全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究——Ⅵ.一些长链烷基醚磺酰氟的合成

末端氟烯烃R_FCF=CF₂[R_F=CF₃,Cl(CF₂)2～4,H(CF₂)₄,n-C₃F₇O]与四氟乙磺内酯、氟化钾和卤素在二乙二醇二甲醚中反应,得到长链烷基醚磺酰氟[R_FCFXCF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F](1,2_a,b～6_a,b)。烯烃结构和反应温度对磺酰氟的产率有一定影响。用三氟化钴处理R_FCFXCF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F(5b,2b,8,9)时,-CF₂SO₂F失SO₂而转化为-CF₃,形成多氟醚(R_FCFXCF₂OCF₂CF₃)7及10～12。控制反应温度,二磺酰氟13也可以失去一个SO₂为主而形成单磺酰氟15。     

氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/碱/丙酮体系与苄醇衍生物的氧化反应

研究了氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/氢氧化钠/丙酮体系与6个苄醇衍生物的氧化反应, 其中氟烷磺酰氟包括HCF₂CF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F, n-C₄F₉SO₂F和n-C₈F₁₇SO₂F. 最优反应条件为n(苄醇衍生物): n(氟烷磺酰氟): n(双氧水): n(氢氧化钠)=1: 4: 8: 8, 溶剂为丙酮, 反应温度为20℃, 反应时间为24 h. 产物酮的收率为23% ~92%. 探讨了该氧化反应的机理, 原位生成的氟烷基过氧磺酸中间体可将丙酮氧化为二甲基二氧杂环丙烷, 进而将反应体系中共存的苄醇衍生物氧化成相应的产物酮. 氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/氢氧化钠/丙酮体系原位生成的二甲基二氧杂环丙烷氧化苄位羟基的能力和传统的Oxone/CH₃COCH₃体系相当. 本研究提供了一种新颖的原位制备二甲基二氧杂环丙烷的方法.     

全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究——Ⅶ.含有双键的全氟与多氟烷基醚磺酰氟的合成

本文用不同方法获得含有磺酰氟基的烯烃.利用格氏反应由ω-碘-3-氧杂全氟烷磺酰氟(1)得到了γ-和ε-全氟烯基醚磺酰氟(2b和2c).1可与乙烯加成制得ICH₂CH₂(CF₂CF₂)_n+1-OCF₂CF_SO₂F(3),然后用三乙胺脱碘化氢得到相应的烯烃4.含有氟氯双键的磺酰氟6曾从CFCI₂CFCIOCF₂CF₂SO₂F(5)脱氯得到.5与Swarts试剂反应得不到CF₂CICFClOCF₂CF₂SO₂F,却得到醚键的α氯被氟化的7.β-磺酰氟基全氟乙氧基阴离子与对甲苯磺酸β-氯乙酯反应得到5-氯-4,4,5,5-四氢-3-氧杂四氟戊磺酰氟(12),它亦可由四氟乙磺内酯、氟化钾、乙烯、氯在DG中反应制得.经过氯化、脱氯,得到三氯乙烯基醚乙磺酰氟(14). 合成了含有内部双键的对称全氟和多氟醚二磺酰氟.将CFCIICF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F(15)在乙酐、二氯甲烷或乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷中用锌粉偶合,得到(—CFCICF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F)₂(16),再脱氯制得(—CFCF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F)₂(17).CCI₃CF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F(18)在180～200℃可经铜粉进行脱卤偶合而成(—CCICF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F)₂(19).     

LiCl-KCl熔盐体系中镨(Ⅲ)在镍电极上的电化学行为

采用循环伏安、 方波伏安、 计时电位和开路计时电位等电化学方法研究了Pr(Ⅲ)离子在共晶LiCl-KCl熔盐中Ni电极上的电化学行为及Pr-Ni合金化机理. 结果表明, Pr(Ⅲ)离子的电化学还原过程为三电子转移的一步反应. 与惰性Mo电极上的循环伏安曲线相比, Pr(Ⅲ) 离子在活性Ni电极的循环伏安曲线上还出现了4对氧化还原峰, 表明Pr(Ⅲ)离子在Ni电极上发生欠电位沉积, 是由于生成不同的Pr-Ni金属间化合物. 采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪等对恒电位电解的产物进行了表征. 结果表明, 在不同电位下进行恒电位电解时, 每个电位上只得到一种Pr-Ni金属间化合物, 分别为PrNi₂, PrNi₃, Pr₂Ni₇和PrNi₅.     

电化学氟化的新进展

电化学氟化是利用电极反应将氟直接引入有机或无机物的一种重要方法。有机物的电化学氟化方法有两种: 一是Simons于1941年发明的, 用镍作阳极, 在无水氟化氢溶液中, 电解制备全氟化合物的方法。此方法在近年来有不少改进。另一是1970年Rozhkov提出的, 以有机溶剂(如含Et3N.3HF的MeCN)为介质, 在铂阳极上,氧化得到单氟化产物的方法。本文全面地综述了这两种方法, 并着重于最新民发展。     

三氟甲基磺酰氟绝缘介质理化特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法, 研究了新型绝缘介质三氟甲基磺酰氟(CF₃SO₂F)的理化特性, 为高压电气设备应用CF₃SO₂F替代SF₆气体提供了理论依据. 基于量子化学计算的分子结构、 内转动、 偶极矩和振动频率等优化设计了mPCFF力场模型, 计算了243~323 K温度范围内CF₃SO₂F的各种气-液相平衡性质(饱和蒸汽压、 密度、 热容、 蒸发焓和临界参数等)与关键输运特性(扩散系数、 介电常数、 黏度和热导率等)基础参数, 并考察了CF₃SO₂F与N₂或CO₂形成混合气体的理化特性. 通过对比SF₆以及C4/CO₂混合环保绝缘气体, 针对混合比、 液化温度、 扩散和热导等因素提出了CF₃SO₂F的电气设备应用建议.     

氟化石墨的电化学性能研究

对系列氟化石墨及其作为碱性电池正极添加剂的电化学性能进行了研究,考察了氟化石墨作为电极活性材料及用作添加剂时电池的放电行为以及氟化石墨的氟化程度和电极中氟化石墨的含量对电池的放电性能的影响.研究了MnO₂中添加氟化石墨后对电极循环性能的影响,并用XRD比较了几种不同碳材料与氟化石墨的结构特点及MnO₂电极放电前后的状态变化,初步探讨了氟化石墨改善二氧化锰电化学性能的作用机制.     

全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究——Ⅱ.一些多氟烷基醚磺酸的合成

一系列5-卤3-氧杂多氟戊磺酰氟 FO₂SCF₂CF₂OC-C-X 已经由四氟乙烷磺内酯(或氟羰基全氟甲基磺酰氟)、烯烃、氟化钾及卤素在二乙二醇二甲醚中制得.所用烯烃是四氟乙烯、三氟氯乙烯、六氟丙烯、偏氟乙烯和对称二氟二氯乙烯,所用卤素是一氯化碘、溴和氯.通过色谱-质谱分析,鉴定了一氯化碘与四氟乙烯反应的副产物,提出了这一反应的可能机理:β-磺酰氟基四氟乙氧基 FO₂SCF₂CF₂Oθ与卤素首先生成次卤酸酯 FO₂SCF₂CF₂OX(X=Cl,Br,I),它或主要地与烯烃加成,或分解产生二氟卡宾 F₂C:和氟光气 F₂C=O,而导致产生许多副产物.FO₂SCF₂CF₂OCF₂CF₂I与四氟乙烯的调聚产物 I(CF₂CF₂) _n+1 OCF₂CF₂SO₂F 在180～200℃可以直接氯化得高产率的 Cl(CF₂CF₂) _n+1 OCF₂CF₂SO₂F 和一氯化碘,亦可偶合成二磺酰氟[(CF₂CF₂) _n+1 OCF₂CF₂SO₂F]₂,它们可再转化成钾盐.     

碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备氟代聚阴离子型嵌/脱锂材料LiVPO4F/C

采用碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法合成了锂二次电池正极材料LiVPO₄F/C, 探讨煅烧温度和煅烧时间对所制备材料纯度、结构和电化学性能的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 恒流充放电, 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)等手段对不同煅烧温度和时间所得的材料进行结构表征和电化学性能测试. 当煅烧时间为4 h 时, 温度为450 ℃时, 能够得到纯相LiVPO₄F/C, 在0.1C、0.5C和1.0C倍率下, 电池放电比容量分别为193.2、175.6 和173.7 mAh·g^-1. 随着煅烧温度升高, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃杂相逐渐增多, 650 ℃煅烧后的材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 成为主相. 优化煅烧时间也能够有效控制Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 杂相的生成, 能得到电化学性能良好的LiVPO₄F/C. 当煅烧温度为550 ℃时, 反应3 h后得到的产物综合电化学性能最优.     

F+CH2CO的反应机理和动力学研究

用G3(MP2)方法对F与CH₂CO的反应进行研究,揭示了该反应的加成-消除机理.F原子首先与CH₂CO作用形成富能的中间体CH₂FCO^*,此加成反应为无势垒过程.富能的CH₂FCO^*可进一步发生解离或异构化反应生成各种可能的产物.其中CO和CH₂F可能为反应的主要产物.根据从头算的结果,用RRKM-TST理论计算该反应的速率常数.总包反应速率常数与温度存在弱的依赖关系,与总压力无关.     

The actual state of our knowledge about mechanism of electrochemical fluorination in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (Simons process)

Based on recent developments the nickel fluorides mediated mechanism of Simons process is proposed. It is shown that the yield of perfluorinated products depends on the nature of the starting material and the peculiarities of the adsorptions processes on the surface of the nickel anode. Some useful empirical rules to optimise the process of electrochemical fluorination in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride are formulated.     

Novel synthetic route to fluorofullerenes: reaction with binary and complex lead fluorides

We have recently developed methods of preparation of fluorofullerenes with specific fluorine content. Our previous successful synthesis of C₆₀F₃₆ and C₆₀F₁₈ with the use of transition metal fluorides inspired us to probe other high oxidation metal fluorides. In this work we report on the use of the binary lead fluorides (PbF₂, PbF₄, Pb₂F₆) and their complexes with alkali metal and alkaline earth metal fluorides (M₂PbF₆, M₃PbF₇ and M′PbF₆) as fluorinating reagents for fullerenes.     

氧瓶法测定难燃烧高硼有机物中的硼含量

把有机硼定量地转变为硼酸是测硼的关键,常用氧瓶、氧弹和消化法进行分解。Gradskova,N.A.等用氧瓶法测硼,其准确性欠佳^[1]。     

Ergebnisse aus versuchen zur darstellung von bis(trifluormethylsulphanyl)thioketen (CF3S)2C=C=S

The attempted preparation of bis(trifluoromethylsulphanyl)thioketene is described. Mono-and di-(trifluoromethylsulphanyl)-substituted orthothioesters may be prepared fromCH₃C(SC₂H₅)₃ and CF₃SCl in the presence of anhydrous ZnCl₂. The unstable compoundshave been isolated and characterized. The corresponding CF₃Se and CF₃SO₂ derivativesare only formed as intermediates which decompose to ketene diethylmercaptal. Suchmono- and di-substituted products are obtained in good yield from H₂C=C(SC₂H₅)₂ andCF₃ECl (E=S, Se). The reaction of H₂C=C(SC₂H₅)₂ with CF₃SO₂F gave only poor yieldsof (CF₃SO₂)_nCH_2−n=C(SC₂H₅)₂ (n=1, 2) which were only capable of characterizationin etheral solution by spectral means. Attempts to prepare (CF₃S)₂C=C=S by refluxing(CF₃S)₂CHC(O)Cl, (CF₃S)₂CHC(O)OH or (CF₃S)₂C=C=O with P₄S₁₀ in toluene yieldedonly the cyclic dimer and the corresponding 1,3,4-trithiolan.     

A study on the formation mechanism of graphite fluorides by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectra were measured of highly fluorinated graphite samples prepared at room temperature, 380 and 515 °C. C_xF prepared at room temperature showed a novel downshifted band at 1555–1542 cm⁻¹ along with G band at 1593–1583 cm⁻¹. Similar behavior is also observed for samples prepared at 380 and 515 °C at early stages of fluorination, after which the Raman shifts completely disappeared. Raman spectra as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggest that graphite fluorides, (CF)_n and (C₂F)_n are formed via fluorine-intercalated phase with planar graphene layers.     

Application of an electrochemical membrane reactor to the thermochemical water splitting IS process for hydrogen production

The Bunsen reaction (SO₂ + I₂ + 2H₂O = H₂SO₄ + 2HI) in the thermochemical IS process to produce hydrogen was successfully employed using an electrochemical membrane reactor. H₂SO₄ and HI were concentrated in the anode side and the cathode side of the reactor, respectively. I₂ is the dominant bulk of the recycling chemicals in this process, and I₂ concentration at the outlet of the reactor was reduced ca. 93% by using this technique. The electric energy consumption for the reaction was about 50% smaller by reducing the concentration of I₂ indicating that the IS process can be operate efficiently at low I₂ concentration. The reaction was carried out for 4 h, and the HI concentration was increased by 26%. This amount was the same within 10% as the values calculated from the total loaded electricity. In order to decrease the overpotential at the anode side, small amount of HI was added to the anode side solution. The total voltage was reduced by 0.03 V by the addition of HI.     

Production of MoF6 via electrochemical fluorination

A new process for the electrochemical preparation of the fluorinating agent MoF₆ is described. Solutions fo MoF₄ in anhydrous HF are electrolyzed in a multielectrode cell at 20°C, 5.4÷5.7V cell voltage and 50÷100 A/m² current density, using nickel anodes and cathodes. A new modified Simons cell has been designed, equipped with a stirring system for the efficient recirculation of the electrolyte and with a condenser held at ?15°C.The reaction product MoF₆ (b.p. 35°C) dissolves in the electrolyte, contributing to its conductivity and in part is volatilized together with HF and some byproduct fluorine.Gaseous MoF₆ passing beyond the condenser can be easily collected and separated in a nickel trap held at low temperature.The process presents substantial advantages in comparison with known alternatives, such as the synthesis of MoF₆ from the elements Mo and F₂ at 250°C or the dismutation reaction: 2MoCl₅ + 10HF → MoF₄ + MoF₆ + 10 HClPreparation of the starting material MoF₄, operating conditions and experimental results are illustrated.     

Fabrication and characterization of smooth high aspect ratio zirconia nanotubes

In the present work, we report formation of high aspect ratio zirconia nanotubes by electrochemical anodization of zirconium in a 1 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ electrolyte containing 0.5 wt% NH₄F. Highly self-organized zirconia nanotubes can be formed with a diameter of ≈50 nm and a length of ≈17 μm, i.e. with an aspect ratio of more than 300. The nanotubes show a distinct smooth and straight morphology. XRD investigation reveals that the nanotubes have a cubic crystalline structure directly after anodization, that is, without any further annealing.