Vanadate-stimulated release of hepatic lipase activity from liver.

Vanadate stimulated the release of rat hepatic lipase activity from liver slices into an incubation medium in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Insulin, however, failed to have this stimulatory action, and the release by heparin was recognized, but was not additive to that by vanadate. Amiloride, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase in some receptors and of the Na+/H+ exchange system suppressed the vanadate-stimulated release. Biochanin A, a different type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor than amiloride, also suppressed the effect of vanadate. The stimulation by vanadate was clearly preserved in Na(+)-, K(+)-, or Ca(2+)-free medium, suggesting that neither the Na+/H+ exchange system, Na+, K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase, nor Ca(2+)-influx into cells is involved in the action of this substance. These results suggest that vanadate-stimulated release of the enzyme activity is associated with the activation of the tyrosine kinase activity.     

Reductive alkylation of lipase

Candida rugosa lipase was modified via reductive alkylation to increase its hydrophobicity to work better in organic solvents. The free amino group of lysines was alkylated using propionaldehyde with different degrees of modification obtained (49 and 86%). Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of the lipase in aqueous solvent showed that such chemical modifications at the enzyme surface caused a loss in secondary and tertiary structure that is attributed to the enzyme unfolding. Using molecular modeling, we propose that in an aqueous environment the loss in protein structure of the modified lipase is owing to disruption of stabilizing salt bridges, particularly of surface lysines. Indeed, molecular modeling and simulation of a salt bridge formed by Lys-75 to Asp-79, in a nonpolar environment, suggests the adoption of a more flexible alkylated lysine that may explain higher lipase activity in organic solvents on alkylation.     

Tuning lipase enantioselectivity in organic media using solid-state buffers.

The enantioselectivity exhibited by Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in predominantly organic media has been studied for different enzyme protonation states. Alcoholysis of (+/-)-2-phenyl-4-benzyloxazol-5(4H)-one (1) using butan-1-ol as the nucleophile in low-water organic solvents was used as a model reaction. Using either organo-soluble bases or the newly introduced solid-state buffers of known pK(a), the protonation state of the lipase was altered. By choice of the appropriate solid-state buffer or organic base, the enantioselectivity could be selectively tuned. Both Et(3)N and the solid-state buffer pair CAPSO/CAPSO.Na were found to increase the enantioselectivity of the reaction catalyzed by CALB and that of another lipase (Mucor miehei). Significant differences to both the enantioselectivity and catalytic rate were observed, especially under hydrated conditions where byproduct acid was formed.     

Adsorption behaviour of lipase from Staphylococcus carnosus on a hydrophobic adsorbent.

The adsorption of proteins on a solid surface with a subsequent desorption is a well known final purification step in downstream processing. Here the adsorption behaviour of a microbial lipase on the hydrophobic Fractogel TSK butyl 650 in a crude fermentation supernatant is investigated. The measured equilibrium curves differ from fermentation to fermentation by up to +/- 65%. The adsorption capacity increases with decreasing particle diameter of the adsorbent and is influenced by the method of contacting the supernatant with the adsorbent. The rate of desorption depends largely on the adsorption conditions, which is an indication of different orientations of the adsorbed enzyme.     

Acrylamide-quenching of Rhizomucor miehei lipase

Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence-quenching measurements have been performed to study multitryptophan lipase from filamentous fungus Rhizomucor miehei. Using the steady-state acrylamide fluorescence quenching data and the fluorescence-quenching-resolved-spectra (FQRS) method, the total emission spectrum of native ("closed-lid") lipase has been decomposed into two distinct spectral components accessible to acrylamide. According to FQRS analysis, more quenchable component has a maximum of fluorescence emission at about 352 nm whereas less quenchable component emits at about 332 nm. The redder component participates in about 60-64% of the total lipase fluorescence and may be characterized by the dynamic and static quenching constants equal to K(1) = 3.75 M(-1) and V(1) = 1.12 M(-1), respectively. The bluer component is quenchable via dynamic mechanism with K(2) = 1.97 M(-1). Significant difference in the values of acrylamide bimolecular rate quenching constants estimated for redder and bluer component (i.e., k(q) = 1.2 x 10 (9) M(-1)s (-1) vs. k(q) = 4.3 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), respectively), suggests that tryptophan residues in fungal lipase are not uniformly exposed to the solvent.     

Immobilization of Oospora lactis lipase

A number of new sorbents for the immobilization of lipases have been synthesized from Silokhrom and Porokhrom, and also from microcrystalline cellulose. The conditions for the immobilization of lipases have been selected and some of their properties have been studied.Institute of Microbiology, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 729–732, September–October, 1988.     

Evaluation of enteric coated tablet sensitive to pancreatic lipase. I. In vitro disintegration test.

We designed a new enteric coated preparation which is pH independent and functions by pancreatic lipase activity in the duodenum. Triolein (TO) and trilaurin (TL) were selected as lipase sensitive components and ethylcellulose (EC) was used as the support film for TO and TL. Tablets (330 mg, d = 10 mm) containing a model drug, sulfamethizole (SMZ), were coated with 1% each of TO, TL and EC solution by the fluidized bed coating technique. Disintegration tests were carried out in the media including JPXI 1st fluid (pH 1.2, JP-1), 2nd fluid (pH 6.8, JP-2) and JP-2 with gall powder and pancreatic lipase (JP-2-GL). The lag time of disintegration of the tablet (TOTL-Tab) coated 5-7 mg/tab with TO, TL and EC was about 10 min and all of the tablets disintegrated completely within 30 min in JP-2-GL. However, in the other media, which did not contain lipase, TOTL-Tab did not disintegrate for at least 2 h. It was confirmed that TO and TL in the coating film were digested by lipase. In addition, the tensil strength of the film decreased quickly after incubation in JP-2-GL. These results suggest that the application of TO, TL and EC to tablet coating is useful for an enteric release preparation sensitive to pancreatic lipase, even if patients have low gastric acidity or are taking antacids.     

Kinetic and stability characterization ofChromobacterium viscosum lipase and its comparison withPseudomonas glumae lipase

A kinetic study ofChromobacterium viscosum lipase was undertaken, and compared withPseudomonas glumae lipase. Optimum operation conditions were pH 9.0 and 50°C for both enzymes. A substrate specificity study was also developed. Both enzymes showed higher activity on triglycerides with a long chain of fatty acid; the specific activity was always higher for C.viscosum lipase. Stability of both enzymes in aqueous medium at 60°C and pH 9.0 was evaluated. C.viscosum lipase was three times more stable than P.glumae lipase, with at _1/2 value of 0.75 h. In addition, the activity of C.viscosum lipase with substrate concentration was studied with a triolein emulsion. A dependence of the intrinsic characteristics of the emulsion was observed. Therefore, stability ofC. viscosum lipase B with reaction products was assayed in a micellar system. Acid products reduced the specific activity of the enzyme. Glycerol and high buffer concentration were stabilizers of enzyme deactivation. Finally, substrate specificity ofC. viscosum lipase B in a micellar system was developed with tributyrin, tricaprylin, and triolein. Only tributyrin showed an apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic with V_max ^app = 958 U/mg and K_ma ^app = 75.5 mM. Tricaprylin and triolein showed diffusion limitations at low substrate concentration and substrate inhibition at high substrate concentration. Diffusion parameters were calculated for both these substrates. Mass transfer coefficients (k₁) were 0.314 Å/min and 1.53 Å/min for tricaprylin and triolein, respectively. Effectiveness factors (η) were 0.536 and 0.768 for tricaprylin and triolein, respectively.     

Production of biodiesel by immobilized Candida sp. lipase at high water content

A new process for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel at high water content (10–20%) with 96% conversion by lipase from Candida sp. 99–125 was studied. The lipase, a no-position-specific lipase, was immobilized by a cheap cotton membrane and the membrane-immobilized lipase could be used at least six times with high conversion. The immobilized lipase could be used for different oil conversion and preferred unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid to staturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid. The changes in concentration of fatty acids, diglycerides, and methyl esters in the reaction were studied and a mechanism of synthesis of biodiesel was suggested: the triglycerides are first enzymatically hydrolyzed into fatty acids, and then these fatty acids are further converted into methyl esters.     

Specificity of the lipase from cottonseed

Conclusions 1. The lipase from cotton seeds possesses lipase, esterase, and tweenase activities.2. The broad substrate specificity of the lipase is connected with its capacity for functioning both in homogeneous and in heterogeneous media. A mechanism of the action of the lipase explaining the specificity of its action is proposed.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the UzbekSSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 602–607, September–October, 1970.