线阵波束形成声强缩放方法估算声源的辐射声功率

为了解决波束形成声源识别过程中声源辐射声功率定量计算的问题,给出了阵型简洁、便于组合的线阵声强缩放模型。通过推导线阵的声强缩放系数,建立起线阵波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系。无论是线阵还是平面阵的声强缩放方法,对于偏离阵列中心位置较远处的声源进行辐射声功率估算时都存在较为明显的误差。通过理论推导和仿真模拟计算,研究了同一单极子点声源在不同位置处的声功率估算偏差随频率、幅度的变化规律,发现该估算偏差只与声源偏离位置有关,而与声源自身的强度信息无关的结论,据此给出了相应的声功率估算修正方法。半消声室实验结果和声压法测量结果对比表明:修正后的线阵声强缩放方法用于中高频声源的辐射声功率计算时,单频声源的估算误差不超过1.0 dB,宽带声源的估算误差不超过1.8 dB。      

存在气流时管口声阻抗的变化

抗性消声器的消声性能与管口辐射特性密切相关。本文主要研究存在气流时管口声阻抗的变化。在实验室管道系统中,测定了管口声压反射系数以及声阻抗的变化,并与理论分析的结果加以比较,提出了相应的半经验半理论公式。实验结果与理论计算符合良好。理论与实验都表明,气流对管口的反射系数与声阻抗有一定的影响。当反射系数接近1时,随气流速度的增高,管口辐射声功率将明显变化。     

膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声特性

本文对膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声辐射与气室压力的关系进行了理论计算和实验研究并取得规律,流量和噪声特性都与小孔的总面积和排气管的截面积的比值η有关,存在一临界比值η_c当η<η_c时,气流只在小孔阻塞.当η>η_c时,气流先在排气管口阻塞,然后在小孔处阻塞.消声器的有效面积与排气管截面积的比值随小孔的总面积的增加而逐渐增加,最后饱和达到1,理论计算和实验都得到同一规律.当η很小时,气流在消声器内产生的噪声可以不计,消声器辐射的噪声为各个单孔辐射的总和,指向性图也与单孔喷注者相同.当η甚大时,消声器内膨胀的噪声起作用,消声器辐射噪声的指向性也发生变化.高压时,辐射噪声的声功率为不膨胀时各小孔喷注辐射的声功率的总和,没有膨胀降噪的作用.但如果将消声器内的膨胀噪声消除后,则消声器的辐射声功率降低,降低的值符合本文的理论预期.     

线阵声强缩放方法在水下声源辐射功率估算中的应用_

为了解决水下声源辐射声功率难以计算的问题,利用线阵声强缩放方法在波束形成声源识别的基础上,根据波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系来获得相应的声功率.为了提高线阵声强缩放方法的水下声功率估算精度,给出了一定动态范围限制的主瓣区域积分方法,并通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性.在消声水池中开展了水下声功率估算的实验研究....     

基于波束形成缩放声强的声源局部声功率计算

基于波束形成法识别噪声源时,为计算主要噪声源的辐射声功率,给出了基于平面波模型的声强缩放方法,模拟计算了单极子点声源局部声功率的计算误差,结果显示:当阵列平面与声源计算平面间距离等于阵列直径时,基于波束形成缩放声强计算的声功率误差仅略高于0.1 dB。为克服旁瓣干扰,给出了具有一定动态范围的声源计算平面积分法,模拟计算了单极子点声源的局部声功率,结果表明:该积分法的计算值与主瓣区域积分法的计算值近似相等,均约等于理论声功率。进一步,波束形成法与声强法的对比算例试验验证了基于波束形成缩放声强计算声源局部声功率方法的有效性。      

“三点法”测量强声源声功率

目前强声源的输出声功率达几千瓦甚至几万瓦,它们多数是气流声源,因此用通常的方法测量它们的声功率会遇到困难,例如对于行波管法,终端吸声处理比较困难,而当终端反射系数达0.25时,声场起伏有2.5dB,测量误差较大。本文利用声在管中传播的基本原理,提出由管中纵向分布的三点声压确定声源声功率的方法,这个方法允许管终端存在反射。误差分析指出,终端反射系数为0.25时,声场起伏引起的测量误差小于0.2dB,对两千声瓦电动调制气流扬声器的实际测量表明,当反射系数高达0.6时,多次测量(各次测量时管中纵向分布的三点位置各不相同)结果比较一致,偏差小于0.6dB。证实这种方法具有设备简单,结果准确的优点。     

利用起伏界面改善非消声水池中的声功率测量

针对非消声水池的声学测量应用,提出了一种在界面起伏的非消声水池中测量水下声源辐射声功率的方法。基于数值方法分析了在非消声水池中利用起伏界面改善低频声源辐射声功率测量的可行性,进一步在一个尺寸为1.2 m×1.0 m×0.8 m的非消声水池中开展实验研究,测量了水声换能器的辐射声功率。实验表明,相对于界面静止的水池,利用造波装置生成随机起伏界面后,声场扩散性明显改善:(1)水池的Schroeder频率从10015 Hz降低到8370 Hz,辐射声功率的测量范围向低频扩展;(2)结合空间平均技术测得的频响曲线起伏程度减小,与自由场值更接近,辐射声功率的测量结果更为准确。所提方法有助于提高非消声水池中水下目标声学特性的测量能力。     

混响室中单极子的声功率发射

在本文中推出了混响室内一个简单声源的功率发射的准确公式,并用简单分析方法求得声功率发射的重要特性。其一就是声源在混响室内的平均功率并不等于其在自由声场中的功率,而是大于后者,这是前人所未料及的。还进一步推出一平滑的统计公式,后者一直可用于波长接近于室内平均自由程的低频率。由这公式可看到室中有很多功率发射峰值的点,在室内形成规则的立体网格,接近周围墙壁则为高发射区。统计公式在预测声功率发射沿与混响室某长、宽、高方向的相对变化时,基本是准确的,只有平滑时引起的误差,用于室内声场的一般估计时可能有较多误差。为说明问题,文中举了几个数字实例以比较简正波理论和统计理论的结果。混响室内声功率发射的变化影响声源的使用和测量,必须予以注意。     

基于平面声源进行结构声辐射有源控制的实验研究

采用分布式平面声源作为次级声源,对振动钢板的声辐射进行了抵消实验,验证了以往研究中的一系列关键理论。实验研究结果表明:一个平面声源可以控制钢板奇-奇模态的声辐射,两个平面源可以控制结构偶-奇或奇-偶模态的声辐射,同时也可以控制结构奇-奇模态的声辐射;平面声源的面积和布放位置对降噪效果有重要影响,采用单个平面声源控制时,平面声源面积越大,控制效果越好;基于近场声压的误差传感策略是有效可行的,实际中,将近场测量面的声功率作为有源控制的目标函数与总声功率作为目标函数是一致的;控制后远场声压和声强都得到有效降低,部分区域的声能向声源流动,近场声压及声强分布也发生显著变化。     

声学国家标准介绍(Ⅱ)

8.GB3767-83 噪声源声功率级的测定——工程法和准工程法 该标准规定了一种在一个反射平面上方为自由场的声学测试环境下,于包络声源的假想测量表面上测量声压级以计算确定声功率级的方法,用于评价产生噪声的设备(包括部件、组件〕、机器及装置的辐射噪声,或对同类型和不同类型的机器进行比较.根据所需测定的量、测量误差及对声学测试环境要求的不同,分为工程法和准工程法.该标准适用于辐射稳态的、非稳态的宽带噪声或窄带噪声的声源,不适用于辐射脉冲噪声及线性尺度(长、宽或高)超过15m的声源.     

Analytical framework of small-gap photoconductive dipole antenna using equivalent circuit model

A compact planar antenna sources with on-chip fabrication and high directivity in order to achieve large depth-of-field for better image resolution is the prospective demand for THz imaging application. Therefore, the small-gap photoconductive dipole antennas have been explored to fulfil such applications demand. However, there are certain modalities for improving the photoconductive dipole antenna performance which need to identify to accomplish high THz average radiated power and improved total efficiency. The unit-cell small-gap photoconductive dipole antenna radiation power enhancement methods need to optimize the design parameters with photoconductive material selection from theoretical simulation. Further, the potential improvement of coupling efficiency of THz wave with air as well as femto-second laser incident efficiency is also important parameters to enhance the radiation power of small-gap photoconductive dipole antenna. In this paper, we have presented an analytical procedure employing explicit mathematical expression leading to the physical behaviour of small-gap photoconductive dipole antenna. The effects of biased lines on the antenna performance parameters are discussed with the help of proposed equivalent circuit model. We have explored the effect of gap-size on the THz radiated power and on total radiation efficiency from the proposed photoconductive dipole antennas.     

Broadband sound generation by confined turbulent jets

Sound generation by confined stationary jets is of interest to the study of voice and speech production, among other applications. The generation of sound by low Mach number, confined, stationary circular jets was investigated. Experiments were performed using a quiet flow supply, muffler-terminated rigid uniform tubes, and acrylic orifice plates. A spectral decomposition method based on a linear source-filter model was used to decompose radiated nondimensional sound pressure spectra measured for various gas mixtures and mean flow velocities into the product of (1) a source spectral distribution function; (2) a function accounting for near field effects and radiation efficiency; and (3) an acoustic frequency response function. The acoustic frequency response function agreed, as expected, with the transfer function between the radiated acoustic pressure at one fixed location and the strength of an equivalent velocity source located at the orifice. The radiation efficiency function indicated a radiation efficiency of the order (kD)2 over the planar wave frequency range and (kD)4 at higher frequencies, where k is the wavenumber and D is the tube cross sectional dimension. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for the planar wave radiation efficiency of quadrupole sources in uniform rigid anechoic tubes. The effects of the Reynolds number, Re, on the source spectral distribution function were found to be insignificant over the range 20002.5. The influence of a reflective open tube termination on the source function spectral distribution was found to be insignificant, confirming the absence of a feedback mechanism.     

Sound generation by steady flow through glottis-shaped orifices

Although the signature of human voice is mostly tonal, it also includes a significant broadband component. Quadrupolelike sources due to turbulence in the region downstream of the glottis, and dipolelike sources due to the force applied by the vocal folds onto the surrounding fluid are the two primary broadband sound generating mechanisms. In this study, experiments were conducted to characterize the broadband sound emissions of confined stationary jets through rubber orifices formed to imitate the approximate shape of the human glottis at different stages during one cycle of vocal fold vibrations. The radiated sound pressure spectra downstream of the orifices were measured for varying flow rates, orifice shapes, and gas mixtures. The nondimensional sound pressure spectra were decomposed into the product of three functions: a source function F, a radiation efficiency function M, and an acoustic response function G. The results show that, as for circular jets, the quadrupole source contributions dominated for straight and convergent orifices. For divergent jets, whistling tonal sounds were emitted at low flow rates. At high flow rates for the same geometry, dipole contributions dominated the sound radiated by free jets. However, possible source-load acoustic feedback may have hampered accurate source identification in confined flows.     

Sound energy calculation of transient sound sources by the radiation efficiency method

In this paper theoretical arguments are presented to show that the radiation efficiency method can be used to calculate the sound energy radiated by transient sound sources. Radiation efficiency method results are shown to be strictly applicable to transients as well as steady state. An example is presented to illustrate that for machines of even relatively high damping the radiation efficiency for a transient can be approximated by its value at the ringing frequency, thus permitting simple calculation of acoustic energy output from time-domain data alone.     

On the sound radiation of a rolling tyre

The sound radiation from rolling tyres is still not very well understood. Although details such as horn effect or directivity during rolling have been investigated, it is not clear which vibrational modes of the tyre structure are responsible for the radiated sound power. In this work an advanced tyre model based on Wave Guide Finite Elements is used in connection with a contact model validated in previous work. With these tools the tyre vibrations during rolling on an ISO surface are simulated. Starting from the calculated contact forces in time the amplitudes of the modes excited during rolling are determined as function of frequency. A boundary element model also validated in previous work is applied to predict the sound pressure level on a reference surface around a tyre placed on rigid ground as function of the modal composition of the tyre vibrations. Taking into account different modes when calculating the vibrational field as input into the boundary element calculations, it is possible to identify individual modes or groups of modes of special relevance for the radiated sound power. The results show that mainly low-order modes with relative low amplitudes but high radiation efficiency in the frequency range around 1 kHz are responsible for the radiated sound power at these frequencies, while those modes which are most strongly excited in that frequency range during rolling are irrelevant for the radiated sound power. This fact is very essential when focusing on the design of quieter tyres.     

船舶水下辐射噪声信号理论模型及仿真

分析典型船舶水下辐射噪声实验数据,获取船舶水下辐射噪声功率谱特征,阐明了准周期随机声脉冲序列信号模型作为船舶水下辐射噪声模型的合理性和普适性,在此基础上,引入爆炸衰减型余弦脉冲信号作为该模型的基本组成单元,给予理论分析,据以数值构建船舶辐射噪声,并与海上试验获取的商船辐射噪声数据进行对比,结果明显一致,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

环筋对水下平底圆柱壳的声振特性影响

本文建立了计算两端带平底板的有限长圆柱壳水中声辐射的FEM／BEM三维模型，探索了加筋的高度、宽度、数目对平底圆柱壳的辐射功率、辐射效率、法向声强、声场指向性的影响规律。计算方法是在有限元软件ANSYS中做加筋平底圆柱壳建模、模态分析基础上，将有关数据（网格、模态）导入边界元软件SYSNOISE中计算流体结构耦合状态下的辐射声场特性。结果表明：（1）随着环筋高度、宽度增大，激励点声压峰和法向声强峰在0-400Hz频率范围内数目减少且峰向高频方向移动，同时辐射声功率在减小（除个别模态峰值外），而辐射效率随筋高增大而增大。（2）环筋数目的增加使激励点辐射声压和法向声强峰数目明显减少，使辐射声功率明显低于无筋圆柱壳的辐射声功率，辐射效率随环筋数目增大而增大。（3）环筋宽度变化对声场指向性影响不大；圆柱壳声场指向性随环筋高度和数目增加出现较大变化，尤其是在研究的频段内的f=51Hz和f=301Hz上。这对于水下结构辐射噪声预报以及噪声抑制具有重要意义。     

弯管对末端带弹性障板充液管路辐射声能量的影响

基于声固耦合有限元方法建立了末端带弹性障板的充液管路数值模型,重点分析了不同激励下弯管对管口辐射声能量的影响.结果表明:弯管引入的高阶周向模式耦合使结构振动和流体声传播都发生明显改变,以致系统辐射声能量及主要能量贡献源也发生转移,并随激励方式和频率而不同.对本文管路模型,平面波激励下弯管系统在低频的结构辐射声能量明显增...     

Sound radiation from a vibrating plate with uncertainty

Sound radiation into open space from a vibrating structure has been investigated since Rayleigh. On the other hand the sound power transferring into neighboring reverberant subsystems has also been rigorously studied using statistical energy analysis, particularly for the high frequency range. Falling between the two well-known problems, pressure and intensity fields from the sound radiation have not yet been widely studied using statistical methods. In this paper, the sound radiation from a vibrating thin plate having uncertain dynamic properties is investigated. Estimates are developed for the reverberant vibration field in the uncertain plate subjected to a point-excitation, and for the ensemble average of pressure from the direct field and from the reverberant field, leading to an estimate of the average sound intensity. The power radiated from the plate and the radiation efficiency is also derived. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted with an ensemble of plates with randomly-distributed point masses, and the simulation results compare well with the estimates.     

Integrated aerodynamic measurements

The myoelastic-aerodynamic model of phonation implies that aerodynamic factors are crucial to the evaluation of voice function. Subglottal pressure and mean flow rate represent the vocal power source. If they can be related to the magnitude of the radiated sound power, they may provide an index of vocal efficiency. Methods of evaluating the aerodynamic characteristics associated with the ventilatory and laryngeal systems are critically discussed, and normative aerodynamic values for use in diagnosis and physiologic investigations are presented. Measurements having excellent time resolution of the glottal flow wave and of pressure changes in the vicinity of the larynx itself demonstrate the importance of study vocal tract acoustics.