HL—1M边缘区径向电场对等离子体转动的影响

我们曾经用计算程序ROTATE编码对HL－1M托卡马克常规运行参烽下的主离子与杂质离子的环向转动速度和极向转动速度进行理论模拟计算和比较研究。在这个计算程序里我们挑选了3个具有代表性的等离子体转动理论模型：Hazeltine的标准新经典理论模型，Kim等人区分主离子和杂质离子的转动理论模型，Hinton等人考虑电场梯度对离子转动速度的影响，引进轨道挤压因子的推广理论模型。本文主要研究增强约束期间，出现剪切层的边缘区域内的等离子体转动。     

KT—5C边缘等离子体湍流性质的实验研究

利用四探针方法系统地研究了ＫＴ－５Ｃ托卡马克边缘等离子体的湍流性质。实验结果指出，在限制器内０．５ｃｍ处，有一自然产生的径向电场剪切层，由Ｅｒ×Ｂ引起的等离子体整体的极向旋转在剪切层外沿着离子逆磁漂移方向，而在剪切层内则是沿着电子逆漂移方向的。     

CT-6B托卡马克等离子体角向转动的光谱测量

利用高分辨光谱测量系统，根据杂质离子谱线ＯⅡ４６４.２ｎｍ，ＣⅢ４６４.７ｎｍ和氢Ｈα谱线的多普勒位移，测量了ＣＴ-６Ｂ托卡马克等离子体角向转动速度的径向分布．结果表明：杂质离子的角向转动速度的方向在等离子体内部为电子逆磁漂移方向，其线速度在小半径约９ｃｍ处达到极大值３.５ｋｍ／ｓ；在接近孔阑ｒ＝１０ｃｍ处，反转为离子逆磁漂移方向．由此导出等离子体内部的径向电场向里，其最大值为１８Ｖ／ｃｍ．中性氢原子只存在其方向为电子逆磁漂移方向的角向转动分量，其数值较杂质离子谱线所得结果要低．最后对所得的结果作了初步的讨论 关键词：     

HL-2A装置边缘静电湍流谱特征研究

利用具有极向和径向结构的三探针在HL-2A装置等离子体边缘最后闭合磁分界面以内5cm左右，对静电湍流的谱特征进行了实验研究。空间二级关联分析指出，静电湍流主要是由具有低频和长波长的波胞组成，波胞以内都是相关结构；波在极向的传播主要是沿电子逆磁漂移方向，偶尔也会由于多谱勒频移造成在离子逆磁漂移方向的频率分量。静电波在径向向外传播，其速度的大小与极向相速度相当，这个特征意味着径向模对横越磁场的输运有重要的影响。     

偏滤器靶板磁预鞘层边界的离子流

利用流体力学模型研究了偏滤器等离子体条件下磁预鞘层边界离子流和预鞘层宽度之间的关系，并分析了粒子碰撞对预鞘层边界离子流的影响。由于粒子碰撞对离子的驱动效益，预鞘层边界离子流速度随着预鞘层宽度的增加而减少；只有当预鞘层宽度趋于零时，边界离子流沿磁力线的速度才趋近于离子声速。在固定预鞘层宽度的条件下，计算了预鞘层边界离子流速度与碰撞频率之间的函数关系。     

磁场中等离子体鞘层的结构

采用流体力学理论，研究了斜磁场作用下的等离子体鞘层结构.在不同大小及方向的磁场作用下，对鞘层的离子，电子密度分布，离子流速度分布，电势分布和Bohm判据进行了讨 论.结果显示磁场对鞘层的结构有明显的影响.在静电力和洛仑兹力的作用下，离子流作螺旋进动，离子密度分布产生振荡. 关键词： 磁鞘 等离子体 磁场     

回流离子源特征分析

强流电子束轰击在辐射转换靶上可产生正离子. 这些离子在电子束空间电荷场作用下回流，对电子束聚焦会有影响，从而可能改变焦斑大小，影响X光机的照相分辨率. 离子种类、离子流的大小是很关注的参量. 本文分析了回流离子来源及其特征，认为回流离子以靶表面杂质热释放后被电子束直接电离生成的离子为主，离子发射受空间电荷限制而非受源限制.     

圆突扩两相流中气相脉动速度与速度梯度的关系

采用PDA对三种不同颗粒质量载荷的竖直向下圆管突扩流动进行了测量,发现在剪切较强的突扩发展区中气相脉动速度与速度梯度存在线性关系.采用强剪切流假设,进一步对管流中气相湍流的理论推导得到了与实验结果一致的结论.理论分析表明,颗粒浓度较小时,颗粒对气相湍流作用较弱,单相流中气相脉动速度与速度梯度的线性关系得以保持.同时推测,当增大颗粒浓度,颗粒对气相湍流的非线性作用增大,气相脉动速度与速度梯度的线性关系消失.对经典文献中的实验数据进行分析,验证了以上推论.     

在HT-7托卡马克上密度扫描实验中的边界湍流和输运

在HT-7托卡马克上密度扫描实验中使用一个快速扫描气动朗缪尔探针来研究边界湍流和输运。随着中心弦平均等离子体密度的增加，在等离子体边界观察到径向电场剪切增强，径向电场的增强能够解释边界输运的减小和全局粒子约束的改善。粒子约束时间的增加和垂直扩散系数的减小证明粒子输运降低了。在等离子体边界区域发现电离和辐射驱动湍流的特征，表明电离和辐射在湍流驱动过程中具有重要性。     

用马赫探针阵列测量HL—1M装置边缘涨落和流速

利用一组马赫探针研究了ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置刮离层（ＳＯＬ）和边缘等子体流在欧姆放电、朋化、偏压抽气孔栏、偏压电极、低杂波电流驱动（ＬＨＣＤ）和电子回旋共振加热（（ＥＣＲＨ）等情况下的平行流马赫数离子饱和电流扰动，平行流速度剪切和极向流速度的分布。     

托卡马克离子温度梯度湍流输运同位素定标修正中杂质的影响

托卡马克实验发现,在不同参数条件下,等离子体能量约束经验定标律会有或大或小的修正.为解释这种修正现象发生的原因,应用回旋动理学方法,对含重(钨)杂质等离子体离子温度梯度(ITG)(包括杂质模)湍流输运的同位素效应进行了数值研究.结果表明钨杂质效应极大地修改了同位素定标律和有效电荷效应.随着杂质离子电荷数Z和电荷集中度f_z的变化,同位素定标律在较大范围内变化. ITG模最大增长率定标大约为M_i~(-0.48→-0.12),杂质模的定标为M_i~(-0.46→-0.3),其中, M_i表示主离子质量数.在ITG模湍流中,有效电荷数越大,关于M_i的拟合指数偏离-0.5越远,表现为同位素质量依赖减弱.在两种模中,杂质电荷集中度越大,同位素质量依赖越弱.研究了杂质效应使定标关系发生偏离的原因,证实杂质种类、杂质电荷数和杂质浓度的不同,是引起同位素质量依赖发生改变的重要原因.结果证实并解释了不同参数条件下托卡马克同位素定标的差异性.研究成果可以为ITER实验安排及杂质相关输运实验中选择装置材料、工作气体和设置其他参数提供理论参考.     

Time-dependent plasma transport simulation for the study of edge impurity radiation dynamics with magnetic island in large helical device

The dynamics of impurity radiation distribution during detachment transition with edge magnetic island induced by the application of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) is studied numerically by solving time-dependent plasma fluid equations together with impurity and neutral transports in a 2D grid system. Computations provide the appearance of a macroscopic structure in the heat transfer along the island separatrix and outside the island. The resultant parallel temperature gradient generates the plasma flow and the density gradient according to the parallel momentum balance. The resulting plasma flow effectively transports impurity towards the X-point region. As a result, the impurity radiation is more intense near the X-point than in the vicinity of the O-point. This leads to the predominant cooling of the region around the X-point. These results are in agreement with experimental observation with RMP application in the large helical device (LHD). The time scale of the thermal condensation instability is found to be of the order of 10 ms.     

Critically balanced ion temperature gradient turbulence in fusion plasmas

Scaling laws for ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in magnetized toroidal plasmas are derived and compared with direct numerical simulations. Predicted dependences of turbulence fluctuation amplitudes, spatial scales, and resulting heat fluxes on temperature gradient and magnetic field line pitch are found to agree with numerical results in both the driving and inertial ranges. Evidence is provided to support the critical balance conjecture that parallel streaming and nonlinear perpendicular decorrelation times are comparable at all spatial scales, leading to a scaling relationship between parallel and perpendicular spatial scales. This indicates that even strongly magnetized plasma turbulence is intrinsically three?dimensional.     

Transport bifurcation in a rotating tokamak plasma

The effect of flow shear on turbulent transport in tokamaks is studied numerically in the experimentally relevant limit of zero magnetic shear. It is found that the plasma is linearly stable for all nonzero flow shear values, but that subcritical turbulence can be sustained nonlinearly at a wide range of temperature gradients. Flow shear increases the nonlinear temperature gradient threshold for turbulence but also increases the sensitivity of the heat flux to changes in the temperature gradient, except over a small range near the threshold where the sensitivity is decreased. A bifurcation in the equilibrium gradients is found: for a given input of heat, it is possible, by varying the applied torque, to trigger a transition to significantly higher temperature and flow gradients.     

Magnetic stochasticity in gyrokinetic simulations of plasma microturbulence

Analysis of the magnetic field structure from electromagnetic simulations of tokamak ion temperature gradient turbulence demonstrates that the magnetic field can be stochastic even at very low plasma pressure. The degree of magnetic stochasticity is quantified by evaluating the magnetic diffusion coefficient. We find that the magnetic stochasticity fails to produce a dramatic increase in the electron heat conductivity because the magnetic diffusion coefficient remains small.     

Anisotropic ion heating and tail generation during tearing mode magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma

Complementary measurements of ion energy distributions in a magnetically confined high-temperature plasma show that magnetic reconnection results in both anisotropic ion heating and the generation of suprathermal ions. The anisotropy, observed in the C(+6) impurity ions, is such that the temperature perpendicular to the magnetic field is larger than the temperature parallel to the magnetic field. The suprathermal tail appears in the majority ion distribution and is well described by a power law to energies 10 times the thermal energy. These observations may offer insight into the energization process.     

Trapped electron mode turbulence driven intrinsic rotation in Tokamak plasmas

Progress from global gyrokinetic simulations in understanding the origin of intrinsic rotation in toroidal plasmas is reported. The turbulence-driven intrinsic torque associated with nonlinear residual stress generation due to zonal flow shear induced asymmetry in the parallel wave number spectrum is shown to scale close to linearly with plasma gradients and the inverse of the plasma current, qualitatively reproducing experimental empirical scalings of intrinsic rotation. The origin of current scaling is found to be enhanced k(∥) symmetry breaking induced by the increased radial variation of the safety factor as the current decreases. The intrinsic torque is proportional to the pressure gradient because both turbulence intensity and zonal flow shear, which are two key ingredients for driving residual stress, increase with turbulence drive, which is R/L(T(e)) and R/L(n(e)) for the trapped electron mode.     

Measurement of natural plasma flow along the field lines in the scrape-Off layer on the JT-60U divertor tokamak

The plasma profile and parallel plasma flow in the scrape-off layer (SOL) were systematically measured using reciprocating Mach probes installed at the outer midplane and near the divertor magnetic null (x point) in the JT-60U tokamak with a single null divertor. For the ion vertical drift due to the toroidal magnetic field gradient (ion nablaB drift) directed towards the divertor, SOL plasma flow along the magnetic field lines away from the divertor ("flow reversal") was discovered at the midplane far from the divertor. A quantitative evaluation of the ion "Pfirsch-Schluter flow," wherein the parallel flow is naturally produced in a toroidal plasma, was consistent with the measurement.     

Suppression of plasma turbulence during optimized shear configurations in JET

Correlation of density turbulence suppression and reduced plasma transport is observed in the internal transport barrier (ITB) region of JET tokamak discharges with optimized magnetic shear. The suppression occurs in two stages. First, low frequency turbulence and ion transport are reduced across the plasma core by a toroidal velocity shear generated by intense auxiliary heating. Then with the ITB formation, high frequency turbulence and electron transport are reduced locally within the steep pressure gradient region of the ITB.     

Investigation of Impurity Ion Transport with Laser Blow-off in HL-2A Tokamak

Non-recycling impurities are injected into ohmic HL-2A plasma for the first time. The impurities of titanium and aluminium are injected in the discharges with varying plasma density and current. The convection and diffusion process of the injected impurity ions during the inward phase are qualitatively investigated. The results show that the transport of impurities is much slower in the central region of the plasma than outside of it and that it is greatly enhanced during sawtooth crashes.