理想气体焦耳定律与物态方程的关系

焦耳定律作为理想气体的能态方程,是热力学一般能态方程在理想气体物态方程约束下的特殊解,本质上不独立于物态方程.但焦耳定律却是理想气体温标等于热力学温标的充分必要条件,以理想气体温标表述理想气体定义时,物态方程和焦耳定律缺一不可.     

关于玻意耳定律和焦耳定律相互独立性讨论的小结

玻意耳定律和焦耳定律相互独立,是热力学中早已有的论断．文献[1]以（δU/δp)θ→∞违反热力学为由,从玻意耳定律导出了焦耳定律,从而说明二者并非相互独立．文献[2]指出（δU/δp)θ→∞是可能的,并不违反热力学．该文还写出了遵从焦耳定律的气体物态方程的普遍形式(此式在前人的文献中已出现过)。     

理想气体状态方程与焦耳定律相互独立吗

回顾了在《大学物理》上有关焦耳定律与理想气体状态方程是否独立问题的讨论。     

关于理想气体定义的再认识

本文指出：只需玻意耳定律和阿伏伽德罗定律即可定义理想气体．玻意耳定律和焦耳定律不是相互独立的，遵守玻意耳定律的气体必然服从焦耳定律，反之则不然．最后，作者对今日热力学教材中如何定义理想气体提出了建议．     

焦耳效应与焦汤效应的关系

关于焦耳效应与焦汤效应的关系,有的教科书中有如下的分析[1] 把焦汤系数aJT写成两项之和:aJT=第一项表示实际气体与焦耳定律偏离引起的贡献,第二项表示实际气体与玻意耳定律偏离引起的贡献.对焦耳定律的偏离使实际气体在节流膨胀后变冷;对玻意耳定律的偏离则既能致冷也能致温. 实际气体对玻意耳定律和焦耳定律的偏离井不独立,因此不宜把(1)式右方第一项看作焦耳效应在焦汤效应中的贡献. 焦耳实验研究气体绝热自由膨胀时的温度效应,焦汤实验研究气体绝热节流膨胀时的温度效应.两种过程的差别是前者气体的内能不变,后者气体的内能有变化.所…     

相对论热力学中玻意耳定律与焦耳定律之间的关系

证明在相对论热力学理论系统中,焦耳定律是玻意耳定律的推论,但玻意耳定律不是焦耳定律的推论.     

焦耳定律的建立

焦耳定律是基础物理教学的重要内容之一,在一些中学物理教材中,往往会涉及焦耳(James Prescott Joule,1818～1889)的生平和科学贡献[1-2].本文依据焦耳的论文和一些研究文献,详细介绍了焦耳定律的建立背景,以及提出焦耳定律的实验研究过程,并对焦耳的研究特点和成功因素作了一些初步分析,希望为焦耳定律的教学提供物理学史方面的参考资料.     

改进教具锐意求进

通过分析文革后各版本上焦耳定律演示实验装置的不足之处,介绍了自己学校改制焦耳定律演示器的思路和过程,以及演示器在实际教学中的效果。     

利用DISLab定量探究焦耳定律

针对新、旧人教版高中物理教材均缺少对焦耳定律实验探究的问题,利用DISLab设计相应实验内容,并自制配套的实验装置,实验过程操作简单,数据图像清晰明了,实现了对焦耳定律的科学定量探究.     

气体的内能、焦耳-汤姆逊系数与理想气体

本文拟就满足焦耳定律的气体与焦耳-汤姆逊系数μ=0的气体的性质以及理想气体的定义作一些讨论.一、焦耳定律与物态方程 焦耳通过实验研究了气体的内能,得到了气体的内能U仅是温度的函数而与体积无关的结论,即 U=U(T)(l)这就是焦耳定律.式中T是用理想气体绝对温标量度的温度.精确的实验表明,一切实陈的气体,并不严格遵守焦耳定律,只有非常稀薄的气体才较好地服从式(1).假设绝对热力学温标量度的温度θ与T相等,即 T=　(2)则由热力学第一定律和第二定律得到的能方程[1]可以证明。凡满足理想气体物态方程 PV=RT(4)的气体,一定满足焦耳定律…     

First approximation to the Hugoniot equation of state of the lanthanides

Summary The semi-empirical Hugoniot equation of state is obtained by using the third-order tangency between the isentropic and the Hugoniot curves at the origin of coordinates. The results of this model are in good agreement with Carter’s experimental data for fourteen elements from the lanthanides series in the lower phase only. Due to postal troubles with Lebanon, it was impossible to send proffs to the author as he requested.     

超弹性碰撞实验最佳工作条件分析

超弹性碰撞演示实验是灵活运用大学物理知识的典型实验,本文对其最佳工作条件进行了分析,研究表明,当大球和小球的质量比为3时可以达到最佳的实验效果．     

Spectroscopic evaluation of the global hardness of the atoms

This study explored a new route for calculating the global hardness of atoms using spectroscopy. Working on a new definition of global hardness and relying on the Bohr model of the hydrogenic atom, a new formula for the global hardness of atoms was derived in terms of the wave number, reflecting the electron transition from the ground state to infinity. Since the spectral lines emitted from an atom bear the signature of all complex and complicated energetic effects, including relativity, in the internal constitution of the atom, it is expected that all such effects are automatically subsumed in the hardness data computed in terms of spectral lines. The hardness of the atoms of the 103 elements of the periodic table have been computed using spectral data and in terms of the new formula suggested in this work. The effect of relativity in pre- and post-lanthanoid elements is distinctly manifest. The express periodic behaviour and correlation of the most important physico-chemical properties of elements suggest that the present approach is an alternative scientifically meaningful method for evaluating the global hardness of atoms.     

Accuracy of Determining the Optical Parameters of Thin Films by the Method of the Reflectance-Spectrum Extrema Envelopes

A technique to evaluate the accuracy with which the optical parameters of thin films are determined by the method of reflectance-spectrum extrema envelopes is presented. The general case of s-polarized light impinging obliquely on a weakly absorbing thin film formed on an absorbing substrate is discussed. Rather simple analytical expressions are derived which can easily be used in program realization on computers for calculating errors. On the basis of the error analysis, a procedure for determining the optical constants and thickness of thin films is proposed, which allows one to reach the maximum accuracy in solving the inverse problem of spectrophotometry. The optical constants and the thicknesses of the films of perylenetetracarboxylic acid and 2-[4-(4-aminophenyl)phenyliminomethyl]phenol formed on silicon substrates are found by the developed technique in the spectral range 550–900 nm.     

物理力学公式、定律在"和平号"空间站坠毁过程中的运用

利用物理力学定律对“和平号”空间站坠毁过程作了比较详细的计算和描述，旨在使读者在航天器有关知识有更多了解。     

Effect of the Central Atom of a Metal on the Structure and Frequencies of the Normal Vibrations of the Porphin Ligand

The structure and frequencies of the normal vibrations of the molecules of porphin, Mg-, Zh-, and Ni-porphin were calculated by the density-functional method in the B3LYP/6-31G(d) approximation, and correlation of their frequencies was made. The force fields have been obtained in dependent natural coordinates. It is shown that the majority of changes in the vibrational frequencies in transition from porphin to its metal complexes correlate with changes in the structure of the pyrrole and pyrrolenine rings of the porphin ligand.     

On the origin of the inverted-barometer effect at subinertial frequencies

Summary An analytical model, simulating the frictionless response of the sea contained in a rotating, rectangular channel of arbitrary width to air pressure waves travelling at varying directions, is developed. Since planetary atmospheric waves are of primary interest as forcing agents, a solution is found for subinertial frequencies. For an atmospheric wave travelling along a channel whose width is close to the Rossby deformation radius, the model predicts sea levels and currents organized in two coastal waves and a geostrophic current system prevailing in mid-basin. The right-hand coastal wave is more pronounced than the left-hand wave. The structure is coupled to the atmospheric wave, and is resonantly driven when the phase velocity of the forcing wave approaches the Kelvin wave velocity. Along the coasts a quasi-static adjustment occurs under off-resonant conditions. When the atmospheric wave is moving across the channel at a sharp angle, the response of the sea is enhanced for the apparent along-channel velocities below those of free shallow-water waves, due to reflections at channel boundaries. For the atmospheric wave that travels at right angle across the channel, the resonance is not possible, and the sea level undershoots a simple inverted-barometer response. Both travelling and standing waves appear in the channel. In the narrow-channel limit only a standing wave remains, with a nodal line in the middle of the channel. In the central part of the channel the currents are almost geostrophic at very low frequencies. The model is used to interpret some aspects of the response of the Mediterranean Sea to planetary-scale atmospheric forcing. In particular, it is shown that resonant transfer of energy from the atmosphere to the sea is most unlikely, since planetary atmospheric waves are rather slow and they travel along the main axis of the Mediterranean basin.     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

皮秒量级电子脉冲宽度测量系统

提出了一种测量皮秒量级电子脉冲宽度的新方法; 并且在二次发射微波电子枪前期研究结果的基础上利用MAFIA等数值模拟程序建立起该测量方法的数值模型进行数值分析, 讨论了其可行性; 并根据本实验室现有条件给出了测量方法的最小分辨, 说明了测量方法的可行性.     

滴落状血迹形态的实验模拟研究

滴落状血迹是刑事案件现场常见血迹形态,是对犯罪现场重建分析的重要依据.本文通过血液滴落的模拟实验,分析测量结果,研究血液滴落的角度与高度对血迹形态的影响,并得出相应规律.通过对滴落状血迹形态的观察分析,反推血滴的出射角度,下落高度和排列的顺序,进而确定案发当时出血者的体位、姿势、朝向角度、动静关系.以期对现场重建有很大的帮助.