Experimental evidence of interatomic coulombic decay from the auger final states in argon dimers

Interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) from an Auger-final dicationic state is observed in the Ar dimer. A 2p inner-shell vacancy created by photoionization is replaced with 3s and 3p vacancies via intra-atomic Auger decay. The Auger-final dicationic state is subject to ICD in which one of the 3p electrons in the same Ar atom fills the 3s vacancy while one of the 3p electrons from the neighboring Ar atom is emitted as an ICD electron. This ICD process is unambiguously identified by electron-ion-ion coincidence spectroscopy in which the kinetic energy of the ICD electron and the kinetic energy release between Ar+ and Ar2+ are measured in coincidence.     

Intermolecular coulomb decay at weakly coupled heterogeneous interfaces

Surface ejection of H(+)(H(2)O)(n=1-8) from low energy electron irradiated water clusters adsorbed on graphite and graphite with overlayers of Ar, Kr or Xe results from intermolecular Coulomb decay (ICD) at the mixed interface. Inner valence holes in water (2a(1)(-1)), Ar (3s(-1)), Kr (4s(-1)), and Xe (5s(-1)) correlate with the cluster appearance thresholds and initiate ICD. Proton transfer occurs during or immediately after ICD and the resultant Coulomb explosion leads to H(+)(H(2)O)(n=1-8) desorption with kinetic energies that vary with initiating state, final state, and interatomic or molecular distances.     

Electron-transfer-mediated decay and interatomic Coulombic decay from the triply ionized states in argon dimers

We report the first observation of electron-transfer-mediated decay (ETMD) and interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) from the triply charged states with an inner-valence vacancy, using the Ar dimer as an example. These ETMD and ICD processes, which lead to fragmentation of Ar(3+)-Ar into Ar(2+)-Ar(2+) and Ar(3+)-Ar+, respectively, are unambiguously identified by electron-ion-ion coincidence spectroscopy in which the kinetic energy of the ETMD or ICD electron and the kinetic energy release between the two fragment ions are measured in coincidence.     

Editorial

A high resolution electron spectroscopy technique is used to study the autoionization of noble gases excited by fast neutral noble gas atoms with 80–600 eV kinetic energy. The energy and notation of the excited states is determined by considering the proper quantum defects in the Rydberg series. The doubly excited states prevail over the singly excited ones. Like and unlike colliding pairs are studied and various excitation processes are suggested for the HeKr, ArKr and ArXe systems.     

Measurement of the energy dependences of the photoelectron angular distribution parameters for Ar 3p and Kr 4p electrons using an electron-electron coincidence experiment

The energy dependence of the photoelectron angular distribution parameter (β) has been measured for Ar 3p and Kr 4p electrons in the energy ranges 4–54 eV and 4–40 eV above threshold respectively, using 3.5 keV electron impact with coincidence detection of the scattered and ejected electrons. This energy range is considerably greater than that covered in previous experiments. The data over the whole energy range are compared with the Hartree-Fock calculations of Kennedy and Manson and with those of Amusia et al., using the random phase approximation with exchange method. For Ar the calculations of Amusia et al., which take into account many-electron correlations, are shown to agree more closely with the present data. The data are also shown to be in very good agreement with earlier experimental data obtained over a more limited energy range using electron synchrotron radiation.     

Investigations of positronium formation and destruction using 3gamma/2gammaannihilation-ratio measurements

Positronium (Ps) produced by 4 to 40 eV positrons colliding with Ne, Ar, Kr, CO2, and O2 is investigated by measuring the ratio of signals of two gamma rays in coincidence resulting from (a) three gamma annihilation of ortho-Ps and (b) two annihilation gamma rays due to para-Ps decay and destruction of ortho-Ps at an aluminum scattering cell surface. These ratios provide evidence that relates to the kinetic energy dependence of ortho-Ps interactions with an aluminum surface, the Ps formation potential at this surface, and the fact that Ps is being formed with inner orbital electrons for CO2 and O2.     

基于HIRFL-CSR的高速高电荷态重离子与原子碰撞X射线谱学实验设计与研究

依据非相对论偶极近似、相对论程函近似、ECPSSR理论及平面波玻恩近似方法,计算了30~500 MeV/u的Ar18+、Kr36+和Xe54+离子与Ar、Kr和Xe原子碰撞过程中辐射电子俘获、非辐射电子俘获及内壳电离截面。在此基础上,结合光子探测器的能量分辨以及炮弹离子跃迁谱线的多普勒效应等因素,针对HIRFL-CSR实验环内靶装置上的X射线谱学实验,生成了各碰撞体系、能量和若干观测角度上的预期X射线谱。这些预期谱可以帮助我们筛选和优化碰撞体系、离子能量、观测角度、探测器类型、X射线窗及吸收片等实验条件,避免较弱的目标反应道被其他强反应道乃至其逃逸峰所掩盖或干扰,保证实验精度,提高束流利用效率。     

On the formation of Ar-Kr two-dimensional mixtures

Successive adsorption of submonolayer amounts of Kr and Ar onto a Pt(111) surface leads to the formation of separate 2D islands of almost pure Kr and Ar content. Upon annealing, the phase separated Kr and Ar start to mix resulting eventually in a complete stochastic mixture of the two components at about T_mix = 30–36 K, depending on the Ar:Kr mixing ratio. This continuous mixing transition proceeds primarily via the dissolution of Kr atoms into the Ar 2D islands and not vice versa, as might be expected for kinetic reasons. Instead, the intermixing behaviour can be explained by the fact that the binding between an Ar and a Kr atom is stronger than between two Ar atoms but weaker than between two Kr atoms. As a consequence the incorporation of a Kr atom from the edge of an Ar island into its center is energetically favored while the dissolution of Ar into Kr is hindered.     

Efficient fluorescence in solid noble gases excited by 10—30 kV electrons

Fluorescent spectra and efficiency of vacuum ultraviolet generation have been investigated for solid Ar, Kr and Xe excited by 10–30 kV electrons. Overall conversion efficiency of e-beam energy into a single 7 nm wide band centered near 175 nm for Xe was measured to be 30%, indicating high intrinsic efficiency when electron backscatter is taken into account. In Ar and Kr the presence of trace amounts of O₂was found to cause energy transfer from the excimer bands to longer wavelengths.     

Population processes in high-pressure inert-gas-mixture lasers

Working-level-population processes are analyzed on the basis of detailed investigations of the amplitude-time structure of the laser and spontaneous emission following a pulsed electric discharge in the mixtures He + R (R = Ar, Kr, Xe), Ar + Xe. Account is taken in the analysis of excitation by electrons (direct and stepwise) and of population as a result of relaxation processes (collisions of second kind with electrons; radiative cascades, recombination processes; collisions with the atoms of the working and buffer gases; excitation transfer from helium molecules). It is concluded that under optimum efficiency conditions inversion is produced in the lasers considered as a result of direct electron collision with the working atoms (Ar, Kr, Xe), which are in the ground state.Translated from Lazernye Sistemy, pp. 15–34, 1982.     

Procedure for averaging differential cross-sections over the experimental angular resolution

Differential cross-sections for collisions of molecules in the thermal energy range normally oscillate rapidly with angle, the oscillations becoming more rapid with increasing relative kinetic energy. The angular resolution in crossed molecular beam experiments is generally insufficient to resolve these rapid oscillations. A method is proposed for averaging differential cross-sections over small angular ranges without actually evaluating them at many angles. The method permits the calculation of averaged cross-sections, which are much more directly comparable with the experimentally determined ones than those evaluated without averaging. Illustrative calculations are presented for three examples : one for elastic scattering (Ar + Kr) and two for rotationally inelastic scattering (Ar + CsF and Ne + N₂). When the differential cross-section oscillates rapidly, as it does in the first two cases, it requires less computational effort to plot the relatively smoothly varying averaged differential cross-section than to plot the non-averaged cross-section.     

Ar and Kr adsorption on Ag(111)

Precise structural and thermodynamic studies of Kr and of Ar adsorbed on Ag(111) are made using low energy electron diffraction. The phase diagram, lattice constants of the unconstrained monolayer and of the monolayer in equilibrium with the bilayer, latent heats of adsorption and isosteric heats are measured. The results are similar to those of an earlier study of Xe adsorbed on Ag(111). The results are compared to model calculations using effective lateral interactions which are similar to those for Xe/Ag(111). Comparison of the results for Xe, Kr, and Ar on Ag(111) is made using corresponding states scalings. A comparison is also made with properties of the non-registry phases of Xe, Kr, and Ar on basal plane graphite.     

MD simulation study of the sputtering process by high-energy gas cluster impact

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the characteristic sputtering process with large cluster ion impact. The statistical properties of incident Ar and sputtered Si atoms were examined using 100 different MD simulations with Ar₁₀₀₀ cluster impacting on a Si(0 0 1) target at a total acceleration energy of 50 keV. The results show that the kinetic energy distribution of Ar atoms after impact obeys the high-temperature Boltzmann distribution due to thermalization through high-density multiple collisions on the target. On the other hand, the kinetic energy distribution of sputtered target atoms demonstrates a hybrid model of thermalization and collision-cascade desorption processes.     

Excess Gibbs energy for six binary solid solutions of molecularly simple substances

In this paper we apply the method developed in a previous study of Ar + CH₄ to the evaluation of the excess Gibbs energy G^{E S} for solid solutions of two molecularly simple components The method depends on combining information on the excess Gibbs energy G^{E L} for the liquid mixture of the two components with a knowledge of the (T, x) solid-liquid phase diagram Certain thermal properties of the pure substances are also needed G^{E S} has been calculated for binary mixtures of Ar + Kr, Kr + CH₄, CO + N₂, Kr + Xe, Ar + N₂ and Ar + CO. In general, but not always, the solid mixtures are more non-ideal than the liquid mixtures of the same composition at the same temperature Except for the Kr + CH₄ system, the ratio $\text{r =}\text{G}{}^{\mathrm{E\; S}}\text{G}{}^{\mathrm{E\; L}}$ is larger the richer the solution in the component with the smaller molecules     

Theoretical analysis of ion kinetic energies and DLC film deposition by CH4＋ Ar （He） dielectric barrier discharge plasmas

The kinetic energy of ions in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas are analysed theoretically using the model of binary collisions between ions and gas molecules. Langevin equation for ions in other gases, Blanc law for ions in mixed gases, and the two-temperature model for ions at higher reduced field are used to determine the ion mobility. The kinetic energies of ions in CH4 ＋ Ar（He） dielectric barrier discharge plasma at a fixed total gas pressure and various Ar （He） concentrations are calculated. It is found that with increasing Ar （He） concentration in CH4 ＋ Ar （He） from 20% to 83%, the CH4＋ kinetic energy increases from 69.6 （43.9） to 92.1 （128.5）eV, while the Ar＋ （He＋） kinetic energy decreases from 97 （145.2） to 78.8 （75.5）eV. The increase of CH4＋ kinetic energy is responsible for the increase of hardness of diamond-like carbon films deposited by CH4 ＋ Ar （He） dielectric barrier discharge without bias voltage over substrates.     

矩形均匀电子束在激光介质中的能量沉积的模拟计算

本文主要论述了0.5MeV,单能垂直入射的电子束在三种不同密度的氟化氪准分子激光介质中的能量沉积。计算是采用Monte Carlo方法的MCSED程序,光轴方向采用周期性边界条件,因此能够给出平行于和垂直于电子束入射方向的沉积能量的空间分布。本文给出了在三种不同密度下的出射电子的角分布。用该程序对垂直入射的,初始能量为1MeV的电子在半无限大Al靶中的沉积能量的计算结果与ONETRAN程序的结果及实验结果的比较表明MCSED程序的计算结果是可靠的。     

Electronic excitation processes in rare gas clusters studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy

We present the electron energy loss spectra for Ar clusters as a function of incident electron energy and of cluster size. In spectra measured with 100 eV incident electron energy the bulk excitation peak becomes visible for a mean cluster size above 170 atoms per cluster. For 250 eV incident electron energy the bulk excitation peak is clearly observable even for a mean cluster size of 120 atoms per cluster. These experimental results are qualitatively reproduced by a simple calculation that accounts for the mean free path of electrons in Ar clusters; i.e., the penetration depth of incident electrons into the cluster.     

Ar的类氦和类锂离子与Mo表面相互作用过程中的x射线发射

在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室电子回旋共振离子源上用Si(Li)探测器观测到了不同动能的Ar¹⁵⁺和Ar¹⁶⁺离子与Mo表面相互作用过程产生的x射线.在不同动能 的Ar¹⁶⁺与Mo表面作用过程中不仅能观测到Ar的K层x射线而且能观测到Mo的L层x 射线.在不同动能的Ar¹⁵⁺入射下只能观测到Mo的L层x射线.实验结果表明，Ar的 K层x 射线的产额与入射离子的动能、作用过程中形成的空心原子携带的势能以及入射离子和靶原 子x射线的竞争等有关，Mo的L层x射线随入射离子动能的增加而增加. 关键词： x射线发射 高电荷态离子 Mo表面     

Electron Transitions during the Capture of an Electron by a He<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Ion at the Argon Atom

We have measured the absolute values of the total cross section of the one-electron capture by He²⁺ ions in the kinetic energy range 2–30 keV at the Ar atoms. The absolute values of the differential scattering cross sections of He⁺ ions formed during the one-electron capture and the electron capture with ionization at energies of 2.2, 5.4, and 30 keV have been determined. The electronic states of the formed ions have been determined using collision spectroscopy based on analysis of the change in the kinetic energy of He⁺ after the interaction. We have measured doubly differential (with respect to the kinetic energy and the scattering angle) cross sections of the formation of free electrons. The free electron formation channels (direct ionization and electron capture with ionization) have been analyzed by calculating the electron terms of the (HeAr)²⁺ system. The calculated cross section of capture with ionization is in conformity with the cross section measured using collision spectroscopy.     

Auger electron emission from fixed-in-space CO

We have measured the angular distribution of carbon K-Auger electrons from fixed in space, core-ionized, CO molecules in coincidence with the kinetic energy release of the C+ and O+ fragments. We find a very narrow ejection of Auger electrons in the direction of the oxygen and an oscillatory diffraction pattern. Even for similar electron energies, the angular distribution strongly depends on the symmetry of the final state.