Photodecay dynamics of octaethylporphine in the condensed phase explored via resonance Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation

Resonance Raman spectra of free-base octaethylporphine (OEP) were obtained with 368.9 nm, 397.9 nm and 416.0 nm excitation wavelengths, and density functional calculations were done to help the elucidation of Soret (B(x) and B(y)-band) electronic transitions and the corresponding photo relaxation dynamics of OEP. The RRs indicate that the Franck-Condon region photo relaxation dynamics upon S(0)→S(8) electronic transition is predominantly along the totally symmetric C(m)C(α) stretch, the C(β)C(β) stretch, and simultaneously along the asymmetric δ(pyr deformation),γ(CH(2)) vibrational relaxation processes. The excited state structural dynamics of OEP determined from resonance Raman spectra show that the internal conversion between B(y) and B(x) electronic states occurs in tens of femtoseconds and the electronic relaxation dynamics were firstly interpreted with account of the time-dependent wave packet theory and Herzberg-Teller (vibronic coupling) contributions.     

N-甲基吡咯-2-甲醛激发态结构动力学及其溶剂效应的共振拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论研究

获取了覆盖N-甲基吡咯-2-甲醛(NMPCA)A-带和B-带电子吸收共7个激发波长的共振拉曼光谱,并结合含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法研究了的A-带和B-带电子激发和Franck-Condon区域结构动力学.TD-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)计算表明:A-带和B-带电子吸收的跃迁主体为π→π*.共振拉曼光谱可以指认为,11-13振动模式(A-带激发)或者7-11振动模式(B-带激发)的基频、倍频和组合频,其中C=O伸缩振动(ν7)、环的变形振动+N1-C6伸缩振动(ν17)、环的变形振动(ν21)和C6-N1-C2/C2-C3-C4不对称伸缩振动(ν14)占据了绝大部分.这表明NMPCA的Sπ激发态结构动力学主要沿C=O伸缩振动、环的变形振动和环上N1-C6伸缩振动等反应坐标展开.在同一溶剂的共振拉曼光谱中随激发波长由长变短,ν7与ν14的强度比呈现出由强变弱再变强的现象,这种变化规律被认为与Franck-Condon区域Sn/Sπ态混合或势能面交叉有关.溶剂对Sn/Sπ态混合或势能面交叉具有调控作用.     

6-N,N-二甲基腺嘌呤激发态结构动力学的共振拉曼光谱

采用共振拉曼光谱技术和密度泛函理论方法研究了6-N,N-二甲基腺嘌呤(DMA)的A带和B带电子激发和Franck-Condon 区域结构动力学. π_H→π_L^*跃迁是A带吸收的主体, 其振子强度约占整个A带吸收的79%.由弥散轨道参与的n→Ryd 和π_H→Ryd 跃迁在B带跃迁中扮演重要角色, 其振子强度约占B带吸收的62%,而在A带吸收中占主导的π_H→π_L^*跃迁的振子强度在B带吸收中仅占33%. 嘌呤环变形伸缩+C8H/N9H面内弯曲振动ν₂₃和五元环变形伸缩+C8H弯曲振动ν₁₃的基频、泛频和合频占据了A带共振拉曼光谱强度的绝大部分, 说明¹π_Hπ_L^*激发态结构动力学主要沿嘌呤环的变形伸缩振动, N9H/C8H/C2H弯曲振动等反应坐标展开, 而ν₁₀, ν₂₉, ν₂₁, ν₂₆和ν₄₀的基频、泛频和合频占据了B带共振拉曼光谱强度的主体部分, 它们决定了B带激发态的结构动力学. A带共振拉曼光谱中ν₂₆和ν₁₂被认为与1nπ*/1ππ*势能面锥型交叉有关. B带共振拉曼光谱中ν₂₁的激活与¹ππ^*/¹πσ_N9H^*势能面锥型交叉相关.     

2-乙酰基-1-甲基吡咯激发态结构动力学及溶剂效应的共振拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论计算

获取了覆盖紫外光谱中A带和B带吸收的共7个不同激发波长的共振拉曼光谱, 并结合密度泛函理论方法研究了2-乙酰基-1-甲基吡咯(2-Ac-NMP)的A带和B带电子激发和Franck-Condon区域结构动力学. 在TD-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)计算水平上, A带和B带吸收的跃迁主体为π→π^* . A带和B带共振拉曼光谱分别指认为13个振动模式和8个振动模式的基频、泛频和组合频, 其中C＝O伸缩振动(ν₈)、C3-C4-C5不对称伸缩振动+C2-C6伸缩振动(ν₁₄)及环上CH面内摇摆(ν₁₈)对拉曼光谱强度贡献最大, 表明2-Ac-NMP的S_π激发态结构动力学主要沿反应坐标展开. 考察了溶剂对共振拉曼光谱强度模式的影响, 结果表明, 在同一溶剂中, 随激发波长由长变短, C＝O伸缩振动模(ν₈)的强度呈现出由强变弱再变强的现象. 这种变化规律与Franck-Condon区域S_n/S_π态混合或势能面交叉相关, 并受溶剂的有效调控.     

Vibronic induced one- and two-photon absorption in a charge-transfer stilbene derivate

Both the electronic and the vibronic contributions to one- and two-photon absorption of a D-pi-D charge-transfer molecule (4-dimethylamino-4'-methyl-trans stilbene) are studied by means of density functional response theory combined with a linear coupling model. Vibronic profiles of the first four excited states are fully explored. The dominating vibrational modes for both Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller contributions are identified. The Franck-Condon contribution dominates the spectra of first, second, and fourth excited states. The Herzberg-Teller contribution is on the other hand of comparable size for the third excited state, where its inclusion leads to a blueshift with respect to the vertical transition. A similar vibronic coupling behavior is found for both one- and two-photon absorptions.     

A resonance Raman spectroscopic and CASSCF investigation of the Franck-Condon region structural dynamics and conical intersections of thiophene

Resonance Raman spectra were acquired for thiophene in cyclohexane solution with 239.5 and 266 nm excitation wavelengths that were in resonance with ～240?nm first intense absorption band. The spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion mostly along the reaction coordinates of six totally symmetry modes and three nontotally symmetry modes. The appearance of the nontotally symmetry modes, the C-S antisymmetry stretch +C-C=C bend mode ν(21)(B(2)) at 754?cm(-1) and the H(7)C(3)-C(4)H(8) twist ν(9)(A(2)) at 906?cm(-1), suggests the existence of two different types of vibronic-couplings or curve-crossings among the excited states in the Franck-Condon region. The electronic transition energies, the excited state structures, and the conical intersection points (1)B(1)/(1)A(1) and (1)B(2)/(1)A(1) between 2?(1)A(1) and 1?(1)B(2) or 1?(1)B(1) potential energy surfaces of thiophene were determined by using complete active space self-consistent field theory computations. These computational results were correlated with the Franck-Condon region structural dynamics of thiophene. The ring opening photodissociation reaction pathway through cleavage of one of the C-S bonds and via the conical intersection point (1)B(1)/(1)A(1) was revealed to be the predominant ultrafast reaction channel for thiophene in the lowest singlet excited state potential energy hypersurface, while the internal conversion pathway via the conical intersection point (1)B(2)/(1)A(1) was found to be the minor decay channel in the lowest singlet excited state potential energy hypersurface.     

Temperature dependence of resonance Raman spectra of carotenoids

To understand the mechanism of the photoprotective and antioxidative functions of carotenoids, it is essential to have a profound knowledge of their excited electronic and vibronic states. In the present study we investigate the most powerful antioxidants: β-carotene and lutein by means of resonance Raman spectroscopy. The aim was to study in detail their Raman spectra in solution at room temperature and their changes as a function of temperature. To measure the spectra in their natural environment pyridine has been used as a solvent. It has been chosen because of its polarizability (n=1.5092) which is close to that of membrane lipids and proteins. The temperature dependence of the most intensive ν(1) band in the range from 77 K to 295 K at 514.5 nm excitation has been obtained. It was found that in pyridine the CC stretching frequency, its intensity, line shape, and line width are very sensitive to the temperature (the sensitivity being different for the two studied carotenoids). The observed linear temperature dependence of the CC stretching frequency is explained by a mechanism involving changes of the vibronic coupling and the extent of π-electron delocalization. The different behavior of the temperature-induced broadening of the ν(1) band and its intensity for the two studied carotenoids can be associated with the different nature of their solid matrices: glassy for β-carotene and crystalline-like for lutein, owing to their different chemical structures.     

The importance of vibronic perturbations in ferrocytochrome c spectra: a reevaluation of spectral properties based on low-temperature optical absorption, resonance Raman, and molecular-dynamics simulations

We have measured and analyzed the low-temperature (T=10 K) absorption spectrum of reduced horse heart and yeast cytochrome c. Both spectra show split and asymmetric Q(0) and Q(upsilon) bands. The spectra were first decomposed into the individual split vibronic sidebands assignable to B(1g) (nu15) and A(2g) (nu19, nu21, and nu22) Herzberg-Teller active modes due to their strong intensity in resonance Raman spectra acquired with Q(0) and Q(upsilon) excitations. The measured band splittings and asymmetries cannot be rationalized solely in terms of electronic perturbations of the heme macrocycle. On the contrary, they clearly point to the importance of considering not only electronic perturbations but vibronic perturbations as well. The former are most likely due to the heterogeneity of the electric field produced by charged side chains in the protein environment, whereas the latter reflect a perturbation potential due to multiple heme-protein interactions, which deform the heme structure in the ground and excited states. Additional information about vibronic perturbations and the associated ground-state deformations are inferred from the depolarization ratios of resonance Raman bands. The results of our analysis indicate that the heme group in yeast cytochrome c is more nonplanar and more distorted along a B(2g) coordinate than in horse heart cytochrome c. This conclusion is supported by normal structural decomposition calculations performed on the heme extracted from molecular-dynamic simulations of the two investigated proteins. Interestingly, the latter are somewhat different from the respective deformations obtained from the x-ray structures.     

Simultaneous resonance Raman optical activity involving two electronic states

In the present work, the first observation of strong resonance Raman optical activity (RROA) involving more that one resonant electronic state is reported. The chiral transition metal complex bis-(trifluoroacetylcamphorato) copper(II), abbreviated Cu(tfc)(2), exhibits both resonance Raman (RR) and RROA spectra with laser excitation at 532 nm. Vibrational assignments for this complex were carried out by comparing the non-RR spectra of Cu(tfc)(2) excited at 1024 nm to density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The theory of the single-electronic-state (SES) RROA is extended to the next simplest level of theory involving two resonant electronic states (TES) without interstate vibronic coupling as an aide to the interpretation of the observed TES-RROA spectra. Based on measured UV-vis electronic absorbance spectra and corresponding TD-DFT calculations, the most likely two states associated with the RROA spectra are identified.     

Near-infrared spectroscopy of LiNH3: first observation of the electronic spectrum

Electronic spectra of LiNH(3) and its partially and fully deuterated analogues are reported for the first time. The spectra have been recorded in the near-infrared and are consistent with two electronic transitions in close proximity, the ?(2)E-X(2)A(1) and B(2)A(1)-X(2)A(1) systems. Vibrational structure is seen in both systems, with the Li-N-H bending vibration (ν(6)) dominant in the ?(2)E-X(2)A(1) system and the Li-N stretch (ν(3)) in the B(2)A(1)-X(2)A(1) system. The prominence of the 6(0)(1) band in the ?(2)E-X(2)A(1) spectrum is attributed to Herzberg-Teller coupling. The proximity of the B(2)A(1) state, which lies a little more than 200 cm(-1) above the ?(2)E state, is likely to be the primary contributor to this strong vibronic coupling.     

Resonance Raman Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Geometry Distortion of Thiourea in 21A State

The A-band resonance Raman spectra of thiourea were obtained in water and acetonitrile so-lution. B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) and RCIS/6-311++G(3df,3pd) calculations were done to elucidate the ultraviolet electronic transitions, the distorted geometry structure and the saddle point of thiourea in 2¹A excited state, respectively. The resonance Raman spectra were assigned. The absorption spectrum and resonance Raman intensities were modeled using Heller's time-dependent wavepacket approach to resonance Raman scattering. The re-sults indicate that largest change in the displacement takes place with the C=S stretch mode ν₆ (|△|=0.95) and noticeable changes appear in the H₅N₃H₆+H₈N₄H₇ wag ν₅ (|△|=0.19), NCN symmetric stretch+C=S stretch+N₃H₆+H₈N₄ wag ν₄ (|△|=0.18), while the moderate intensities of 2ν₁₅ and 4ν₁₅ are mostly due to the large excited state frequency changes of ν₁₅, but not due to its significant change in the normal mode displacement. The mechanism of the appearance of even overtones of the S=CN₂ out of plane deformation is explored. The results indicate that a Franck-Condon region saddle point is the driving force for the quadric phonon mechanism within the standard A-term of resonance Raman scattering, which leads to the pyramidalization of the carbon center and the geometry distortion of thiourea molecule in 2¹A excited state.     

Effect of end groups on the raman spectra of lycopene and β-carotene under high pressure

The Raman spectra of all-trans-lycopene in n-hexane were measured under high pressure, and the results compared with those of β-carotene. The different pressure effects on Raman spectra are analyzed taking into account the different structures of lycopene and β-carotene molecules. It is concluded that: (a) the vibronic coupling between the S? and S? states of β-carotene is stronger than that of lycopene, (b) the diabatic frequency increment of the ν? mode is more susceptible to pressure than that of the ν? mode for lycopene, and (c) β-rings rotation can relieve the pressure effect on the C=C bond length in β-carotene. This work provides some insights for elucidating the structural and environmental effects on Raman spectra of carotenoids.     

Electronically forbidden (5sigmau-->ksigmau) photoionization of CS2: mode-specific electronic-vibrational coupling

Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the CS(2) (+)(B (2)Sigma(u) (+)) state is used to show how nontotally symmetric vibrations "activate" a forbidden electronic transition in the photoionization continuum, specifically, a 5sigma(u)-->ksigma(u) shape resonance, that would be inaccessible in the absence of a symmetry breaking vibration. This electronic channel is forbidden owing to inversion symmetry selection rules, but it can be accessed when a nonsymmetric vibration is excited, such as bending or antisymmetric stretching. Photoelectron spectra are acquired for photon energies 17kpi(g), influences the symmetric stretch branching ratio. All of the observed effects can be understood within the framework of the Chase adiabatic approximation, i.e., the Born-Oppenheimer approximation applied to photoionization.     

Effects of hydrogen bond and solvent polarity on the C=O stretching of bis(2-thienyl)ketone in solution

The optimized structural parameters, the absorption and the resonance Raman spectra have been investigated for the bis(2-thienyl)ketone in gas phase, in cyclohexane, methanol, and acetonitrile solvents by means of time dependent density functional theory calculations, the solvent electronic polarization effect on the solvation shift is examined and in well accordance with the calculation. The effect of increasing the polarity of the solvent is well represented by the polarizable continuum model, both for the absorption spectra and resonance Raman intensities. The Raman spectra of the C=O stretching mode, which is sensitive to the intermolecular interaction for bis(2-thienyl)ketone dissolved in solvents, were systematically studied. It was found that the hydrogen bond effect plays an important role in reducing the carbonyl stretching wavenumbers. The results of Raman shifts were interpreted through the dilution effect, solvation effects, and hydrogen bond-forming effects. Furthermore, the excitation profiles of several important Raman bands of bis(2-thienyl)ketone molecule in different solvents have been critically analyzed. The solvent effects on structural and symmetry properties of the molecule in S2 electronic state as well as the short-time photo relaxation dynamics have been discussed.     

I2-环己烯复合物的共振拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论计算研究

实验得到I2-环己烯电荷转移复合物的电子吸收光谱和共振拉曼光谱.用密度泛函方法计算了复合物的基态结构、振动频率和电子跃迁能.计算和吸收光谱实验结果表明,I2-烯烃复合物在约300nm处的强吸收带为pz(I17)→π*(C=C)跃迁,即由靠近C=C双键端的碘原子(I17)上的一个pz电子向C=C双键反键轨道跃迁引起的吸收.在约300nm共振拉曼光谱的强度模式表现为I—I伸缩振动模和C=C伸缩振动模的基频、泛频及其组合频,表明在该激发态上I2-环己烯复合物经历了显著的I—I和C=C的价键变化.     

Differences in two-photon and one-photon absorption profiles induced by vibronic coupling: the case of dioxaborine heterocyclic dye

A theoretical study of a dioxaborine heterocyclic compound in solution provides a case study for an analysis of the effects induced by the so-called Herzberg-Teller (HT) vibronic coupling on the one-(OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra. For TPA, the HT vibronic coupling induces differences in the shapes of the absorption band. The study highlights the importance of vibronic coupling as a potentially important mechanism in absorption spectroscopy, able to explain differences in the OPA/TPA spectra.     

On the excited state dynamics of vibronic transitions. High-resolution electronic spectra of acenaphthene and its argon van der Waals complex in the gas phase

Rotationally resolved fluorescence excitation spectroscopy has been used to study the dynamics, electronic distribution, and the relative orientation of the transition moment vector in several vibronic transitions of acenaphthene (ACN) and in its Ar van der Waals (vdW) complex. The 0(0)(0) band of the S(1) ← S(0) transition of ACN exhibits a transition moment orientation parallel to its a-inertial axis. However, some of the vibronic bands exhibit a transition moment orientation parallel to the b-inertial axis, suggesting a Herzberg-Teller coupling with the S(2) state. Additionally, some other vibronic bands exhibit anomalous intensity patterns in several of their rotational transitions. A Fermi resonance involving two near degenerate vibrations has been proposed to explain this behavior. The high-resolution electronic spectrum of the ACN-Ar vdW complex has also been obtained and fully analyzed. The results indicate that the weakly attached argon atom is located on top of the plane of the bare molecule at ~3.48 ? away from its center of mass in the S(0) electronic state.     

尿嘧啶和5-氯尿嘧啶1S0→1S2跃迁动态结构的共振拉曼光谱

采用含时量子波包理论的简单模型对5-氯尿嘧啶和尿嘧啶的共振拉曼光谱开展了强度分析拟合, 获得了1(π, π*)激发态的几何结构变化动态特征. 结果表明, 尿嘧啶1S0→1S2跃迁的动态结构特征因5-位氯原子取代而改变. 5-氯尿嘧啶的动态结构特征主要沿C5=C6伸缩振动+C6H12 弯曲振动和N3H9/N1H7弯曲振动+N1C6伸缩振动反应坐标展开, 而尿嘧啶的动态结构特征主要沿嘧啶环的伸缩振动+C5H11/C6H12/N1H7弯曲振动和C4=O10伸缩振动反应坐标展开. π和π*轨道中氯原子的pz电子参与嘧啶环的p-π共轭作用导致了在1(π, π*)激发态上5-氯尿嘧啶的振动重组能更多地配分给嘧啶环的弯曲振动模式和C5=C6伸缩振动模式. 尿嘧啶在甲醇中的激发态动态结构特征与在水中的基本一致, 但波包沿C5H11/C6H12/N1H7弯曲振动+N1C6伸缩振动(υ12)和环呼吸振动(υ17)反应坐标的运动明显增强.     

Resonance Raman study of the A-band short-time photodissociation dynamics of 2-iodothiophene

Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for 2-iodothiophene in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the A-band absorption spectrum. These resonance Raman spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion mainly along the nominal symmetric C=C stretch of the thienyl ring and accompanied by a moderate amount of motion along the nominal symmetric CSC stretch, the nominal antisymmetric CSC stretch, and the nominal C-I stretch vibrational modes. A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done for the A-band resonance Raman spectra of 2-iodothiophene. These results were compared to previous results for related iodobenzene and iodoalkane molecules that also contain a C-I chromophore and the similarities and differences in the short-time photodissociation dynamics were discussed.     

Vibronic coupling simulations for linear and nonlinear optical processes: theory

A comprehensive vibronic coupling model based on the time-dependent wavepacket approach is derived to simulate linear optical processes, such as one-photon absorbance and resonance Raman scattering, and nonlinear optical processes, such as two-photon absorbance and resonance hyper-Raman scattering. This approach is particularly well suited for combination with first-principles calculations. Expressions for the Franck-Condon terms, and non-Condon effects via the Herzberg-Teller coupling approach in the independent-mode displaced harmonic oscillator model are presented. The significance of each contribution to the different spectral types is discussed briefly.