巴西坚果效应之谜

 巴西坚果是产于巴西、委内瑞拉和圭亚那的一种果树的种子，含有丰富的油和蛋白质，是一种极具商用价值的坚果。上个世纪30年代，巴西人在长途运输坚果时，发现装有不同大小的坚果的容器经过长途颠簸，总是大的果子浮在上层而细碎的小果则留在下面。根据常识，大而重的坚果在振动过程中受重力影响应当沉在下面，但事实却与人们想象的截然相反，所以这种现象被称为巴西坚果效应。     

垂直振动颗粒混合气体的振荡现象研究

运用事件驱动算法研究颗粒混合物在垂直振动容器中的振荡现象.容器被具有一定高度的隔板分成相等大小的两个小室,并采用半径相差一倍的两种颗粒.研究结果表明,颗粒振荡周期随两种颗粒密度比的减少而急剧增加.通过计算在垂直方向上两种颗粒高度之比随颗粒密度的变化关系,说明决定颗粒振荡与否的主要因素并不是"巴西坚果效应"或"反巴西坚果效应".通过计算颗粒温度,发现颗粒振荡取决于颗粒混合气体的小颗粒温度.当小颗粒温度大于一定值时,颗粒混合气体发生颗粒振荡现象.根据Viridi等提出的流体动力学模型,文中对该模型做出相应的修改,加入密度因子,从而可以解释颗粒振荡周期与颗粒密度比的关系.     

颗粒物质的两个典型效应及其研究现状的分析

概述了颗粒物质领域中粮仓现象和巴西坚果效应两个典型现象及其解释理论，分析其理论的成功和不足之处，并给出了一些看法。     

振动颗粒混合物中的周期性分聚现象与能量耗散

在垂直振动的激励下, 铜和玻璃珠组成的二元颗粒混合样品存在依次出现分界清晰的三明治, 巴西果, 反巴西果三种分聚结构的周期循环变化现象, 其中出现三明治结构的时段最长(大于90%). 循环周期随振动台频率的增加而增大, 随加速度的增加而减小. 对三种分聚结构的样品能量耗散功率的测量显示, 在相同的振动条件下反巴西果结构的能耗功率最大, 巴西果结构的最小. 利用Hong的凝聚和渗透两机理相互竞争的观点, 并结合能耗功率的测量结果, 可定性解释这个周期性分聚现象.     

流固耦合声子晶体管路冲击振动特性研究

流固耦合管路系统广泛应用于各种装备中,通常用来传递物质和能量或者动量.由于流固耦合效应,管壁在流体作用下易产生强烈的振动与噪声,对装备安全性、隐蔽性产生严重影响,甚至造成严重破坏.流固耦合管路振动抑制需求迫切,意义重大.声子晶体可以利用其带隙特性抑制特定频率范围内弹性波的传播,在减振降噪领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文基于声子晶体理论,研究了流固耦合条件下的布拉格声子晶体管路冲击振动传递特性.将传递矩阵法和有限元法相结合,计算了能带结构与带隙特性,重点考虑了流固耦合效应下,不同冲击激励条件下声子晶体管路振动特性,分析了流固耦合对声子晶体管路振动传递特性的影响.研究结果为流固耦合条件下管路系统的振动控制提供了技术参考.     

振动颗粒混合物中的三明治式分离

在竖直振动两种颗粒的混合物的实验中，观察到了一种新的分离现象——“三明治”式分离，即大而重的颗粒被夹在两层小的轻颗粒之间.这不同于“巴西果”效应导致的大而重的颗粒在上的两层有序结构.实验表明当振动加速度大于某个临界值时这种三层有序将取代两层结构，而且是稳定的.实验中观察到导致“三明治”式分离的两种不同的分离过程.对这两种过程的物理机理及其与振动加速度、振动频率及颗粒尺寸等因素的关系做了研究，并给出了相图. 关键词： 颗粒物质 振动 有序结构 三明治式分离 巴西果效应     

垂直振动作用下二元混合颗粒分层的动态循环反转

在对垂直振动下的铜颗粒和氧化铝颗粒混合物的研究中,除了观测到巴西果分层和混合分层外,还发现了一种新的随时间周期变化的分离形态. 此分离形态可随着时间的演化,在巴西果、反巴西果和三明治这几种分层构型之间进行动态的循环反转. 给出了这种反转态出现的相区,并且观测了其动态转变的规律. 根据碰撞、磨擦及空气的耗散作用所产生的耗散结构对循环反转态的出现给出了定性的解释,并通过实验证实这种分层构型与空气的存在有密切的关系. 关键词： 颗粒物质 巴西果效应 相分离     

振动颗粒物质“巴西果”分离效应实验和理论研究

本文通过实验和理论研究了影响"巴西果"分离的因素及其物理机理. 分析了振动加速度、大小颗粒尺寸和密度对分离时间的影响, 并利用流体模型对分离时间作估算, 对实验结果进行定性解释. 结果表明在振动频率固定时, 调节振动加速度是控制"巴西果"分离的一个主要手段. 振动加速度存在一个临界值, 当高于此临界值时, "巴西果"分离的主要物理机理由对流机理转变为几何填空机理, 且振动加速度对分离影响变小, 大颗粒尺寸对分离的影响增大. 可通过调节大颗粒的尺寸来改变分离效果. 当大、 小颗粒密度比为1时, 仍会出现"巴西果"分离现象. 增大小颗粒尺寸或密度可以促进"巴西果"分离.     

氧化钇(Y_2O_3)的原子间力常数

在室温条件下,使用X射线衍射实验装置对氧化钇(Y_2O_3)粉末晶体进行了衍射实验。观察到了明显的呈现振动形状的热漫散射强度。根据全衍射背底强度通用方程展开Y_2O_3的热漫散射强度方程,通过实验值和理论值的对比推导出了原子间热振动相关效应值μ,得到Y_2O_3的热漫散射强度主要来源于原子的独立振动,对热漫散射振动形状最有贡献的是第6近邻原子(Y1-Y2)间热振动相关效应。根据原子间热振动相关效应值推导出了原子间力常数。     

粘弹性夹层板结构声传入的理论分析

应用有阻尼的简正模态概念,推导出夹层板与腔耦合条件下的声波基本方程,并通过数值计算研究了粘弹性层的特性参数对板结构振动及其辐射噪声的影响。结果表明,利用粘弹性层的剪切效应,可以有效地抑制结构的振动和由此所建立的闭空间声压。     

On correct nonlocal generalized theories of elasticity

The paper discusses nonlocal elasticity theories among which are models of media with defect fields, gradient elasticity theories, and hybrid nonlocal elasticity theories. Gradient theories are analyzed, and their correctness properties are examined. Applied theories that satisfy the correctness conditions are developed, and known applied gradient theories are verified for the correctness properties. A new nonlocal generalized theory has been developed for which the operator of balance equations is represented as the product of the equilibrium operator of classical elasticity theory and the Helmholtz operator. It is shown that this theory is one-parameter and is the only representative of hybrid models constructed by a complete system of equations for forces and moments. Unlike classical elasticity that is free from scale parameters characterizing the internal material structure, nonlocal elasticity theories naturally incorporate these parameters. That is why they are suitable for the modeling of scale effects and find application in the solution of numerous applied problems for heterogeneous structures with developed phase interfaces where the degree of influence of scale effects depends on the density of phase boundaries. Nonlocal continuum models are especially attractive for modeling the properties of various micro/nanostructures, elastic properties of composites and structured materials with submicron- and nanosized internal structures in which effective properties are to a great extent defined by the scale effects (short-range interaction effects of cohesion and adhesion). Generalized elasticity theories even for isotropic materials contain many additional physical constants that are difficult or impossible to determine experimentally. Applied models with a small number of additional physical parameters are therefore of great interest. However, the reduction of nonlocal theories aimed at reducing the number of additional parameters is a nontrivial task and may lead to incorrect theories. The goal of this paper is to study the symmetry properties in gradient theories, to analyze the correctness of gradient theories, and to develop applied one-parameter elasticity theories.     

Purely transmitting defect field theories

We define an infinite class of integrable theories with a defect which are formulated as chiral defect perturbations of a conformal field theory. Such theories are massless in the bulk and are purely transmitting through the defect. The integrability of these theories requires the introduction of defect degrees of freedom. Such degrees of freedom lead to a novel set of Yang-Baxter equations. The defect degrees of freedom are identified through folding the chiral defect theories onto massless boundary field theories. The examples of the sine-Gordon theory and Ising model are worked out in some detail.     

Holomorphic Chern-Simons-Witten theory: From 2D to 4D conformal field theories

It is well known that rational 2D conformal field theories are connected with Chern-Simons theories defined on 3D real manifolds. We consider holomorphic analogues of Chern-Simons theories defined on 3D complex manifolds (six real dimensions) and describe 4D conformal field theories connected with them. All these models are integrable. We describe analogues of the Virasoro and affine Lie algebras, the local action of which on fields of holomorphic analogues of Chern-Simons theories becomes non-local after pushing down to the action on fields of integrable 4D conformal field theories. Quantization of integrable 4D conformal field theories and relations to string theories are briefly discussed.     

Renormalization group equations and the continuum limit of some renormalizable quantum field theories

The renormalization group equations for asymptotically and non-asymptotically free theories are discussed by exploiting the general properties of their integral curves. Some constraints are derived on the existence of a consistent continuum limit for pure Yang-Mills theories in an infinite quantization volume. An analogy between the far infrared behaviour of non-abelian gauge theories and the deep ultraviolet one of asymptotically free theories is discussed.     

Brane tilings and reflexive polygons

Reflexive polygons have attracted great interest both in mathematics and in physics. This paper discusses a new aspect of the existing study in the context of quiver gauge theories. These theories are 4d supersymmetric worldvolume theories of D3 branes with toric Calabi‐Yau moduli spaces that are conveniently described with brane tilings. We find all 30 theories corresponding to the 16 reflexive polygons, some of the theories being toric (Seiberg) dual to each other. The mesonic generators of the moduli spaces are identified through the Hilbert series. It is shown that the lattice of generators is the dual reflexive polygon of the toric diagram. Thus, the duality forms pairs of quiver gauge theories with the lattice of generators being the toric diagram of the dual and vice versa.     

Geometry and topology of chiral anomalies in gauge theories

Geometrical and topological aspects of chiral anomalies in gauge theories are reviewed. Geometrical and topological concepts and results for chiral anomalies in gauge theories are considered, including differential forms, Lie groups, homotopy, homology, cohomology, Riemannian manifolds, fibre bundles, characteristic classes, index theorems and spectral flow. Gauge theories and their formulation in terms of differential forms and fibre bundles are described. The quantisation of gauge theories is performed using path integrals, and the orbit space, BRST symmetries and ? vacuum are discussed. Gauge theories with fermions are formulated, including realistic models of strong and weak interactions. Chiral anomalies and related issues such as the existence of Schwinger terms, their origins in terms of differential forms, cohomology, the orbit space, BRST identities, Hamiltonian systems and relations to index theorems are analysed. Constraints on models for particle physics from chiral anomalies and theories involving spontaneously broken chiral symmetry described by effective Lagrangians are also mentioned.     

The Transformation Properties at the Quantum Level in Field Theories for a Gauge-Invariant System with a Higher-Order Lagrangian

Based on the configuration-space generating functional of the Green functions for the gauge-invariant system in higher-order derivatives theories, the equations of the transformation properties at the quantum level have been derived. It follows that the sufficient conditions are found which implies that there exists the conservation laws and the expressions of the quantal conserved laws are also given. Applying the results to the non-Abelian Chern-Simons higher-order derivatives theories, the quantal BRST conserved charge and other conserved charges are found, the transformation properties of the conformal transformation at the quantum level is discussed, the quantal conserved angular momentum is derived, it is pointed out that fractional spin in this system may be also preserved in quantum theories. But the connection between the symmetries and conservation laws in classical theories are not always preserved in quantum theories.     

Conformal field theories and modular invariant partition functions for parafermion field theories

Parafermion conformal field theories with D_2N discrete symmetry are examined in detail. The structure of field space of parafermion field theories is studied with the help of a projection operator G. Characters of the representations of the twist sector of parafermion algebra and projected characters are given. A new class of modular invariant partition functions, therefore conformal field theories, for parafermion theories are found. We argue that the principal theories correspond to the generic critical SOS models of Andrew, Baxter and Forrest.