压力罐中水声材料声学特性的参量源测量法

设计了一种原波频率500 kHz、差频范围1~30 kHz的截断宽带参量阵,作为水声材料测量系统的声源。通过分析典型频率下的宽带参量源指向性理论计算和实际测量结果,发现两者结果的曲线基本吻合,证明计算模型是正确的。应用钟形短时脉冲实现水声材料声特性的宽带测量,有益于降低样品边缘衍射干扰。并建立了测量水声材料大面积板状样品声压反射系数、声压透射系数和吸声系数的压力罐测量系统,罐体内尺寸Φ4 m×12 m,最高静水压4.5 MPa,测量频率范围1~30 kHz。对标准样品(尺寸1m×1m)进行了测量实验,其测量结果和理论曲线有很好的吻合,参量源测量法得到了验证;之后,通过对一块橡胶板样品在不同静压力下的吸声性能进行了测量和有效评估,进一步确认了参量源测量法在压力罐这样有限水域中的潜在应用价值。      

Dynamical Janssen effect on granular packing with moving walls

Apparent mass (M(app)) measurements at the bottom of granular packings inside a vertical tube in relative motion are reported. They demonstrate that Janssen's model is valid over a broad range of velocities v. The variability of the measurements is lower than for static packings and the theoretical exponential increase of M(app) with the height of the packing is precisely followed (the corresponding characteristic screening length is of the order of the tube diameter). The limiting apparent mass at large heights is independent of v and significantly lower than the static value.     

薄纤维层对穿孔板的声学影响研究

为了提高附着薄纤维层穿孔板的声学预测精度,通过实验及理论分析方法研究薄纤维层对穿孔板的声学影响。采用声学阻抗管系统测试穿孔饰面板及背腔的吸声系数。测试结果显示,薄纤维层对吸声层的吸声性能具有明显的提高作用。以穿孔板声阻抗模型为基础构建附着薄纤维层的穿孔饰面板等效声阻抗模型,以附加修正参数等效薄纤维层的声学影响。依据吸声系数测试结果计算薄纤维层的等效声学修正参数,结果显示薄纤维层造成的附加阻性修正比较显著。     

The Measurement of Particles Suspended in a stirred vessel using microphotography and digital image analysis

A novel technique to determine the size of particles suspended in a stirred vessel is investigated. The method uses microphotography to obtain a still image of the particles in situ. The equivalent circular diameter of the particles is obtained from the photographs using digital image analysis. The particles used for the test were certified particle size standards of a very small tolerance in diameter deviation. The size comparison was determined as a percent error between the measured particle diameter (equivalent circular diameter) and the diameter established by the particle manufacturer. To determine the limiting ranges of particle size and concentrations, spherical particles in a size range of approximately 1 to 10.0 μm (microns) in diameter were employed in the test. Concentrations varied from 0.00005% to 0.1% (mass basis). For each particle size, an aqueous solution of the particles was prepared at the desired concentration and placed in a stirred vessel. Photographs of the solutions were made at 25.5x, 40x, 60x and 80x magnification. For all sizes of particles, the entire range of concentration was examined. The results indicate a minimum size resolution of approximately 3μm, in a corresponding concentration range of 0.0001% to 0.05%. Similar limits on concentration were found for the larger diameter particles, although a true upper limit for the largest particle sizes was not established. The functional concentration range appears to shift towards higher mass concentrations with increasing particle size. For 2.92 μm diameter particles, the error in size measurement was found to be below 10% for a concentration range of 0.0005% to 0.05%. Additionally, a relationship between turbidity and the error was seen at low particle concentration levels where decreasing levels of turbidity generated increasing levels of error.     

Experiments of ocean surface waves and underwater target detection imaging using a slit Streak Tube Imaging Lidar

This letter describes a flash Lidar imaging technique that uses a streak tube camera as a receiver to detect short scale surface wave fields for oceanographic, underwater target and coastal measurements. The range and intensity imaging of short scale sea-waves and underwater targets can be supplied by this system through light reflected from the surface of the sea and targets. Through a surface scattering model, more accurate range and intensity information can be extracted. The technique can be applied to surface wave measurements and underwater target detection with high resolution. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by applying the technique to data acquired by shipborne Streak Tube Imaging Lidar (STIL) in the Yellow Sea and also the East and South China Seas.     

水平和竖直细圆管内流动凝结换热特性的对比研究

本文采用基于相平衡理论的最小能量原理,根据当地气液两相流动条件确定气液界面形状,以此为基础,从理论上探讨水平细圆管内流动凝结的特点。通过与竖直条件下管内凝结换热特性的对比,分析重力、气液界面剪切力、表面张力对流动凝结的影响。研究发现,细圆管由竖直变为水平放置时,管径的减小同样导致重力的影响削弱,并且凝结换热得到进一步强化;但由于流型的变化,随管径的减小强化的程度减弱。     

材料吸声系数双传声器测量的参数识别方法

本文提出了在普通房间中利用双传声器对多孔性和纤维性吸声材料吸声系数测量时的参数识别方法。利用Delany&Bazley经验模型对测量数据进行了参数识别,建立了材料的阻抗模型,并计算出材料全频带的吸声系数。与驻波管方法得到的吸声系数相比,在0～3000Hz范围内,二者都能较好地吻合。通过在不同的环境中进行对比测试,说明该方法具有较好的重复性和准确性。     

The Phase-Doppler Method Applied to Very Small Particles

Using a computer model based on Lorenz-Mie and generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, various optical confiugurations of a phase-Doppler system were analysed with regard to their suitability for diameter measurements in the sub-micron range. The major concern in this size range is multi-valuedness of the phase-diameter characteristic, the relatively small signal-to-noise ratio obtained with the very low scattered intensity and the small value of the phase difference to be measured. It is shown numerically and by experiment that for particles in a free stream the multi-valuedness and the shot noise need not prohibit measurements in the sub-micron size range. The major source of phase error results from light scattered form objects or material other than the particle inside the measuring volume. Using an optical set-up with nearly counter-propagating incident beams and a large angle between the detectors, measurements were obtained for particle diameters down to 200 nm, and it is estimated that with some improvements in receiver optics measurement down to 100 nm will be possible.     

一种用于滑坡监测的复合光纤装置

针对滑坡体深部位移这一重要指标,基于光时域反射技术,设计了一种蝴蝶结形式的复合光纤装置用于监测深部剪切位移.该传感装置由方形聚氯乙烯树脂管、毛细钢管、光纤、砂浆组合而成.首先在40mm×40mm×500mm(厚2.0mm)的聚氯乙烯树脂方管四周开挖导槽,将Φ1×500mm毛细钢管放置在导槽中.然后用光纤穿入毛细钢管,光纤一端固定,另一端绕制成蝴蝶结形式.最后在聚氯乙烯树脂管外围浇筑Φ110mm的砂浆,制作成圆柱式复合光纤装置.室内边坡模型剪切测试台测试结果表明:该装置对深部剪切位移初测准确度为1mm,最大测量范围为40mm.分析表明该复合光纤装置具有灵敏度高、测量范围大、结构简单易于安装等优点,可以用于滑坡以及野外岩土结构工程等进行现场原位监测.     

Scintillator characterization using the LBL pulsed X-ray facility

We have developed a bench-top pulsed X-ray system for measuring scintillation properties of compounds in crystalline or powdered form. The source is a light-excited X-ray tube that produces 40 X-ray photons (mean energy 18.5 keV) per steradian in each 100 pps fwhm pulse. The repetition rate is adjustable from 0 to 10⁷ pulses per second. The fluorescent emanations from the X-ray excited samples are detected with either a sapphire-windowed microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (spectral range 150–650 nm, transit time jitter 40 ps fwhm) or a quartz-windowed GaAs(Cs) photomultiplier tube (spectral range 160–930 nm, transit time jitter 4 ns fwhm). Decay curves are acquired using a TDC having 40 ps fwhm resolution over an 84 ms dynamic range. A computer controlled monochromator can be inserted into the optical path to measure the emission spectrum or wavelength resolved decay time. A computer-controlled sample changer allows up to 64 samples to be measured without intervention.     

Transmission loss of a flexible micro-perforated muffler with a flexible back cavity for water-filled pipelines

To reduce low-frequency noise of the water-filled pipeline system,a compact flexible micro-perforated muffler with a flexible back cavity(FMPMFBC) is proposed.The flexible pipe wall is made of a rubber-cord composite material.A numerical solution for the transmission loss is derived.Firstly,the flexible micro-perforated panel(FMPP) is equivalent to a flexible porous material based on Biot-Allard porous-elastic theory.Then,a periodic structural unit of the aramid fabric cloth is established with the two-scale method,and the equivalent stiffness matrix is obtained.Besides,a multi-layer composite model for the flexible pipe wall is constructed according to the lamination theory.Coupling with the internal sound field,the transmission loss of the FMPMFBC is calculated.On a water-filled impedance tube,the transmission loss curves of the FMPMFBC prototypes are measured with the two source-location method,and compared with those of a flexible micro-perforated muffler with a rigid back cavity(FMPMRBC)and an expansion muffler.Theoretical results are experimentally verified.The FMPMFBC is a hybrid muffler combining reflection with dissipation,capable of attenuating broadband lowfrequency noise.The transmission loss of prototype B2 in the frequency bands of [40 300] Hz and [40 1200] Hz is 36 dB and 30 dB,respectively,while the transmission loss of the same-sized expansion muffler in the corresponding frequency bands is 7 dB and 11 dB,respectively.     

Comparisons of predicted steady-state levels in rooms with extended- and local-reaction bounding surfaces

A combined beam-tracing and transfer-matrix model for predicting steady-state sound-pressure levels in rooms with multilayer bounding surfaces was used to compare the effect of extended- and local-reaction surfaces, and the accuracy of the local-reaction approximation. Three rooms—an office, a corridor and a workshop—with one or more multilayer test surfaces were considered. The test surfaces were a single-glass panel, a double-drywall panel, a carpeted floor, a suspended-acoustical ceiling, a double-steel panel, and glass fibre on a hard backing. Each test surface was modeled as of extended or of local reaction. Sound-pressure levels were predicted and compared to determine the significance of the surface-reaction assumption. The main conclusions were that the difference between modeling a room surface as of extended or of local reaction is not significant when the surface is a single plate or a single layer of material (solid or porous) with a hard backing. The difference is significant when the surface consists of multilayers of solid or porous material and includes a layer of fluid with a large thickness relative to the other layers. The results are partially explained by considering the surface-reflection coefficients at the first-reflection angles.     

Experimental validation of a T2rho transverse relaxation model using LASER and CPMG acquisitions

The transverse relaxation rate (R2=1/T2) of many biological tissues are altered by endogenous magnetized particles (i.e., ferritin, deoxyhemoglobin), and may be sensitive to the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders associated with altered brain-iron stores. R2 measurements using Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) acquisitions are sensitive to the refocusing pulse interval (2taucp), and have been modeled as a chemical exchange (CE) process, while R2 measurements using a localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (LASER) sequence have an additional relaxation rate contribution that has been modeled as a R2rho process. However, no direct comparison of the R2 measured using these two sequences has been described for a controlled phantom model of magnetized particles. The three main objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the accuracy of R2 relaxation rate predictions from the CE model with experimental data acquired using a conventional CPMG sequence, (2) to compare R2 estimates obtained using LASER and CPMG acquisitions, and (3) to determine whether the CE model, modified to account for R2rho relaxation, adequately describes the R2 measured by LASER for a full range of taucp values. In all cases, our analysis was confined to spherical magnetic particles that satisfied the weak field regime. Three phantoms were produced that contained spherical magnetic particles (10 microm diameter polyamide powders) suspended in Gd-DTPA (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mmol/L) doped gel. Mono-exponential R2 measurements were made at 4T as a function of refocusing pulse interval. CPMG measurements of R2 agreed with CE model predictions while significant differences in R2 estimates were observed between LASER and CPMG measurements for short taucp acquisitions. The discrepancy between R2 estimates is shown to be attributable to contrast enhancement in LASER due to T2rho relaxation.     

大尺寸金属氧化物TFT面板设计分析

根据最基本的2T1C像素电路,建立了TFT各参数与AMOLED面板限制因素的计算模型。详细分析了AMOLED显示尺寸与TFT迁移率、金属方块电阻、刷新频率以及器件结构的关系。在大尺寸高分辨率AMOLED面板设计中,信号线RC延迟是主要限制因素。TFT迁移率的提高在一定范围内对大尺寸显示面板设计有利,降低RC延迟是实现大尺寸、高分辨率、高刷新频率显示的关键技术。开发铜布线技术和低寄生电容TFT器件结构是未来大尺寸AMOLED显示的关键技术。     

Analogous circuits for plastic foams

Presented here are simple analogous circuits derived from Biot theory which allow predictions of the acoustical properties of low flow resistance and very high flow resistance foams.For different foams with low resistance absorption coefficients measured in a Kundt tube have been compared with the predicted ones.For foams with very high flow resistance only the frequency of the first normal incidence absorption peak for a large panel backed with a rigid layer has been measured. Kundt tube measurements being inaccurate because of sample frame vibrations which appear with this kind of foam, the experiment was done in an anechoic room by studying the stationary waves close to the foam.For the two kinds of foams studied, comparison between experimental results and predictions show that simple analogous circuits may supply useful estimations of the trend of absorption.     

水下弹性微穿孔吸声结构吸声系数研究

利用模态叠加法建立了水介质微穿孔板的数学模型,基于声电类比法得到其等效电路模型。研究了弹性微穿孔板和弹性背腔对垂直入射吸声系数的影响。与空气介质中的微穿孔板不同,水下微穿孔板因结构阻抗不足,难以取得满意的吸声效果,为此提出了增强型微穿孔吸声结构,并在水介质阻抗管内对理论结果予以验证。结果表明,随着增强型弹性微穿孔板弯曲刚度的增大,其在[20,2000]Hz范围内的平均吸声系数得到提高,逐步趋近于刚性微穿孔板的结果,弹性背板使微穿孔吸声结构的吸声峰向低频移动,低频吸声效果得到提高。      

基于分布参数模型的CO_2蒸发器结构参数研究

在设计工况下,建立了用于跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水器的套管式蒸发器的稳态分布参数模型,对其结构参数进行了敏感性分析,指出了它们的合理变化范围:管内套1根管时,内管外径应至少大于11.00mm,低于13.00mm,外管内径应在20.00mm以上,23.00mm以下;管内套多根管时,以管内套3根管的性能为最优。优化设计结果对开发二氧化碳蒸发器产品具有一定的指导意义。     

Acoustic radiation from a fluid-filled, subsurface vascular tube with internal turbulent flow due to a constriction

The vibration of a thin-walled cylindrical, compliant viscoelastic tube with internal turbulent flow due to an axisymmetric constriction is studied theoretically and experimentally. Vibration of the tube is considered with internal fluid coupling only, and with coupling to internal-flowing fluid and external stagnant fluid or external tissue-like viscoelastic material. The theoretical analysis includes the adaptation of a model for turbulence in the internal fluid and its vibratory excitation of and interaction with the tube wall and surrounding viscoelastic medium. Analytical predictions are compared with experimental measurements conducted on a flow model system using laser Doppler vibrometry to measure tube vibration and the vibration of the surrounding viscoelastic medium. Fluid pressure within the tube was measured with miniature hydrophones. Discrepancies between theory and experiment, as well as the coupled nature of the fluid-structure interaction, are described. This study is relevant to and may lead to further insight into the patency and mechanisms of vascular failure, as well as diagnostic techniques utilizing noninvasive acoustic measurements.