Si PIN X‐ray photon counter

A Si PIN detector for visible light detection, instead of a Geiger‐Müller tube, is applied to X‐ray photon counting. We counted radiation from a checking source of a Geiger‐Müller counter with a Si PIN counter and with a Geiger‐Müller counter. White X‐ray of energy up to 20 keV emitted from a pyroelectric X‐ray emitter was also counted, and the Si PIN X‐ray counter showed a similar curve of count rate versus source distance in both measurements. Pulse counting was performed by spectroscopy circuits. An audio digitizer with computer software for signal processing was also used to simplify the photon counter. A plot of count rate versus time was obtained with this setup. With simple pulse counting circuits, Si PIN X‐ray counters have advantages such as compact structure, low cost and easy application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

600 A重复频率脉冲恒流源研制北大核心CSCD

针对国内脉冲恒流源幅值较小、重复频率较低等问题,设计了基于电流闭环反馈控制的恒流电路,建立了相应的数学模型,并采用Pspice仿真验证了电路的功能,最终研制了1台600 A重复频率工作的脉冲恒流电源。电源采取储能放电配合高速开关的工作模式,使用功率场效应三极管作为线性调整开关,可大范围自动恒流,适用于激光二极管负载。输出的脉冲电流幅值最高600 A,上升时间小于40μs,电压幅值最高320 V,脉宽100~600μs可调,工作重复频率最高200 Hz。电源体积较小,结构紧凑,效率可达90%以上。     

基于场效应管与阶跃恢复二极管的皮秒级脉冲源设计

针对已有脉冲源无法兼顾脉冲宽度和幅值的现象,提出一种基于场效应管（MOSFET）和阶跃恢复二极管（SRD）相结合的皮秒级脉冲源设计方案。通过研究分析传统的几种脉冲源的设计方案,设计出一种百伏级的高重频皮秒级脉冲发生器,在PSPICE上对设计方案进行仿真并制作出脉冲源PCB板,实测在2 MHz的重频下产生半幅脉宽约为400 ps、幅度110 V以上的极窄脉冲,波形稳定,为高分辨的超宽带探测雷达发射机的设计提供了新的选择方案。     

迈克尔逊干涉仪测波长的一种便捷方法

提出了迈克尔逊干涉仪测波长的一种便捷且精确的测量方法。利用自制的光电计数及电机控制装置,在短时间内无须任何数据处理便可由计数器直接读取待测光源波长值。该方法不仅实现了条纹的全自动计数,又简化了干涉仪繁复的读数环节,更消除了仪器的零点误差。     

两个独立全光纤多通道光子纠缠源的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉

独立光子源的干涉是实现复杂量子体系应用(比如多光子纠缠态产生和量子隐形传态等)的核心技术.利用100 GHz密集波分复用技术,实现了1.55μm全光纤多通道独立纠缠光子源的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉,在不去除暗符合(随机符合计数)的情况下,可见度为53.2%±8.4%,去除暗符合可见度可达到82.9%±5.3%.给出了关于色散位移光纤中基于自发四波混频过程产生的单光子光谱纯度严格的理论描述,模拟了抽运脉冲宽度和滤波器带宽对单光子光谱纯度的影响,并给出了理论上的最佳条件(最佳的抽运脉冲宽度为8 ps,高斯滤波器带宽为40 GHz及以下).在测量Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉之前,先测量了液氮冷却状态下的色散位移光纤关联光子源的符合和随机符合比率,在抽运功率为23μW的情况下,最大比率可以达到131.Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉在高精度光学测量、测量装置无关的量子密钥分配等应用中扮演着极为重要的角色.     

MICROMEGAS探测器初步测试

介绍了一种利用鱼线做放大区间隔的MICROMEGAS探测器, 灵敏面积为50 mm ×50 mm。 在Ar+CO₂（10%）气体条件下, 利用55Fe源5.9 keV的 X射线对MICROMEGAS探测器进行了初步测试: 计数率大于103 Hz的条件下, 计数率坪长达到280 V; 当栅极电压在800 V时能量分辨为30%; 当增益高于104时打火率低于10-4; PCB板读出条周期为400 μm条件下的位置分辨好于120 μm。 结果表明, 研制的MICROMEGAS探测器达到了初步设计的基本要求。 In this paper,A MICROMEGAS(Micro Mesh Gaseous Structure) detector with the amplification gap defined by stretching nylon fishing lines has been described . And its count plateau, gas gain and energy resolution in the condition of a 55Fe X ray source and Ar CO₂ (10%) mixture gases are measured as functions of mesh voltage. The count plateau approaches 280 V at the count rate of 103 Hz. The discharge rate is less than 10－4 when the gas gain is up to 104. The energy resolution is 30% (FWHM) based on －800 V mesh voltage. The position resolution is less than 120 μm at the condition of the sensitive area (50 mm×50 mm) Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) and its strip pitch of 400 μm. The results can satisfy the basic demand of MICROMEGAS detector preliminary design.     

基于反向开关晶体管的重复频率脉冲电流源

 介绍一种基于新型大功率半导体反向导通型双晶复合晶体管(RSD)开关的重复频率脉冲电流源。重复频率脉冲源主要包括半导体RSD开关、快速可控硅和磁开关等元件。初步实验产生的脉冲峰值电流约6.2 kA，脉冲宽度约10 μs，电流上升率可达18 kA/μs，工作电压约1 kV，可工作于单次和重复频率1，10和100 Hz等状态。     

Systematic studies of small scintillators for new sampling calorimeter

A new sampling calorimeter using very thin scintillators and the multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) has been proposed to produce better position resolution for the international linear collider (ILC) experiment. As part of this R&D study, small plastic scintillators of different sizes, thickness and wrapping reflectors are systematically studied. The scintillation light due to beta rays from a collimated ⁹⁰Sr source are collected from the scintillator by wavelength-shifting (WLS) fiber and converted into electrical signals at the PMT. The wrapped scintillator that gives the best light yield is determined by comparing the measured pulse height of each 10 × 40 × 2 mm strip scintillator covered with 3M reflective mirror film, teflon, white paint, black tape, gold, aluminum and white paint+teflon. The pulse height dependence on position, length and thickness of the 3M reflective mirror film and teflon wrapped scintillators are measured. Results show that the 3M radiant mirror film-wrapped scintillator has the greatest light yield with an average of 9.2 photoelectrons. It is observed that light yield slightly increases with scintillator length, but increases to about 100% when WLS fiber diameter is increased from 1.0 mm to 1.6 mm. The position dependence measurement along the strip scintillator showed the uniformity of light transmission from the sensor to the PMT. A dip across the strip is observed which is 40% of the maximum pulse height. The block type scintillator pulse height, on the other hand, is found to be almost proportional to scintillator thickness.      

Self-oscillating mode of electron beam generation in a source with a grid plasma emitter

Plasma processes and electron beam generation in an electron source with a grid plasma cathode are investigated. Experiments are conducted under the conditions of efficient electron extraction and an intense counter ion flux, which break grid stabilization. It is shown that a rise in the gas pressure and in the emitting plasma potential leads to the plasma potential modulation in the frequency range 10⁴–10⁵ Hz. Under the self-oscillation conditions, an electron beam is obtained with a constant current of up to 16 A and an electron energy modulated up to 100% of the accelerating voltage level (100–300 V). An explanation is given for relaxation self-oscillations arising when the plasma potential grows and for the system’s inertial non-linearity arising when the plasma potential induced by the space charge of the counter ion flux lags behind the current of electron-beam-generated ions.     

脉冲源法测量次临界系统裂变衰减特性的理论分析和数值模拟

针对点堆动力学理论解释脉冲源法测试原理时存在的问题, 基于无源中子输运方程分析次临界系统总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率随时间的变化关系。理论分析表明: 脉冲中子源作用结束后(无源条件下), 在一定时间范围内, 泄漏γ射线计数率和总中子数近似成正比, 两者随时间变化服从近似指数衰减规律, 反映系统本身的裂变衰减特性, 可以由总中子数和γ射线计数率求解瞬发中子衰减时间常数。基于蒙特卡罗程序构造类Godiva裸铀球次临界系统, 模拟脉冲中子源作用下中子和γ射线输运过程, 计算总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率及两者比值随时间的变化关系, 结果与理论分析一致; 利用脉冲源法由总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率计算瞬发中子衰减时间常数α₀, 得到与α-k迭代一致的α₀。说明总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率可以准确反映系统本身的裂变衰减特性。此外, 根据理论分析和模拟计算给出脉冲源法可用数据的时间范围, 分析泄漏γ射线计数率和总中子数比值的影响因素。     

重复脉冲强流电子束源长时间稳定运行实验研究

 简要阐述了脉冲变压器型重复脉冲强流电子束加速器CHP01的组成、主要特点及工作原理,利用设计的重复脉冲强流电子束源进行了长时间运行实验研究,实验结果达到：在100 Hz重复频率下连续运行5 s,脉冲变压器能稳定输出电压1.15 MV,强流束二极管输出电压超过800 kV、束流7 kA、脉冲宽度45 ns,阴极电子发射密度超过10 kA/cm²,且运行稳定可靠。利用该电子束源进行了X波段类周期慢波结构微波器件实验研究,在50 Hz重复频率下连续运行5 s,输出微波功率超过1 GW,脉冲宽度大于25 ns。     

晶闸管串联开关及同步触发系统研制

为满足脉冲功率源对高电压、大电流开关的需求,利用传统晶闸管均压技术,将多个晶闸管串联,研制出额定电压10kV,额定电流500A的晶闸管串联开关。根据晶闸管的触发原理,设计出同步触发多个晶闸管的触发系统。该触发系统采用绝缘栅双极型晶体管开关对直流电压阻断产生脉宽可调的低压脉冲,经多个隔离脉冲变压器升压,产生多路同步触发信号。对晶闸管触发系统及晶闸管串联开关进行了测试,测试结果表明:晶闸管触发系统可输出20V,1A的多路同步触发信号,触发信号的脉宽30~60μs可调,重复频率100Hz;晶闸管串联开关每路静态均压和动态均压波动小,在高电压条件下能稳定工作。     

基于弱相干光源测量设备无关量子密钥分发系统的误码率分析

测量设备无关量子密钥分发系统可以免疫任何针对探测器边信道的攻击, 并进一步结合诱惑态方法规避了准单光子源引入的实际安全性问题. 目前实验中一般采用弱相干光源, 但是该光源含有一定比例的空脉冲和多光子脉冲. 本文针对弱相干光源的具体特性, 采用量子力学的描述, 将各个器件进行量子化处理, 并同时考虑探测器的具体性能参数的影响, 分别给出了通信双方各自发送的脉冲含有特定光子数时产生的成功贝尔态和错误贝尔态的概率公式, 从理论上对相位编码和偏振编码测量设备无关量子密钥分发系统的误码率进行了定量分析, 分别推导并模拟了通信双方采用的平均光子数对称和不对称时误码率随传输距离的变化情况, 结果表明在偏振编码Z基中, 多光子脉冲不会引起误码; 在偏振编码X基和相位编码中, 受多光子影响, 产生的误码率较大. 对于不同的编码方式, 误码率均随传输距离的增加有不同程度的升高, 长距离传输时, 平均光子数越小, 产生的误码率越大; 在偏振编码X基和相位编码的短距离传输中, 相对于对称, 通信双方采用的平均光子数不对称时产生的误码率较大.     

基于嵌入式EPICS的中子监测仪研制

针对合肥光源（HLS-Ⅱ）辐射防护与安全需求,且合肥光源的控制系统是基于EPICS架构,为减少辐射监测系统中间的环节,提高合肥光源人身安全联锁可靠性,研制了基于嵌入式EPICS控制系统的中子监测仪。中子监测仪的关键部件-探测器选用BF₃针对合肥光源（HLS-Ⅱ）辐射防护与安全需求,研制了基于嵌入式EPICS的中子监测仪,用于场所与环境辐射场中子的监测。合肥光源的控制系统是基于EPICS架构,为减少辐射监测系统中间的环节,提高合肥光源人身安全联锁可靠性,研制了基于嵌入式EPICS控制系统的中子监测仪。中子监测仪的关键部件-探测器选用BF₃正比计数管,通过对正比计数管产生的微弱电信号加2 kV的正高压偏置,交流耦合介入前置放大器放大,后输出固定宽度的脉冲信号。信号由CORTEX-M3电路计数,后经CORTEX-A8电路处理后将数据发布到局域网。利用镅铍中子源和合肥光源现场辐射环境对所研制的监测仪性能进行了初步测试,结果表明,该监测仪达到设计要求,可用于中子监测。     

Stochastic properties of cat auditory nerve responses to electric and acoustic stimuli and application to intensity discrimination

Statistical properties of electrically stimulated (ES) and acoustically stimulated (AS) auditory nerve fiber responses were assessed in undeafened and short-term deafened cats, and a detection theory approach was used to determine fibers' abilities to signal intensity changes. ES responses differed from AS responses in several ways. Rate-level functions were an order of magnitude steeper, and discharge rate normally saturated at the stimulus pulse rate. Dynamic ranges were typically 1-4 dB for 200 pps signals, as compared with 15-30 dB for AS signals at CF, and they increased with pulse rate without improving threshold or changing absolute rate-level function slopes. For both ES and AS responses, variability of spike counts elicited by repeated trials increased with level in accord with Poisson-process predictions until the discharge rate exceeded 20-40 spikes/s. AS variability continued increasing monotonically at higher discharge rates, but more slowly. In contrast, maximum ES variability was usually attained at 100 spikes/s, and at higher discharge rates variability reached a plateau that was either maintained or decreased slightly until discharge rate approached the stimulus pulse rate. Variability then decreased to zero as each pulse elicited a spike. Increasing pulse rate did not substantially affect variability for rates up to 800 pps; rather, higher pulse rates simply extended the plateau region. Spike count variability was unusually high for some ES fibers. This was traced to response nonstationarities that stemmed from two sources, namely level-dependent fluctuations in excitability that occurred at 1-3 s intervals and, for responses to high-rate, high-intensity signals, fatigue that arose when fibers discharged at their maximum possible rates. Intensity discrimination performance was assessed using spike count as the decision variable in a simulated 2IFC task. Neurometric functions (percent correct versus intensity difference) were obtained at several levels of the standard (I), and the intensity difference (delta I) necessary for 70% correct responses was estimated. AS Weber fractions (10 log delta I/I) averaged +0.2 dB (delta IdB = 3.1 dB) for 50 ms tones at CF. ES Weber fractions averaged -12.8 dB (delta IdB = 0.23 dB) for 50 ms, 200 pps signals, and performance was approximately constant between 100 and 1000 pps. Intensity discrimination by single cells in ES conditions paralleled human psychophysical performance for similar signals. High ES sensitivity to intensity changes arose primarily from steeper rate-level functions and secondarily from reduced spike count variability.     

A moving microfoil conversion electron detector for selective excitation double Mössbauer experiments

A lightweight microfoil conversion electron detector has been built for use as a detector/analyser for selective excitation double Mössbauer experiments. The detector weighs approximately 40 g; it can be moved with constant acceleration by a conventional electromechanical drive, with peak velocities up to ±15 mm/s. Conversion electrons from resonant absorption events are collected from both sides of two 0.3 μm thick⁵⁷Fe-enriched stainless steel foils inside the detector. The detector's performance (signal to noise per unit time) has been compared with a potassium ferrocyanide absorber and proportional counter, and it is found to be about ten times better for a given source strength and sampling angle. The overall detector linewidth is 0.42 (2) mm/s, compared with 0.37 (1) mm/s for the PFC absorber.     

Programmable spark counter of tracks

For the purpose, a new set—the programmable all-automatic spark counter AIST-4—has been developed and manufactured. Compared to our previous automated spark counter ISTRA, which was operated by the integrated fixed program, the new set is operated completely by a personal computer. The mechanism for pressing and pulling the aluminized foil is put into action by a step motor operated by a microcontroller. The step motor turns an axle. The axle has two eccentrics. One of them moves a pressing plate up and down. The second eccentric moves the aluminized foil by steps of after the end of each pulse counting. One turnover of the axle corresponds to one pulse count cycle. The step motor, the high-voltage block and the pulse count block are operated by the microcontroller PIC 16C84 (Microstar). The set can be operated either manually by keys on the front panel or by a PC using dialogue windows for radon or neutron measurements (for counting of alpha or fission fragment tracks). A number of algorithms are developed: the general procedures, the automatic stopping of the pulse counting, the calibration curve, determination of the count characteristics and elimination of the short circuit in a track.     

低本底α/β仪测量饮用水中总 α放射性活度的实验室质量控制

总α放射性活度检测可避免繁琐的低水平放射性核素鉴定,是饮用水放射性水平的初筛监测手段之一。近年调查显示：我国饮用水总α放射性活度稳定保持在较低水平。低水平的α放射性活度检测需要高质量实验室质量控制,以保证检测结果的准确度。实验采用低本底α/β仪,以α闪烁体为探测器,吸收样品核辐射α粒子能量,使有机闪烁体分子ZnS(Ag)发射荧光,通过统计单位时间内的闪烁体发射荧光数目正比于核衰变数目,由此感应有效厚度样品层辐射的α粒子计数信号,对饮用水中总α放射性活度浓度检测。首先,实验以表面α粒子发射率为2～20粒子数/s(2π 方向)的电镀源测定本底α计数效率(CPS)。然后,在最优化的本底值、工作源效率、串道率等参数条件下,运用标准曲线法测定标准源α计数效率(ε)。最后,结合CPS和ε代值计算质控样总α体积活度、计数平均值(或总体积活度平均值)和标准偏差s,并以±s为上辅助线(upper auxiliary limit, UAL)和下辅助线(lower auxiliary limit, LAL),以±2s为上警告线(upper warning limit, UWL)和下警告线(lower warning limit, LWL),以±3s为上控制线(upper control limit, UCL)和下控制线(lower control limit, LCL),绘制本底α计数、标准源α计数和质控水样总α体积活度的均数质量控制图,以考察CPS和ε对质控水样总α体积活度测量质量控制的影响。数据结果显示,以电镀239Pu为工作源,以241Am为标准源,样品放置时间24 h,测量时间60 min,铺样厚度4 mg·cm-2时,本底α计数率CPS=0.000 37 s-1,工作源探测效率η=94.35%,α→β串道率Fα=0.41%,标准源计数效率ε=7.25%(Y=1.323X-5.285,R2=0.991 5)。统计结果显示：40份空盘本底α计数的受控范围为-1.61~5.82,33个点落在UAL与LAL范围内,2个点落在UWL与UAL范围内,3个点落在LWL与LAL范围内,2个点落在UWL与UCL之间,本底测量受控良好;24份标准源α计数的受控范围523.7~644.3,14个点落在UAL与LAL范围内,5个点落在UWL与UAL范围内,5个点落在LWL与LAL范围内,标准源测量受控良好;20份质控水样总α体积活度受控范围为0.007 91~0.057 86 Bq·L-1,11个点在UAL与LAL范围内,5个点在UWL与UAL范围内,3 个点在LWL与LAL范围内,1个点在LWL与LCL之间,质控水样测量实验室质量控制良好。因此,以α闪烁探测器对低水平α放射性计数测量时,控制α本底计数和标准源计数效率,这两个α统计计数中的主要不确定度来源,可以实现水样中总α放射性活度检测的有效实验室质量控制。     

高重复频率相干衍射辐射超宽谱太赫兹源

研究了一种新型相干衍射辐射（CDR）太赫兹源,该太赫兹源基于中国工程物理研究院自由电子激光相干强太赫兹源（FEL-THz）的加速器电子束束流,具有MHz量级重复频率。理论分析、数值计算和PIC模拟证明了此太赫兹源时间长度可达到ps量级,中心频率在100~400 GHz可调,截止频率位于1~2 THz,脉冲峰值功率可达10 kW量级,平均功率可达到W量级,并且功率随束流流强成平方正比关系。     

级联型高压重复频率微秒脉冲源的研制

针对等离子体的应用,基于级联型电压叠加技术研制了一种最高输出电压为20 kV的高压微秒脉冲源,该电源由40个相同的电源模块组成,其单个模块电压等级为500 V,降低了对器件的绝缘耐压要求。电源的输出电压值在0~20 kV之间可调;重复频率在0~10 kHz之间、脉宽在0~30 μs之间可调;该电源的上升沿和下降沿均在1 μs以内。模块化的设计提高了电源的冗余容错能力。将该电源作为产生等离子体的激励源时,其输出的高压脉冲波形稳定,且根据负载对输出高压波形的要求不同,该电源可以方便地进行调节。