5-氯尿嘧啶质子转移异构化的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G**方法,对5-氯尿嘧啶分子内质子转移及水助催化质子转移引起的互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了互变异构过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等参数。计算结果表明,5-氯尿嘧啶无论是孤立分子还是一水合物,其双酮式CU1是最稳定异构体,由双酮式向烯醇式异构化找到3条通道(P1,P2,P3),各通道速控步骤的活化能分别为177.85、177.05和197.58kJ/mol。当水分子参与反应以双质子转移机理异构化时,活化能显著降低,各通道速控步骤的活化能依次降为66.24、69.36和77.85kJ/mol,有利于双酮式向烯醇式或酮醇式转变。计算结果还表明,氢键作用在增大5-氯尿嘧啶一水复合物稳定性、降低质子转移异构化反应活化能等方面起着重要作用。     

2,6-二巯基嘌呤质子转移异构化的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法, 在6-311＋G(d,p)基组水平上对2,6-二巯基嘌呤质子转移引起的硫醇式与硫酮式互变异构反应进行了计算研究, 获得了互变异构过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等性质. 计算结果表明, 2,6-二巯基嘌呤无论是孤立分子还是一水合物, 其二硫酮式R是最稳定异构体. 由二硫酮式通过分子内质子转移向二硫醇式异构化共有6条反应通道, 其主通道(1)速控步骤的活化能为139.1 kJ•mol^－1, 速率常数为2.16×10^－12 s^－1; 当水分子参与反应以双质子转移机理异构化时, 活化能显著降低, 有利于硫酮式向硫醇式转变, 其主通道(7)速控步骤的活化能为61.3 kJ•mol^－1, 速率常数为1.33×10 s^－1. 计算结果还表明, 氢键作用在增大2,6-二巯基嘌呤氢键一水合物稳定性、降低质子转移异构化反应活化能等方面起着重要的作用.     

三羟甲基氨基甲烷水杨醛类席夫碱质子转移异构化的理论研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)中的B3LYP方法,在6-311+G(d,p)基组水平上对三羟甲基氨基甲烷水杨醛席夫碱气相、水溶剂及甲醇溶剂中的分子内质子转移和衍生席夫碱的互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等参数.液相计算采用Onsager模型.结果表明,不论在气相、水溶剂还是甲醇溶剂中,三羟甲基氨基甲烷水杨醛席夫碱(L3=H,L5=H)烯醇亚胺式异构体R1和醌型的酮烯胺异构体P1可以共存,但以苯环型的烯醇亚胺式R1为主要形式.当由苯环型的烯醇亚胺R1向醌型的酮烯胺P1分子内质子转移时活化能较低,室温常压下反应容易进行.水和甲醇溶剂对异构化反应影响较小.当—NO2,—OMe取代生成衍生席夫碱时(L3=H,L5=NO2;L3=OMe,L5=H),结果表明,苯环型的烯醇亚胺式和醌型的酮烯胺式异构体都能共存,质子转移异构化反应的活化能垒也较低.     

二苯甲酰甲烷互变异构反应机理溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-31+G(d,p)基组水平上对二苯甲酰甲烷质子转移引起的酮式-烯醇式互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了零点能、总能量、吉布斯自由能及质子转移过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和速率常数等参数.3种非质子溶剂中的优化和频率计算采用Onsager模型进行计算.计算结果表明,不论在气相还是3种溶剂中,二苯甲酰甲烷的烯醇式较酮式稳定,烯醇式向酮式气相转变需要较高的活化能垒,在不同极性的溶剂中,随着溶剂介电常数的增大,异构化反应活化能垒减小,反应速率常数增大.     

单分子水对H_2O_2+Cl气相反应影响的理论研究

在aug-cc-pVTZ基组下采用CCSD(T)和B3LYP方法,研究了H2O2+Cl反应,并考虑在大气中单个水分子对该反应的影响.结果表明,H2O2+Cl反应只存在一条生成产物为HO2+HCl的通道,其表观活化能为10.21kJ·mol-1.加入一分子水后,H2O2+Cl反应的产物并没有发生改变,但是所得势能面却比裸反应复杂得多,经历了RW1、RW2和RW3三条通道.水分子在通道RW1和RW2中对产物生成能垒的降低起显著的负催化作用,而在通道RW3中则起明显的正催化作用.利用经典过渡态理论(TST)并结合Wigner矫正模型计算了216.7-298.2 K温度范围内标题反应的速率常数.结果显示,298.2 K时通道R1的速率常数为1.60×10-13cm3·molecule-1·s-1,与所测实验值非常接近.此外,尽管通道RW3的速率常数kRW3比对应裸反应的速率常数kR1大了46.6-131倍,但该通道的有效速率常数k'RW3却比kR1小了10-14个数量级,表明在实际大气环境中水分子对H2O2+Cl反应几乎没有影响.     

黄嘌呤异构体质子转移异构化反应机理的理论研究

采用量子化学密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)和M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p)方法对黄嘌呤两种酮式异构体X(1,3,7)与X(1,3,9)间质子转移引起的互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了异构化反应过程的反应焓﹑活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等参数。水相计算采用极化连续(PCM)模型。结果表明,由于可能的氢迁移顺序差异,分子内由X(1,3,7)向X(1,3,9)异构化可能共有16条反应通道,涉及11个中间体和20个过渡态,其主反应通道速控步骤的活化吉布斯自由能为183.10k J/mol,速率常数为5.17×10-20s-1,其余各通道速控步骤活化吉布斯自由能均较高,而且整体水溶剂效应不利于质子转移的发生。     

p-羟基苯丙酮酸互变异构反应机理溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-31+G**基组水平上对p-羟基苯丙酮酸质子转移引起的烯醇式-酮式互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了互变异构过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和质子转移反应的速率常数等参数。Onsager反应场溶剂模型用于水相和甲醇相的计算,计算结果表明,p-羟基苯丙酮酸无论在气相还是水相、甲醇相中,其酮式异构体都是最稳定的存在形式,烯醇式异构体也会以一定量共存。气相中孤立分子内质子转移几何构型改变较显著,异构化反应需要较大的活化能,不利于发生质子转移,Onsager模型计算方法对质子转移反应的影响较小。     

大气中单个水分子影响HOBr+OH·反应的理论研究

在aug-cc-pVTZ基组下采用CCSD(T)和B3LYP的理论方法,研究了OH·与HOBr的反应,并考虑在大气中单个水分子对HOBr+OH·反应机理及动力学的影响.理论计算表明:对于OH+HOBr反应,发现了两个反应通道及其对应的反应前络合物,且计算出的能垒与实验结果符合得较好,当加入一个水分子后,共找到6个不同的反应通道.更加重要的是对于HOBr与H2O…HO·氢键络合物反应,反应能垒降低约1.00 kcal·mol-1.为了评估这些过程在大气化学中的重要性,应用过渡态理论计算各个反应通道的反应速率常数.计算结果表明,在298 K,没有水分子参加反应的反应速率常数为1.77×10-13cm3 molecule-1·s-1,与以前的理论计算一致.当加入水分子时,HOBr…H2O+OH·反应速率常数增加约50倍.     

毛细管电泳法应用于阿魏酸异构化动力学和热力学研究

基于毛细管电泳技术,建立了阿魏酸异构化反应的动力学和热力学研究方法.测定了阿魏酸不同温度下异构化反应速率常数;基于阿仑尼乌斯经验公式和埃林方程,分别计算出阿魏酸异构化反应的活化能(阿仑尼乌斯经验公式Ea1:43.38kJ·mol-1,Ea-1:58.51kJ·mol-1;埃林方程Ea1:43.24kJ·mol-1,Ea-1:58.36kJ·mol-1;从理论上证明了在常温下阿魏酸异构化是一个自发的过程,其吉布斯自由能变化△(△G≠298.15K)=-6.12kJ·mol-1.     

甲壳素对铅(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

进行了铅离子在甲壳素上的吸附行为实验,结果表明在pH=4.46时吸附最佳。测得静态饱和吸附容量为478mg.g-1(树脂);用0.5mol.L-1HCl可洗脱,洗脱率达98.8%;测得表观速率常数k298=8.53×10-5s-1;表观活化能Ea=16.54kJ.mol-1;等温吸附服从Freundlich经验式;吸附热力学参数△H=8.70kJ.mol-1,△S=41.7J.mol-1.K-1,△G=-3.71kJ.mol-1。     

Theoretical study on the oxidation mechanism of thiourea by hydrogen peroxide with water and hydroxyl assistance

This article presents a theoretical study on the oxidation reaction of thiourea by hydrogen peroxide in water or alkaline solutions using density functional and ab initio theories. This work also focuses on the analysis of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the predicted oxidation mechanism of thiourea using density functional and ab initio theories. The calculated results show that the activation energies, activation enthalpies, and activation Gibbs free energies of the reaction decreased and the releasable reaction energies, enthalpies and Gibbs free energies increased with the cooperation of water or hydroxyl anion. We conclude that the oxidation reaction of thiourea by hydrogen peroxide in water or alkaline solutions was easier and more completed than that in the gas state. The calculated results are consistent with the experiments.     

Reaction mechanism of the reverse water-gas shift reaction using first-row middle transition metal catalysts L'M (M = Fe, Mn, Co): a computational study

The mechanism of the reverse water-gas shift reaction (CO(2) + H(2) → CO + H(2)O) was investigated using the 3d transition metal complexes L'M (M = Fe, Mn, and Co, L' = parent β-diketiminate). The thermodynamics and reaction barriers of the elementary reaction pathways were studied with the B3LYP density functional and two different basis sets: 6-311+G(d) and aug-cc-pVTZ. Plausible reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products were modeled, with different conformers and multiplicities for each identified. Different reaction pathways and side reactions were also considered. Reaction Gibbs free energies and activation energies for all steps were determined for each transition metal. Calculations indicate that the most desirable mechanism involves mostly monometallic complexes. Among the three catalysts modeled, the Mn complex shows the most favorable catalytic properties. Considering the individual reaction barriers, the Fe complex shows the lowest barrier for activation of CO(2).     

A Density Functional Study on the Hydrolysis Process of Non-classical Transplatin（Ⅱ） with Two Same Planar Heterocycle Amines

In the present work, the hydrolysis process of non-classical transplatin（Ⅱ） with two same planar heterocycle amines has been studied using hybrid density functional theory （B3LYP） and IEF-PCM solvation models. Optimizations were performed at the B3LYP level using a combined basis set of （LanL2DZ＋6-31 ＋G（d,p）） with single-point energy evaluations using the B3LYP/6-31 ＋ ＋G（3df,2pd） approach in vacuo and in aqueous solution. For the obtained structures of reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products, both thermodynamic （reaction energies and Gibbs energies） and kinetic （reaction barriers） characteristics were estimated. In comparison with cisplatin, decreased activation energies were obtained. The result implies that the non-classical transplatin with two same planar heterocycle amines increases the equatorial steric effect and lowers reaction barriers, which may assist in designing novel Pt-based anticancer drugs.     

Activation energy for a model ferrous-ferric half reaction from transition path sampling

Activation parameters for the model oxidation half reaction of the classical aqueous ferrous ion are compared for different molecular simulation techniques. In particular, activation free energies are obtained from umbrella integration and Marcus theory based thermodynamic integration, which rely on the diabatic gap as the reaction coordinate. The latter method also assumes linear response, and both methods obtain the activation entropy and the activation energy from the temperature dependence of the activation free energy. In contrast, transition path sampling does not require knowledge of the reaction coordinate and directly yields the activation energy [C. Dellago and P. G. Bolhuis, Mol. Simul. 30, 795 (2004)]. Benchmark activation energies from transition path sampling agree within statistical uncertainty with activation energies obtained from standard techniques requiring knowledge of the reaction coordinate. In addition, it is found that the activation energy for this model system is significantly smaller than the activation free energy for the Marcus model, approximately half the value, implying an equally large entropy contribution.     

Reactions of cisplatin and glycine in solution with constant pH: a computational study

In this study interaction between glycine and cisplatin was explored. The structures were optimized in both gas phase and implicit water solution at the B3LYP/6-31G(p)/IEFPCM/UAKS computational level. Vibrational analysis confirms the corresponding character of all the complexes from examined reaction coordinates. The enthalpy and entropy contributions to Gibbs free energies were estimated from the vibrational frequencies and statistical canonical ensemble model. In the solution, several deprotonated forms were considered, and pK(a) values of the reactants and products were determined. The reaction Gibbs free energies and pK(a) values were used for determination of the transformed thermodynamic potential ΔG' with pH as a natural variable.     

Theoretical study of the pyrolysis of methyltrichlorosilane in the gas phase. 1. Thermodynamics

Structures and energies of the gas-phase species produced during and after the various unimolecular decomposition reactions of methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) with the presence of H2 carrier gas were determined using second-order perturbation theory (MP2). Single point energies were obtained using singles + doubles coupled cluster theory, augmented by perturbative triples, CCSD(T). Partition functions were obtained using the harmonic oscillator-rigid rotor approximation. A 114-reaction mechanism is proposed to account for the gas-phase chemistry of MTS decompositions. Reaction enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies for these reactions were obtained at 11 temperatures ranging from 0 to 2000 K including room temperature and typical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) temperatures. Calculated and experimental thermodynamic properties such as heat capacities and entropies of various species and reaction enthalpies are compared, and theory is found to provide good agreement with experiment.     

A determination of antioxidant efficiencies using ESR and computational methods

Using Transition-State Theory, experimental rate constants, determined over a range of temperatures, for reactions of Vitamin E type antioxidants are analysed in terms of their enthalpies and entropies of activation. It is further shown that computational methods may be employed to calculate enthalpies and entropies, and hence Gibbs free energies, for the overall reactions. Within the linear free energy relationship (LFER) assumption, that the Gibbs free energy of activation is proportional to the overall Gibbs free energy change for the reaction, it is possible to rationalise, and even to predict, the relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy for reactions of interest, involving potential antioxidants. A method is devised, involving a competitive reaction between *CH3 radicals and both the spin-trap PBN and the antioxidant, which enables the relatively rapid determination of a relative ordering of activities for a series of potential antioxidant compounds, and also of their rate constants for scavenging *CH3 radicals (relative to the rate constant for addition of *CH3 to PBN).     

煤炭燃烧过程中N2O消除反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法对煤炭燃烧过程中N₂O的消除反应进行研究。选用6-311++G**和aug-cc-pVTZ基组,优化了反应通道上反应物、过渡态和产物的几何构型。预测了它们的热力学性质(总能量、焓、熵和吉布斯自由能)及其随温度的变化。预测N₂O+CO反应的活化能为200 kJ·mol^-1,与实验值193±8 kJ·mol^-1较一致。计算了500~1 800 K 温度范围的反应速率常数。在N₂O的分解中,N₂O与H和CN自由基的反应为动力学优先进行的反应,其活化能为50~55 kJ·mol^-1。在B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level水平下,N₂O+CN反应是热力学最有利的自发反应,其吉布斯自由能变化为-407 kJ·mol^-1。     

Mechanisms of the Knoevenagel hetero Diels-Alder sequence in multicomponent reactions to dihydropyrans: experimental and theoretical investigations into the role of water

The role of water in a multicomponent domino reaction (MCR) involving styrene, 2,4-pentanedione, and formaldehyde was studied. Whereas anhydrous conditions produced no reaction, the MCR successfully proceeded in the presence of water, affording the targeted dihydropyran derivatives with good yield. The mechanism of this MCR (Knoevenagel hetero Diels-Alder sequence) was studied with and without explicit water molecules using the SMD continuum solvation model in combination with the B3LYP density functional and the 6-311++G** basis set to compute the water and acetone (aprotic organic solvent) solution Gibbs free energies. In the Knoevenagel step, we found that water acted as a proton relay to favor the formation of more flexible six-membered ring transition state structures both in concerted (direct H(2)O elimination) and stepwise (keto-enol tautomerization and dehydration) pathways. The inclusion of a water molecule in our model resulted in a significant decrease (-8.5 kcal mol(-1)ΔG(water)(?)) of the direct water elimination activation barrier. Owing to the presence of water, all chemical steps involved in the MCR mechanism had activation free energies barriers lower than 39 kcal mol(-1) at 25 °C in aqueous solvent (<21 kcal mol(-1) ZPE corrected electronic energies barriers). Consequently, the MCR proceeded without the assistance of any catalyst.