Fluordiazadiphosphetidine, 24. Mitt.: Reaktion monosubstituierter Fluordiazadiphosphetidine mit Kaliumfluorid/Kronenether

Summary The reactivity of some monosubstituted fluorodiazadiphosphetidines towards potassium fluoride utilizing 18-crown-6-ether as a phase transfer catalyst has been studied. The following compounds were investigated: 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine, 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methylamino-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine, 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methylthio-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine, and a 1:1 mixture of 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-(N²,N²-dimentyl-hydrazino)-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine and 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methylamino-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine. All reactions proceeded in a similar way and led to the disubstituted derivates of the starting materials and the potassium salt K₂(CH₃NPF₄)₂. In this way 2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-methylamino-4-(N²,N²-dimethylhydrazino)-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine has been synthesized for the first time and a new way has been found for the synthesis of several compounds reported in literature.

Verstorben     

Anisotropie der WÄrmeleitung in gedehnten Elastomeren

Zusammenfassung An einigen schwach vernetzten, gedehnten Elastomeren und an gedehntem Weich-PVC wurde die WÄrmeleitfÄhigkeit senkrecht zur Dehnungsrichtung in AbhÄngigkeit von der Temperatur zwischen –10 C und +45 C gemessen. Die Dehnung blieb wÄhrend einer Messung konstant. ist kleiner als die WÄrmeleitfÄhigkeit der ungedehnten (isotropen) Substanz und nimmt mit steigender Dehnung ab. Die Anisotropie der WÄrmeleitfÄhigkeit zeigt sich besonders deutlich ( / ₀0,8 bis 0,9 für=200%) — gleiche Dehnung vorausgesetzt — bei Polymeren, deren Kettenmolekeln polare Seitengruppen enthalten (z. B. Butadien — Acryl-nitril — Copolymer, Polychloropren, chlorsulfoniertes PolyÄthylen), wÄhrend sie bei solchen, deren Molekelketten nur unpolare Seitengruppen enthalten (z. B. Naturkautschuk, Polyisobutylen), kaum in Ersoheinung tritt. Bei Weich-PVC sinkt die Anisotropie bei gleicher Dehnung mit dem Weichmachergehalt und verschwindet fast ganz bei Weichmacherkonzentrationen über 60 Gew.%, d.h. der Quotient / ₀ geht gegen 1, und zwar um so schneller, je grö\er die Wirksamkeit des Weichmachers ist. Eine ZeitabhÄngigkeit der Anisotropie konnte nicht beobachtet werden.

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Summary Thermal conductivity of some crosslinked strained elastomers and plasticized polyvinylchloride was measured normal to the direction of strain as function of temperature between –10 C and +45 C. The strain was held constant during one measurement. is smaller than the thermal conductivity of the unstrained (isotropic) material and decreases with increasing strain. The anisotropy of thermal conductivity appears specially clear ( / ₀ about 0,8 to 0,9 for=200%) — the same strain presumed — with polymers the chain molecules of which contain polar sidegroups (e. g. butadiene — acrylonitrile — copolymer, polychloroprene, chlorsulfonated polyethylene), whereas it can hardly be observed with polymers the chain molecules of which contain only non-polar sidegroups (e. g. natural rubber, polyisobutylene). Concerning strained plasticized Polyvinylchloride the anisotropy decreases at constant strain with the content of plasticizer and nearly vanishes at weight fractions above 60% plasticizer, that means, the quotient / ₀ will become 1. The decrease is the more rapid the greater the plasticizing effectiveness is. A time dependence of the anisotropy has not been observed.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.K.-H. Hellwege und Herrn Dr.W. Knappe danke ich für eingehende Diskussion und Förderung dieser Arbeit.     

Fluordiazadiphosphetidine, 23. Mitt.: Die Herstellung neuer unsymmetrisch substituierter Fluordiazadiphosphetidine

Summary Using 1-chloromethyl-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine as starting material for nucleophilic reactions, the following new compounds were prepared: 2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methoxy-1-propyl-3-methyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine, 1-benzyl-2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methoxy-3-methyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine, and 1-benzyl-2,2,2,4,4-pentafluoro-4-methylamino-3-methyl-1,3,2⁵,4⁵-diazadiphosphetidine

     

Ein Ger?t zur h?chstempfindlichen Differentialspektrophotometrie mit dem Rapidspektroskop

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Differentialspektrophotometrie durch Modulation eines Monochromators wird beschrieben. Der Monochromator oscilliert mit variabler Bandbreite zwischen ₁ und ( ₁+). Wenn ( ₁+) die Wellenlänge des Absorptionsmaximums ist, erscheint am Photo multiplierausgang einer Sinuswelle, deren Amplitude der Extinktions differenz zwischen ¹ und ( ₁+) proportional ist. Die Schaltung zur ultralinearen Messung dieser Amplitude ist angegeben und ihre Anwendung mit dem Zweistrahlphotometer Rapidspektroskop gezeigt. Die Empfindlichkeit wird durch die Kombination um den Faktor 10 bis 100 gesteigert. Der Rauschpegel ist bei der Monochromator-Modulationstechnik etwa 10^–4 E.Das Differentialspektrum stellt die erste Ableitung eines Spektrums dar und gestattet die genauere Lokalisation von Schultern in steilen Flanken eines Spektrums. Die Kombination der beschriebenen Methode mit der Technik des Rapidspektroskops erlaubt es, dasselbe mit gleichem Erfolg wie ein Dual-Wavelength-Gerät einzusetzen.

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Summary A method for differential spectrophotometry by modulation of a single monochromator is described. A single monochromator oscillates with variable bandwidth between ₁ and ( ₁+ ). If ( ₁ + ) is the wavelength at maximal optical density, the photomultiplier output gives a sinus-wave, the amplitude of which is proportional to the optical density difference between ₁ and ( ₁+). The circuit for ultralinear measurement of this amplitude is described and details of its application with the split-beam spectrophotometer Rapidspektroskop are given. The sensitivity of the entire assembly is increased by a factor of between ten and one hundred. The noise level of the monochromator-modulated technique is about 10^–4 optical density units. The differential spectrum represents the first derivative of a spectrum and allows one to determine more exactly the location of shoulders in the slope of a spectrum.The combination of the described method with the techniques of the Rapid spektroskop thus provides facilities which equal those of a dual-wavelength apparatus.

     

Unicyclic Graphs with Minimal Energy

If G is a graph and ₁,₂,..., _n are its eigenvalues, then the energy of G is defined as E(G)=|₁|+|₂|++| _n |. Let S _n ³ be the graph obtained from the star graph with n vertices by adding an edge. In this paper we prove that S _n ³ is the unique minimal energy graph among all unicyclic graphs with n vertices (n6).     

Reactivity of N-Phenylanthranilic Acid Derivatives: XIII. Electrical Conductivity of Solutions of Substituted 4-Nitro-N-phenylanthranilic Acids in the Dioxane-Water System

Conductometry was used to determine limiting equivalent electrical conductivity (₀), Pisarzhevskii-Valden product (₀₀), hydrodynamic ionic radii, ionization constants, thermodynamic parameters for substituted 4-nitro-N-phenylanthranilic acids (7 compounds) in the system dioxane-water at varioustemperatures. It was established that the ionization is endothermic and the entropy factor is prevailing. It was found that the reaction center is moderately sensitive to substituents and the sensitivity decreases with temperature. Multifactor correlation analysis showed that the reaction constants are roughly equal to r _I and _R but are half the values for substituted benzoic acids. The reaction series studied was found to be isoentropy. Inconsiderable solvation of the anions of the substituted anthranilic acids was revealed.     

Simultaneous determination of yohimbine and boldine by first-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry

A method for the simultaneous determination of yohimbine and boldine in mixtures by first-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry has been developed. The method is based on their native fluorescence in 0.1N sulphuric acid medium. The constant wavelength difference chosen to optimize the determination was =_em -_em=82 nm. Yohimbine was measured at _ex//_em= 285/367 nm, and boldine at _ex/_em=272/354 nm. The range of application is 10–500 g/l for yohimbine and 1–50 g/l for boldine. The method was applied to the determination of yohimbine and boldine in synthetic mixtures and pharmaceuticals, with errors generally 2%. Relative standard deviations were about 2%.Dedicated to Professor Fermin Capitán on his 72th birthday     

Principal vectors of crystallographic groups and applications

For a crystallographic group acting on ann-dimensional Euclidean space we consider the -invariant linear elliptic differential operatorP with constant coefficients and to it the -automorphic eigenvalue problemP [] + = 0. N() is the number of all eigenvalues smaller than or equal to the frequency bound ^q (q: order ofP). Earlier we found the asymptotic estimationN() c₀ · ⁿ + c₁ · ^n–1 (c ₀,c ₁: certain volumina). Furthermore,N() was interpreted as the number of so-called principal classes of principal lattice vectors within a convex domain. In this paper we demonstrate these results for the casen = 2 for two representative crystallographic groups and the assigned lattices. Above all we demonstrate a counting method for an exact estimation ofN() if a is not too big. In an analogous way we can treat all the 230 space groups of crystallography. It will be seen that these applications are brought about by the so-called principal vectors of these lattices.     

On theC v toC p conversion for solid linear macromolecules

TheC _v toC _p conversion for solid linear macromolecules via the Nernst-Lindemann equationC _p -C _v =A ₀,C _p ² T/T_m is discussed on hand of data for 10 crystals and seven glasses. An average value ofA ₀=(5.11±2.41) · 10^–3 mol K J^–1 was calculated if the mole is assumed to refer to heavy atoms only. ThisA ₀ is numerically equal to the original Nernst—Lindemann constant.

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Zusammenfassung An Hand von sich auf 10 Kristalle und 7 Gläser beziehenden Daten wird die Umrechnung vonC _v -inC _p -Werte für feste lineare Makromoleküle mittels der Nernst-Lindemann-GleichungC _p -C _v =A ₀ C _p ² T/T _m diskutiert. Ein Durchschnittswert vonA ₀=(5.11±2.41) · 10^–3 mol K J^–1 wurde unter der Annahme berechnet, daß sich das Mol nur auf schwere Atome bezieht. DieserA ₀-Wert ist numerisch gleich der ursprünglichen Nerns-Lindemann-Konstanten.

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10 , - C _v C _p , —C _p –C _v = _{0 p} ² / . , , ₀ (5.11±2.41) · 10^–3 · ^–1. ₀ — .

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Support by the National Science Foundation, Polymers Program (Grant No. DMR 83-17097) is gratefully acknowledged.     

Beitrag zur mathematischen Beschreibung des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhaltens von Elastomeren

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Hypothese vonValanis undLandel, nach der die DehnungsenergieW( _x , _y , _z ) als Summe dreier identischer Funktionenw( _i ) der Dehnungsverhältnisse _i (i=x,y,z) dargestellt werden kann, wird fürw( _i ) ein Ausdruck vorgeschlagen, der sich durch seine relative Einfachheit auszeichnet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die mit Hilfe dieses Ausdruckes abgeleiteten Formeln für das Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten von Elastomeren in der Lage sind, Meßdaten anderer Autoren mit guter Genauigkeit wiederzugeben. Untersucht wurden die Beanspruchungsarten einaxialer Zug, biaxialer Zug und reine Scherung mit Dehnungen bis zu ca. 700%.

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Summary Based on the hypothesis ofValanis andLandel that the strain-energy functionW( _x , _y , _z ) could be represented as the sum of three identical functionsw( _i ) of the principal extension ratios _i (i=x,y,z), an expression forw( _i ) is suggested which is distinguished by its relative simplicity. The stress-strain relations developed from this expression are tested successfully by applying them to experimental results of other authors. The types of strain which were examined were simple extension, biaxial extension and pure shear; the elongations were to about 700%.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen     

Spin-crossover complexes in solution. III. Substituent- and solvent effects on the spin-equilibrium of 4-substituted iron(II)-2,6-bis-(benzimidazol-2′-yl)-pyridine systems

Summary Transition metal complexes of the composition [Fe(4-X-bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ [bzimpy = 2,6-bis-(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine and X=H, OH, Cl] show thermally accessible spin-crossover behaviour in solution that depends on both the ligand and the solvent.¹H-NMR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy measurements suggest that ligand substituent effects, solvent donor-acceptor properties and hydrogen-bonding may be employed to fine-tune the ligand field strength and hence to affect the spin-crossover behaviour. The ligand substitution changes in solution are reflected by the magnetic data (X=H:_exp=2.50 _B; X=OH:_exp=4.20 _B and X=Cl:_exp=4.30 _B at 294 K in MeOH), and by the shift of metal-to-ligandcharge-transfer band (X=H, =557 nm; X=OH, =520 nm; X=Cl, =500 nm). [Fe(bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ exhibits a pronounced spin-crossover equilibrium (¹A₁ ⁵T₂) in solution (K _sc=0.26 at 293 K; _exp=1.30 3.40 _B for 213 328 K in MeOH). A small variation of magnetic moments of [Fe(4-OH-bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ (_exp=3.77 4.73 _B at 220 332 K) might indicate either the existence of (temperature dependent) hydrogen bonding between the ligand and solvent molecules or a temperature dependent variation in the population of the⁵E_g sublevel. The presence of strong donor solvents (DN 30) shifts the spin-state of the complexes.In course of absence from the Chemistry Department, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh     

Redox reactions of disulfiram: a pulse-radiolysis study

Redox reactions of disulfiram (DSF) were studied in aqueous solutions using the pulse-radiolysis technique. Reactions of DSF with one-electron oxidants Br₂ ^- and N₃, generated pulse radiolytically in aqueous solution at pH 7, yielded a transient (_max = 480 nm) which exhibited the characteristics of a disulphide cation radical and decayed by second-order kinetics. Reactions of DSF with halogenated peroxyl radicals CCl₃O₂, CHCl₂O₂, CH₂ClO₂ and CBr₃O₂ led to the formation of an adduct absorbing at 580 nm. The reduction potential was estimated to be 1.24 ± 0.06 V vs. NHE.     

Energy balance in networks simply elongated at constant temperature

Summary Mechanical and thermal energy exchange in isothermal simple elongation experiments on various rubbers observed by Godovsky can fully be described by means of implicit relations which are defining the thermo-elastic properties of van der Waals networks up to highest elongations. Global and local properties in the molecular networks are shown to be uniquely related thus manifesting indirectly the existence of a Gibbs-function.Symbols f force per unit unstrained area - f _s,f _e entropy- or enthalpy component of the deformational stress - N density of crosslinks - k Boltzmann's constant - T absolute temperature - L ₀ fiducial length - < ²> actual mean-square end-to-end distance - < ₀> mean-square end-to-end distance of the equivalent free chains - () deformation function - D=/ derivative of() - strain parameter - _m maximum strain - a ₁,a ₂ interaction — van der Waals parameters - linear coefficient of thermal expansion - linear coefficient of compressibility - V ₀ volume in the unstrained state of the rubber - h _K ⁽ⁱ⁾ ,s _K ⁽ⁱ⁾ specific enthalpy and entropy of the internal freedom (K)     

Pressure and temperature effects on the excess deuteron and proton conductance

The limiting molar conductances ° of deuterium chloride DCl in D₂O were determined as a function of pressure and temperature in order to examine the proton-jump mechanism in detail. The excess deuteron conductances °_E(D ⁺), as estimated by the equation [°_E(D ⁺) = °(DCl/D ₂ O) – °(KCl/D ₂ O)], increases with an increase in the pressure and temperature as well as the excess proton conductance [°_E(H ⁺) = °(HCl/H ₂ O) – °(KCl/H ₂ O)]. The isotope effect on the excess conductances, however, depends on the pressure and temperature contrary to the model proposed by Conway et al.: °_E(H ⁺)/°_E(D ⁺) decreases with increasing pressure and temperature. The magnitude of the decrease with pressure becomes more prominent at lower temperature. These results are discussed in terms of the pre-rotation of adjacent water molecules, the bending of hydrogen bonds with pressure, and the difference in strength of hydrogen bonds between D₂O and H₂O.     

Approximate theories of gelation

Summary The assumptions involved in approximate theories of gelation forRA ₂ +RB _f type random polymerisations are examined in detail. When the assumptionc _int c _ext is removed it is apparent that, contrary to previous findings, theFrisch theory is unable to explain existing gel-point data. A detailed development ofKilb's model for gelation is given and the expression _c (f – 1)(1 – _ab )² = 1 is derived as the condition for gelation. _c is the product of extents of reaction ofA andB groups at the gel point,f is the branchunit functionality, and _ab is a ring-forming parameter. _ab depends on the dilution of a reaction system, the molecular weights of the reactants and chain structures. It is shown how the derived expression can be used for reasonable predictions of _c for a given polymerisation system.

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Zusammenfassung Die Annahmen, worauf die simplifizierten Gelbildungstheorien betreffs einer Zufallspolymerisation desRA ₂ +RB _f Typs basieren, werden im einzelnen untersucht. Legt man die Annahmec _int c _ext ab, stellt sich heraus, daß dieFrisch-Theorie, im Gegensatz zu früheren Resultaten, die bekannten Gelpunktdaten nicht erklären kann. Eine Weiterentwicklung des Kilbschen Modelles wird vorgeschlagen und der Ausdruck _c (f - 1)(1 - _ab ² = 1 wird als Gelbindungsbedingung abgeleitet. _c ist das Produkt der Reaktionsumsätze derA- undB-Gruppen beim Gelpunkt;f = Funktionalität einer Verzweigungseinheit und _ab ist ein Ringbildungsparameter. _ab hängt von der Verdünnung eines Reaktionssystems, von den Molekulargewichten der reagierenden Moleküle und von ihren Kettenstrukturen ab. Es wird gezeigt, wie der so abgeleitete Ausdruck angewandt werden kann, um Werte für _c bei einer gegebenen Polymerisation vernünftig vorauszusagen.

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Dedicated to Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Rehage on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

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With 9 figures and 1 table     

Substituent dependence of the d-d transition band in the electronic absorption spectra of arylferrocenes and the corresponding arylferricenium salts

The electronic absorption spectra of 22 arylferrocenes and their arylferricenium salts with pentacyanopropenide (PCNP) were recorded. The attemptedHammett correlation of _max of the d-d transition bands of arylferrocenes revealed that this band is substituent dependent only for strong electron-withdrawing substituents. Excellent correlation of _max of the d-d transition bands with ⁺ constants was found in the case of arylferricenium cations. Good correlations of _max was also found with theE _1/2 oxidation potentials measured by cyclic voltametry.

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Substituentenabhängigkeit des d-d-Überganges in den Elektronenabsorptions-Spektren von Arylferrocenen und entsprechenden Arylferricenium-Salzen

Zusammenfassung Elektronenabsorptions-Spektren von 22 Arylferrocenen und ihren Arylferricenium-Pentacyanopropenid-Salzen wurden gemessen. VersuchteHammett-Korrelationen des längstwelligen d-d-Überganges (_max) zeigten, daß diese Bande nur von stark elektronenanziehende Substituenten abhängig ist. Im Fall der Arylferricenium-Kationen wurde eine ausgezeichnete Korrelation zwischen _max der d-d-Bande und den ⁺-Konstanten festgestellt. Eine gute Korrelation der _max-Werte wurde auch mit denE _1/2 Oxidationspotentialen gefunden, die durch cyclische Voltametrie meßbar sind.

     

Determination of boron with chromotropic acid by first-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry

Summary A method for the determination of traces of boron by first-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry is proposed. It is based on the formation of a fluorescent complex with chromotropic acid at pH 6.7. The constant wavelength difference chosen to optimize the determination is =_em–_ex=24 nm. The range of application is between 2.0 and 20.0 /l of boron, the detection limit 0.4 g/l and the relative standard deviation 3.2%. A study was made of the influence of several ions as potential interferents. The method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of boron in plants, fertilizers and natural waters.     

Sedimentation equilibrium of suspensions of colloidal particles at finite concentrations

Equilibrium concentration profiles of non-dilute colloidal suspensions are calculated by means of the Carnahan-Starling expression for the osmotic compressibility of hard sphere liquids. The profiles depend on the average volume fraction of the suspension, , and on the field interaction parameter, ₀ (reciprocal of the Péclet number at infinite dilution). Profiles are computed for values of and ₀ typical of those encountered in sedimentation field-flow fractionation experiments. It is found that, in most cases, the volume fraction at the depletion wall is negligibly small and that the volume fraction at the accumulation wall ₀, depends on the ratio <>₀/₀ only. An inflexion point is found in the concentration profile if ₀ is larger than 0.13 whatever the value of ₀.