理想气体任意准静态过程吸放热研究

在p-V图中任意给出一条理想气体过程曲线,怎样判定它是吸热还是放热过程?或者是复杂的多变过程?这是一个值得研究的问题.一、微元过程为了叙述方便,假设给定的理想气体系统处于p-v图中点a所对应的状态。我们先研究所给理想气体系统在任一微元过程中与外界交换的热量. 过a在p-V图中作出所绘系统的等压线、等容线、等温线和绝热线,这些过程曲线把p-V图分成了八个区域,如图1所示. 理想气体经过状态a所进行的各类微元过程可以分为以下三类,我们分别研究之.1.沿等压线、等容线,等温线或绝热线进行的过程. 这些过程的吸放热情况,各类教材均有论…     

热力学中的循环问题的讨论

通过对热力学中的卡诺循环、三角形路径的循环以及半圆形路径的循环过程的讨论，探索吸热和放热的位置的转换点，从而正确地计算系统做功、效率等．     

每期一题(工科大学物理试题选登)

一定量的理想气体,经历一个准静态过程由A态变到B态,在PV图上该过程曲线为曲线AB.曲线AB与绝热过程曲线CD相交于E点,如图.试证明:该准静态过程为吸热过程.(解答见第10页)每期一题本期解答 证:过A点作一绝热过程曲线尸G‘,如图所示.由热力学第二定律可知,曲线尸G与CD不可能相交.因此,曲线FG一定在cD的下方,过B点作一等容线,它与绝热线FG相交于H.根据热力学第一定律,对于4B过程,气体吸的热钱,,、内能改变E。一E月与对外作的功W,。之间有 Q,*~百。一E月+w月。①而对于AH过程,口,H~O,则有 E。一E:+w,二~0②①一②得 Q月。一E刀一…     

金属恒温塑性力学过程的热力学研究

由于弹性学的热力学函数不能对塑性学推广,本文用以位错为基础的热力学函数反映了塑性现象的位错实质,并以此热力学函数建立了金属恒温弹塑性力学过程的热力学基本方程,即赫姆霍兹自由能变化dF_T的熵产生表达、耗散表达及熵产生与耗散之间的关系;对于恒温弹塑性应力-应变循环,证明了无论它是否为热力学循环,循环功都是正塑性功,加载功常大于卸载功;对于热力学循环,塑性功全部耗散;对于非热力学循环,因自由能永动机不存在,塑性功未全部耗散.本文理论很可能为金属塑性力学过程研究提供一个不可逆过程热力学基础.     

不可逆绝热过程中熵增还是不增?

本文阐明不可逆绝热过程气体的终态并不与初态在同一绝热线上,因而气体的熵并非不增。但若气体再向一热源放热而等容地到达经过初态的绝热线上,则气体的熵恢复原值.但对包括热源在内的系统,在整个过程中总熵是增加的.     

理想气体直线过程吸热与放热过渡态的轨迹

热力学第一定律应用于理想气体所进行的直线过程中, 除个别情况外, 吸热与放热之间必有一过渡态． 本文介绍了过渡态的轨迹方程及其应用．     

等温线和绝热线不能 相交于两点的两种证法

在学习热学部分知识的过程中, 有这样一个命题是: 理想气体的p V 图上, 等温线和绝热线不能有两个 和两个以上的交点. 显然大家都知道这一命题是正确的. 且对于这一命题进行了证明. 笔者引用热力学第二定律及 其他方法对其进行了证明, 同样证明其命题的正确性     

对多方过程定义的讨论及对p=f(v)过程的分析

本文对一些教科书中多方过程的定义进行了讨论，并对ｐ＝ｆ（ｖ）过程的吸、放热情况作了具体分析．     

理想气体P（V）直线过程的摩尔热容

本文具体分析理想气体在Ｐ（Ｖ）直线过程中的摩尔热容问题．导出了摩尔热容的函数式，讨论了它的取值范围和变化规律，并依此阐明过程中系统吸放热的细致情况．     

不可逆卡诺热机的最大功率

经典热力学把卡诺热机视为可逆机．由于可逆机以无限缓慢的速度进行工作，所以可逆卡诺热机的功率为零．这当然是脱离实际的．近年来不少人开展了有限时间热力学问题的研究．他们考虑了卡诺热机的吸热、放热过程中所存在的不可逆性，研究了热机性能的优化问题，从而导出了最大功率．这在理论上是前进了一步．然而，仅仅考虑吸热、放热过程中的不可逆性是不够的，还应考虑压缩、膨胀过程中的不可逆性．本文对卡诺热机中的不可逆性进行了全面分析。研究表明，与吸热、放热过程中的不可逆性不同，压缩、膨胀过程中的不可逆性对热机性能的影响不存在优化问题，但是存在最大限度的问题．一旦压缩、膨胀过程中的不可逆性超过了这个限度，功率就会变为零．     

Quantum heat engines, the second law and Maxwell's daemon

We introduce a class of quantum heat engines which consists of two-energy-eigenstate systems, the simplest of quantum mechanical systems, undergoing quantum adiabatic processes and energy exchanges with heat baths, respectively, at different stages of a cycle. Armed with this class of heat engines and some interpretation of heat transferred and work performed at the quantum level, we are able to clarify some important aspects of the second law of thermodynamics. In particular, it is not sufficient to have the heat source hotter than the sink, but there must be a minimum temperature difference between the hotter source and the cooler sink before any work can be extracted through the engines. The size of this minimum temperature difference is dictated by that of the energy gaps of the quantum engines involved. Our new quantum heat engines also offer a practical way, as an alternative to Szilard's engine, to physically realise Maxwell's daemon. Inspired and motivated by the Rabi oscillations, we further introduce some modifications to the quantum heat engines with single-mode cavities in order to, while respecting the second law, extract more work from the heat baths than is otherwise possible in thermal equilibria. Some of the results above are also generalisable to quantum heat engines of an infinite number of energy levels including 1-D simple harmonic oscillators and 1-D infinite square wells, or even special cases of continuous spectra.     

The heat and work of quantum thermodynamic processes with quantum coherence

Energy is often partitioned into heat and work by two independent paths corresponding to the change in the eigenenergies or the probability distributions of a quantum system. The discrepancies of the heat and work for various quantum thermodynamic processes have not been well characterized in literature. Here we show how the work in quantum machines is differentially related to the isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. We prove that the energy exchanges during the quantum isochoric and isothermal processes are simply depending on the change in the eigenenergies or the probability distributions. However, for a time-dependent system in a non-adiabatic quantum evolution, the transitions between the different quantum states representing the quantum coherence can affect the essential thermodynamic properties, and thus the general definitions of the heat and work should be clarified with respect to the microscopic generic time-dependent system. By integrating the coherence effects in the exactly-solvable dynamics of quantum-spin precession, the internal energy is rigorously transferred as the work in the thermodynamic adiabatic process. The present study demonstrates that the quantum adiabatic process is sufficient but not necessary for the thermodynamic adiabatic process.     

Grundlagen der Thermodynamik eines Systems mit verschiedener Bahn- und Spintemperatur. I

The orbital and spin energy of aFermi orBose gas with different orbital and spin temperature depend onboth temperatures. This new thermodynamic behaviour demands a new formulation of the foundations of thermodynamics for such systems. In the present paper the fundamental thermodynamic notions (variables of state, work, adiabatic processes) are formulated and the definition of an empirical orbital and spin temperature is given. The first law of thermodynamics, the definition of orbital and spin heat, and resulting conditions of integrability are discussed. There are four heat capacities (instead of the one for normal systems), the relations of which are stated.     

Generalization of the second law for a transition between nonequilibrium states

The maximum work formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is generalized for a transition between nonequilibrium states. The relative entropy, the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the nonequilibrium states and the canonical distribution, determines the maximum ability to work. The difference between the final and the initial relative entropies with an effective temperature gives the maximum dissipative work for both adiabatic and isothermal processes. Our formulation reduces to both the Vaikuntanathan-Jarzynski relation and the nonequilibrium Clausius relation in certain situations. By applying our formulation to a heat engine the Carnot cycle is generalized to a circulation among nonequilibrium states.     

A PROBLEM IN THERMODYNAMICS

A simple problem in thermodynamics is considered with a view to emphasizing that the application of the adiabatic law pVγ=const, for a gas is permissible only when the process is quasistatic.     

以范德瓦耳斯气体为工质的3种热机循环效率

利用热力学的普遍理论推导了范德瓦尔斯气体热力学函数的表达式,再求出绝热过程和3种等值过程中功和热量的表达式.在此基础上,研究了斯特林循环、奥拓循环和狄塞尔循环的功和效率,并计算和分析了3种循环效率随各种参量变化的关系.     

可激发气体振动弛豫时间的两频点声测量重建算法

振动弛豫时间是可激发气体分子内外自由度能量转移速率的宏观体现,它决定了声吸收谱峰值点对应的弛豫频率.本文给出了等温、绝热定压和绝热定容三种不同热力学过程下振动弛豫时间的相互关系;基于Petculescu和Lueptow[2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.94 238301]的弛豫过程合成算法,推导了单一压强下两频点声测量值的弛豫时间重建算法.该算法可应用于等温、绝热定压、绝热定容弛豫时间和弛豫频率的重建测量,并避免了弛豫时间传统声测量方法需要不断改变气体腔体压强的问题.仿真结果表明,对于室温下CO_2,CH_4,Cl_2,N_2和O_2组成的多种气体,重建的弛豫时间和弛豫频率与实验数据相符.     

Simulating Finite-Time Isothermal Processes with Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Finite-time isothermal processes are ubiquitous in quantum-heat-engine cycles, yet complicated due to the coexistence of the changing Hamiltonian and the interaction with the thermal bath. Such complexity prevents classical thermodynamic measurements of a performed work. In this paper, the isothermal process is decomposed into piecewise adiabatic and isochoric processes to measure the performed work as the internal energy change in adiabatic processes. The piecewise control scheme allows the direct simulation of the whole process on a universal quantum computer, which provides a new experimental platform to study quantum thermodynamics. We implement the simulation on ibmqx2 to show the 1/τ scaling of the extra work in finite-time isothermal processes.