格式要求

(句末括号内是相关的国家标准)1.题名:不超过20个汉字,中英对照,反映论文内容,包含尽可能多的关键词。避免非公知的字符和长的公式。(GB 7713)2.作者:中文及拼音(姓前名后,均不缩写)。国外作者按国际惯例。(GB/T 16159)3.作者单位:中英对照,数码编号与作者的上标一致,单位全称,所在省市及邮政编码,英文中加国家名。4.作者简介:第一作者的姓名,职称,最高学位,研究方向,Email。     

我的童年

当我回忆起童年时,首先想到的是我出生和生长的地方。那是位于北京宣武门外的一个大院,它由前、中、后三个小院组成,前后相连。姑姑家和叔叔家住在前院,祖父和伯伯家住在中院,我父亲家住在后院。我1918年出生于这大院里。大院门前有五棵柳树,长成一排,春来翠柳如烟,夏至垂柳成荫,给周围增添了不少景色。我小的时候出外游玩,回来时望见这些柳树,就知道到家了。这五棵柳树是我祖父仰慕五柳先生陶渊明而种下的。陶渊明是东晋时代的文学家,他住宅旁长有五棵柳树,自号为五柳先生[1] 。著名的《桃花源记》是他的一篇著作。     

本刊关于稿件、版权等的声明

正在投稿、稿件处理、发表等过程中,作者需注意如下问题:1.稿件是作者独立取得的原创性研究成果,无抄袭,无一稿多投,未在国内外公开发表过。2.稿件无政治错误,不涉及保密和拟申请专利的内容,已经过作者单位保密审查。3.作者署名和排序无异议,单位署名和排序无争议,且无知识产权纠纷。在稿件处理过程中,如有作者或单位署名变更,需有全体作者亲笔签名和全部单位盖章同意的书面声明。4.稿件由编辑部组织审稿。自收稿之日时,编辑部将在4个月内反馈处理结果。若超过4个月未答复的,作者有权     

喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究

利用遥感手段,结合MapGis,研究了喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害的发育情况,发现本区发育的主要地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、冰湖以及堰塞湖。其中崩塌、滑坡、泥石流斜坡地质灾害是本区最重要的地质灾害类型,占到总灾害数量的95.3%。在此基础上对喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究,发现本区地质灾害的发育在空间上的分布并非均匀,而是具有丛集性的特点。滑坡灾害主要发育在隆子和朗县。泥石流灾害比较严重的有米林、隆子和洛扎3县,而崩塌则主要集中在隆子县。研究发现,本区滑坡发育与地层、地形坡度以及土地类型关系密切,其中修康群、日当组和念青唐古拉群是本区的"易滑地层"。涅如组由于面积大,其中发育的滑坡较多,但是滑坡的发育率只略高于本区的平均水平。统计表明,16°～30°的坡度范围是滑坡最容易发生的。大于45°以上的坡段很少发生滑坡。灌木林和天然草地这两种土地类型滑坡发育率最高。对于泥石流,研究表明,涅如组中泥石流发育面积最大,发育率也最高。泥石流发育的最适宜坡度也是16°～30°这样一个坡度范围。冰川和永久积雪区则最易发生泥石流。崩塌发育与地层类型、坡度的关系较为密切,崩塌主要发育在涅如组中,并且集中在坡度大于60°以上的陡坡段中。这些初步成果的取得,是以后进行该区地质灾害空间预测的基础。     

高阶紧致格式分区并行算法

针对超声速多尺度复杂流动问题,发展了一种高精度并行算法。计算格式采用五阶迎风紧致格式,用特征型通量限制方法抑制非物理振荡。在对接边界处采用五阶WENO格式,以保证整个计算域内计算精度一致。通过网格分区和数据交换,在MPI平台实现了并行计算。通过超声速算例对算法进行了验证,并对并行效率和加速比进行了分析。最后,将算法应用于超声速转捩、湍流问题的数值模拟。计算结果表明,提出的算法具有较高的精度和分辨率,对接边界光滑连续,并且并行效率较高,在高超声速湍流流动数值模拟中取得了较好的应用效果。     

有限元表面应力计算

用有限元[1]通用程序进行结构计算时,最常用的是位移法,因而计算得到的位移有较高的精度。由位移计算应力时,有限元法应用的是应力-应变关系和应变-位移关系,其中应变-位移是微商关系。在数值计算中,微商只能转化为差商等用插值近似处理。这样,虽然位移精度高,但应力的计算精度就被大打折扣。本文应用弹性力学辛体系理论[2],解析求解了位移和应力的影响函数。利用有限元程序计算得到的位移,由功互等定理,不需要微分插值,就可以得到指定点的应力,应力精度大大提高。工程实际中有许多问题的最大应力往往发生在构件表面。针对表面应力问题,本文给出了半平面表面应力的影响函数,进行了数值算例计算。计算结果表明,用本文提出的影响函数法求解一点的应力,其精度明显提高,并且计算结果有很好的稳定性。用本文的影响函数法编制成子程序,可作为有限元软件应力计算的一个模块,可以更好地发挥有限元程序的功效。     

基于构型力内变量的界面损伤问题研究

本文基于材料构型力的基本理论和损伤力学中含有内变量的热力学框架,提出了新的损伤变量定义方式,为研究界面损伤问题提供了一种新思路。首先,基于双相弹性体的能量分析,给出界面材料构型力表达式,通过构型力的离散化方法,实现了其在有限元中的数值计算。其次,定义构型力为界面损伤内变量,进而提出一种新的损伤演化模型,并采用刚度劣化的方法,对该界面损伤模型进行数值实现。最后,通过对复合材料界面损伤问题（有裂纹或无裂纹）进行数值模拟,分析了其界面损伤发展趋势,探讨了此模型的合理性和优越性。基于构型力内变量的界面损伤模型,可为研究复合材料的界面损伤失效问题提供一种普适性的方法。     

山西省中条山喀斯特发育特征及兴建水库工程可行性初探

中条山分布着大片的碳酸盐岩层。年降水量740mm, 年平均气温14℃。气候条件和多次的构造运动, 控制和决定了中条山喀斯特的发育程度、地貌景观, 以及岩溶地下水的赋存和运移特征。在水利水电建设中, 渗漏成了非常突出的工程地质问题, 对坝址选择产生了一定的影响。     

纳米晶体铝在单轴拉伸下的位错堆积对微裂纹扩展的影响

摘要：针对纳米晶体材料,研究了单轴拉伸载荷作用下纳米晶体铝中的裂纹与裂纹尖端发射的位错所形成的滑移面之间的相互作用。通过分布位错法,将裂纹和滑移面等效为均匀分布的连续位错,获得了裂纹面上应力场。并引入裂纹尖端的无位错区,研究了裂纹尖端无位错区对微裂纹的萌生和主裂扩展之间的影响。结果表明,不考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,裂纹长度较短,会先在晶界处形成微裂纹,主裂纹较长时,主裂纹会直接穿晶扩展。滑移面与裂纹尖端夹角较大时,会增加裂纹尖端发射的位错个数,从而抑制主裂纹的扩展。考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,无位错区先于晶界处出现微裂纹,通过主裂纹与微裂纹之间位错的相互发射,导致裂纹与尖端处微裂纹汇合,有效加速了主裂纹的扩展。     

跳车冲击力作用下车桥耦合动力学数值分析

考虑到传统的Hertz弹簧模型进行车桥耦合动力学分析存在诸多问题,本文基于简单的车桥耦合模型,导出了车桥耦合与非耦合动力学方程。考虑轨道周期和随机不平顺情况,车辆在不平顺轨道曲线上运行时,当离心力大于车辆自重时,自动确定车辆的起跳时间和起跳高度。起跳后的车辆在重力作用下,将重新回到梁上,同时对梁有一冲击作用力。文章假设了此冲击力的作用规律,并由有限元模拟确定冲击力系数。通过自编程序,对单轴行车简支梁进行了数值计算。数值分析结果表明,考虑跳车冲击力的动力模型能够更加精准地反应车桥耦合振动特征,且本模型首次给出了跳车高度。考虑轨道具有相同幅值的周期不平顺和随机不平顺时,轨道随机不平顺将导致桥梁,尤其是车辆的响应更大,舒适性更差或结构更危险,在车桥耦合动力学分析中应重点关注。     

A reduced-order model manifold technique for automated structural defects judging using the PGD with analytical validation

Automation is conquering new fields on a daily basis. Aiming for faster and more reliable products, industrials as well as researchers are oriented into automation. Non-destructive testing as well as defect quantification is not an exception. In fact, decisions with minimum allowable error are sought in real-time when facing any potential defect. In this work, we suggest a comprehensive method based on model order reduction techniques to judge if a structure shall be salvaged. The real-time decision is based on multidimensional parametric simulation, performed offline, using the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD). The PGD is a model order reduction technique that allows circumventing the curse of dimensionality by using domain decomposition. Therefore, the 6D simulation illustrated in this paper is performed within a few minutes on a standard laptop. Later on, a stress concentration manifold is built and used online for decision-making. The manifold is validated on a few selected solutions solved analytically using an analytical procedure. The aforementioned procedure is developed, in this paper, to calculate the tangential stress around circular holes of different sizes, in an infinite isotropic plate containing any number of holes and subjected to in-plane pressure loading at the tip of the infinite plate. The procedure is based on determining two Muskhelishvili complex potentials in terms of complex Fourier series, and applying the Schwartz alternating method repeatedly until the boundary conditions on the contour of every hole are satisfied.     

A study of directionality of latent hardening behavior in aluminium single crystals

By defining the yield stress in a latent hardening test as the first deviation from the elastic straight line, the yielding and hardening behavior on a latent system in the positive and negative slip direction was studied in aluminium single crystals. It is shown that the yield stresses on both the positive and negative latent systems are about equal to or a little lower than the maximum resolved shear stress in the primary test, but much higher than that of the active system. The influence of relative orientation and prestrain on latent hardening and initial work-hardening in the secondary test was also investigated, and it was found that there is a considerable effect on initial work-hardening, but none on latent hardening. With reasonable approximation, a hardening rule for single crystal could be proposed from the experimental results, that is, except for the yield stress on the system negative to the active system that is very low, hardening on the other systems is nearly the same as self-hardening.     

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRAIN ENERGY OF RADIAL TIRES WITH RADIAL STIFFNESS1)

利用轮胎综合试验机对径向刚度下子午线轮胎进行性能试验,采用正交试验法针对不同胎压、垂向载荷下轮胎的接地特性进行分析,结合仿真软件ABAQUS与试验进行对比。结果表明,橡胶材料Mooney-Rivli模型也具有一定的适用性,胎压增大时径向刚度发生线性变化,胎面印痕由椭圆形转变成近似矩形,印痕面积略微增大;随着胎压的不断增大,胎面印痕的面积显著减小,接触面的压力主要集中在胎肩,胎冠处也有所增加;胎压一定时,垂向载荷逐渐增大时,整个印痕面的应力呈对称分布,印痕面应力由内高外低逐渐向外高内低变化。建立数学模型与有限元软件同时对轮胎进行应变能分析,发现在低胎压150 kPa下受载荷时轮胎容易发生微小侧向位移同时发生变形,此时极易引起迟滞损失并造成应变能急剧增加。     

A STUDY OF THE CATASTROPHE AND THE CAVITATION FOR A SPHERICAL CAVITY IN HOOKE’S MATERIAL WITH 1/2 POISSON’S RATIO

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Asymmetric Surging of Ships in Following Seas and its Repercussions for Safety

A comprehensive investigation of an asymmetric longitudinal motion of ships displayed in long and steep following waves is presented. The focus is on the strongly nonlinear response, on the verge of the so called surf-riding condition, where a ship could be performing large-amplitude longitudinal oscillations around a mean forward speed. Expressions, in closed form, describing transient surge motion on the phase-plane are derived. For steady-state in particular, is shown that it is possible to determine an explicit analytical solution in the time-domain. Simple prediction formulae for the higher limit of asymmetric surging (threshold of global surf-riding) are derived on the basis of two alternative methods. Also, we investigate the effect of asymmetric surging on a ship's tendency for capsize in the neighborhood of wave crests where restoring capability is often reduced. The paper includes, as an Appendix, a review of types of ship instability and a summary of the historical roots of the field. For a better introduction to the subject we include, as Appendix A, a historical note on the evolution of the theory ship stability together with a summary of known types of ship instability distinguished on the basis of the angle of encounter between ship and waves.     

An exact solution of crack problems in piezoelectric materials

IntroductionInrecentyearscrackproblemsinpiezoelectricmaterialhavereceivedmuchattention.Manytheoreticalanalyseshavebeengivenby[1～16].Itshouldbe,however,notedthatalltheaboveanalysesarebasedonaso-calledimpermeablecrackassumphon,i.e.thecrackfacesareassumedtobeimpermeabletoelectricfield,sotheelectricdisplacementvanishesinsidethecrack.Usingthisassumption,onewillobtainthefollowingresultS[2'3'5,6'9'16]=whentheelectricloadsaresolelyaPPliedatinLfinity,theelectricdisplacementissquare-rootsingularatthe…     

铝单晶体潜在硬化的指向性行为研究

应用高纯铝单晶体，采用偏离弹性线法定义其在潜在滑移系统在屈服应力，研究了潜在滑移系在正负两个滑移方向上的屈服及应变硬化行为。结果表明，潜在滑移系负行为的差异要远远小于动滑移系的Ｂａｕｓｃｈｉｎｇｅｒ效应，其正负方向的屈服应力一般均等于或略小于预应变时的最大分切应力，大大高于动滑移系的负向屈服应力，潜在滑移系和原始滑移系的相对取向及预应变的大小对单晶体潜在移系在潜在硬化的影响不大，但对其起始过渡区应     

The onset of convection in a shallow box occupied by a heterogeneous porous medium with constant flux boundaries

The effects of hydrodynamic and thermal heterogeneity, for the case of variation in both the horizontal and vertical directions, on the onset of convection in a horizontal layer of a saturated porous medium uniformly heated from below, are studied analytically using linear stability theory for the case of weak heterogeneity. Attention is focused on the case of constant flux upper and lower boundaries, a case for which the critical horizontal wavenumber is zero, and attention is also concentrated on the case of a shallow layer. It is found that the effect of such heterogeneity on the critical value of the Rayleigh number Ra based on mean properties is of second order if the properties vary in a piecewise constant or linear fashion. The effects of horizontal heterogeneity and vertical heterogeneity are then comparable once the aspect ratio is taken into account, and to a first approximation are independent. The combination of permeability heterogeneity and conductivity heterogeneity can be either stabilizing or destabilizing for the present case.     

Vortex structure generation on the frontal surface of a cylinder set transversely in a hypersonic flow

The problem of formation of spatially periodic structures on the frontal surface of a cylindrically blunted body set transversely in a hypersonic flow is studied. Within the framework of the model adopted, a possible mechanism of vortex structure generation on the frontal surface of the blunt body is proposed and confirmed by calculations; in this mechanism, the curved bow shock produces a vortex flow, while in its turn the vortex, which persists under weak dissipation, acts on the shock thus maintaining its curved shape. It is shown that the spatially periodic mode of hypersonic flow past a cylinder can exist in the case of a uniform incident flow and under homogeneous boundary conditions on the body surface.     

Focusing of a shock wave in a rarefied gas A numerical study

The process of focusing of a shock wave in a rarefied noble gas is investigated by a numerical solution of the corresponding two dimensional initial–boundary value problem for the Boltzmann equation. The numerical method is based on the splitting algorithm in which the collision integral is computed by a Monte Carlo quadrature, and the free flow equation is solved by a finite volume method. We analyse the development of the shock wave which reflects from a suitably shaped reflector, and we study influence of various factors, involved in the mathematical model of the problem, on the process of focusing. In particular, we investigate the pressure amplification factor and its dependence on the strength of the shock and on the accommodation coefficient appearing in the Maxwell boundary condition modelling the gas-surface interaction. Moreover, we study the dependence of the shock focusing phenomenon on the shape of the reflector, and on the Mach number of the incoming shock. Received 25 May 1998 / Accepted 4 January 2000