like functions. The limiting value of this solution is shown to agree with the steady-state solution. Numerical results illustrating the transient effects are for two typical cases     

Infrared spectroscopy of self-assembled monolayer films on silicon

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry has been employed to investigate the presence of organic thin layers on Si-wafer surfaces. The phenomena have been simulated to show there can be a field enhancement with the presented single-reflection ATR (SR-ATR) approach which is substantially larger than for conventional ATR or specular reflection. In SR-ATR, a discontinuity of the field normal to the film contributes a field enhancement in the lower index thin film causing a two order of magnitude increase in sensitivity. SR-ATR was employed to characterize a single monolayer of undecylenic acid self-assembled on Si(1 1 1) and to investigate a two monolayer system obtained by adding a monolayer of bovine serum albumin protein.     

Modal coupling in acoustic waveguides: planar discontinuities

A new derivation for a scattering matrix for reflection and transmission of higher order modes at the planar junction of two waveguides is presented. The derivation is extended to include finite junction wall impedance and offset waveguides. The resulting matrix equations are analyzed and the physical significance of the matrices is explained. As an example of the theory, analytical expressions for the coupling coefficients at a size change in a rectangular duct are developed and the resulting reflection and transmission coefficients are computed. The results should be of interest to the HVAC noise control community. The paper also shows the effects of modal truncation on the accuracy and convergence of the solution. It is shown that the proper selection of the ratio of the number of modes on either side of the discontinuity is related to the ratio of the characteristic sizes of the waveguides. Finally it is shown that at least one higher mode should be included for reasonable accuracy in the computation of plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients except at the very lowest frequencies.     

无粘流中能捕捉较弱的接触间断和激波的反扩散差分格式

在研究弱入射激波遇到对称楔以后的马赫反射现象时,激波管实验不易测出很弱的接触间断,也不易捕捉到马赫反射与正规反射转换的条件。文章一方面研究了可压流体力学欧拉方程的数值方法,首先是用反扩散法改进接触间断的计算;另一方面根据格式粘性的特性和它引出的很微小的熵的变化规律来显示很弱的接触间断和反射激波。这样才易于将对三波点的分析推进一步。文[5,6]曾预言了一种反散波是连续的压缩波的新的激波反射类型。我们设想并根据计算初步确认这新类型反射实际应该是简单马赫反射,反射波虽弱仍是激波。     

Extension of the radiation spectrum method for the reflection calculation at the end of a strongly guiding optical waveguide

In this work we extend the radiation spectrum method (RSM) with evanescent modes to use it for the calculation of the reflection coefficient at the end of a strongly guiding dielectric waveguide. The extension is made by considering the coupling between the radiation (or evanescent) modes at both sides of the optical discontinuity. To insure the convergence of the method, this extension is achieved analytically. Using this technique, we show that for small guide width, the generation of evanescent modes results in a complex reflection coefficient. The magnitude and the phase of the reflection coefficient are calculated and compared with the simple theory of the effective index as well as the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. The spectra of the transmitted and reflected fields are also obtained.     

Theoretical analysis of the characteristic impedance in metal-insulator-metal plasmonic transmission lines

We propose a closed form formulation for the impedance of the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic transmission lines by solving the Maxwell's equations. We provide approximations for thin and thick insulator layers sandwiched between metallic layers. In the case of very thin dielectric layer, the surface waves on both interfaces are strongly coupled resulting in an almost linear dependence of the impedance of the plasmonic transmission line on the thickness of the insulator layer. On the other hand, for very thick insulator layer, the impedance does not vary with the insulator layer thickness due to the weak-coupling/decoupling of the surface waves on each metal-insulator interface. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed formulation using two test scenarios, namely, almost zero reflection in T-junction and reflection from line discontinuity in the design of Bragg reflectors, where we compare our formulation against previously published results.     

反射声波成像测井的有限元模拟

应用有限元法对新兴的反射声波成像测井进行了数值模拟研究，计算了井旁附近存在不同倾角声阻抗不连续界面对声波的反射，使用的井内激励源为幅度加权相控线阵声波辐射器。从计算出的声全波波形上可以清楚地看到沿井壁传播的折射波和来自井旁界面的反射纵波。应用偏移叠加等数据处理技术对数值模拟波形进行了处理，从偏移剖面上反演出的反射界面的尺寸、位置和倾角等几何特性与数值模拟输入参数基本一致。     

Inverse problem of reflection of electromagnetic waves from layered inhomogeneous plasma-like structures with refractive-index discontinuity

To reconstruct the distribution of free carriers in a layered inhomogeneous plasma-like half-space during the electromagnetic-wave reflection, we derive the Gelfrand-Levitan-Marchenko integral equation for structures with refractive-index discontinuity by the inverse problem method. Exact model solutions of the generalized equations are analyzed. The applicability limits and scope of these exact solutions for reconstruction problems are shown. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 31–39, January 2007     

Time evolution of electron wave-packets in modulated superlattices and at their boundaries

Time evolution of an electron wave-packet moving perpendicular to a superlattice surface is calculated by numerically solving the Schrödinger differential equation. Reflections and penetrations of the wave-packets at the superlattice surface are shown. Low transmission efficiency is observed when the potential discontinuity between two component semiconductors of the superlattice is large, even though the electron impinging energy is in the allowed mini-band of the superlattice. An “anti-reflection coating” which removes this reflection is discussed. The effect of layer-thickness fluctuation on the electron scattering is also simulated by this method. It is found that a fluctuation model of no correlation with neighboring layers produce a scattering rate which strongly depends on the random number sequence used to generate the fluctuation.     

Wave reflection and transmission in beams

The vibrational behaviour of beam systems can be expressed in terms of waves of both propagating and near field types. A propagating wave incident upon a discontinuity gives rise to reflected and transmitted waves of both kinds whose amplitudes may be found from well-known reflection and transmission coefficients. In this paper the approach is extended to the case of incident near field waves, reflection and transmission matrices being derived for the cases of a point support and a change in section. Reflection at a boundary and the effects of applied excitations are also considered. It is seen that incident near fields can give rise to substantial propagating components. The application of the results to the analysis of free and forced vibration of beams is then demonstrated. By adopting this approach the effects of the interaction of the near fields with neighbouring discontinuities are fully included.     

Further studies on moving source solutions relevant to jet noise

This study expands further on an earlier study reported in this journal wherein the power spectrum and total power of a moving point source in a round, slug flow jet were calculated. In the present study three further aspects are reported on. Firstly the effect of non-axial lines of source convection is explored with the aid of a plane jet, line source model problem. Secondly, for centerline source convection in a round jet, the effect of a small (non-zero) shear layer thickness is studied. This procedure is first illustrated by an application to the classical problem of reflection of plane sound waves from a velocity discontinuity. Finally inferences regarding the peak angle in the radiation pattern are drawn from the study and shown to be in rough agreement with experimental data.     

Dynamics of supersonic plane plasma jets

Using a fast photorecorder (FPR), the process of flight and reflection from a wall of a plane pulsed plasma jet in a closed gas-filled cylindrical volume is investigated. It is shown that, in an electrical-discharge source, a plane jet is formed from a set of individual flames. The gasdynamic structure of an individual flame is investigated. From the change in jet velocity at the pressure discontinuity, the plasma temperature in the discharge channel and in the jet is estimated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 44–47, May, 1982.It remains to thank V. V. Pozdeev for providing the FPR, S. S. Smolyakov for useful discussions, and N. V. Nosov for participation in individual experiments.     

Wave reflection and transmission due to defects in infinite structural waveguides at high frequencies

In waveguide structures, waves may be partially reflected by local non-uniformities such as cracks and other defects. The reflection and transmission characteristics associated with the presence of a discontinuity may be used, in principle, to give some indication of both the location and size of the defect. A combined spectral element and finite element (SE/FE) method has been used previously to investigate the effects of local non-uniformities at relatively low frequencies. However, for analysis at higher frequencies, where complex deformation of the waveguide occurs, it is necessary to extend this approach. Such high frequency analysis is necessary if small defects are to be located within the waveguide cross-section. In order to investigate wave propagation at higher frequencies, a combined spectral super element and finite element (SSE/FE) method is presented. This method allows the transmission, reflection and wave conversion at discontinuities to be determined for complex waveguides. As an example of the use of this method, wave reflection and transmission in rails are estimated at frequencies between 20 and 40 kHz for various notional sawcut-like defects of progressively increasing size. This shows the feasibility of the approach for realistic waveguides. However, from these simulations it is shown that defects have to be quite large before they can be detected using a single transducer position on the rail cross-section using train-induced vibration.