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1.
Ammonia fiber explosion treatment of corn stover 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Farzaneh Teymouri Lizbeth Laureano-Pérez Hasan Alizadeh Bruce E. Dale 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2004,115(1-3):951-963
Optimizing process conditions and parameters such as ammonia loading, moisture content of biomass, temperature, and residence
time is necessary for maximum effectiveness of the ammonia fiber explosion process. Approximate optimal pretreatment conditions
for corn stover were found to be temperature of 90°C, ammonia: dry corn stover mass ratio of 1∶1, moisture content of corn
stover of 60% (dry weight basis), and residence time (holding at target temperature), of 5 min. Approximately 98% of the theoretical
glucose yield was obtained during enzymatic hydrolysis of the optimal treated corn stover using 60 filter paper units (FPU)
of cellulase enzyme/g of glucan (equal to 22 FPU/g of dry corn stover). The ethanol yield from this sample was increased up
to 2.2 times over that of untreated sample. Lowering enzyme loading to 15 and 7.5 FPU/g of glucan did not significantly affect
the glucose yield compared with 60 FPU, and any differences between effects at different enzyme levels decreased as the treatment
temperature increased. 相似文献
2.
Effects of temperature and moisture on dilute-acid steam explosion pretreatment of corn stover and cellulase enzyme digestibility 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Melvin P. Tucker Kyoung H. Kim Mildred M. Newman Quang A. Nguyen 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2003,105(1-3):165-177
Corn stover is emerging as a viable feedstock for producing bioethanol from renewable resources. Dilute-acid pretreatment
of corn stover can solubilize a significant portion of the hemicellulosic component and enhance the enzymatic digestibility
of the remaining cellulose for fermentation into ethanol. In this study, dilute H2SO4 pretreatment of corn stover was performed in a steam explosion reactor at 160°C, 180°C, and 190°C, approx 1 wt% H2SO4, and 70-s to 840-s residence times. The combined severity (Log10 [R
o
] - pH), an expression relating pH, temperature, and residence time of pretreatment, ranged from 1.8 to 2.4. Soluble xylose
yields varied from 63 to 77% of theoretical from pretreatments of corn stover at 160 and 180°C. However, yields >90% of theoretical
were found with dilute-acid pretreatments at 190°C. A narrower range of higher combined severities was required for pretreatment
to obtain high soluble xylose yields when the moisture content of the acid-impregnated feedstock was increased from 55 to
63 wt%. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of washed solids from corn stover pretreated at 190°C, using
an enzyme loading of 15 filter paper units (FPU)/g of cellulose, gave ethanol yields in excess of 85%. Similar SSF ethanol
yields were found using washed solid residues from 160 and 180°C pretreatments at similar combined severities but required
a higher enzyme loading of approx 25 FPU/g of cellulose. 相似文献
3.
Optimization of steam pretreatment of corn stover to enhance enzymatic digestibility 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Among the available agricultural byproducts, corn stover, with its yearly production of 10 million t (dry basis), is the most
abundant promising raw material for fuel ethanol production in Hungary. In the United States, more than 216 million to fcorn
stover is produced annually, of which a portion also could possibly be collected for conversion to ethanol. However, a network
of lignin and hemicellulose protects cellulose, which is the major source of fermentable sugars in corn stover (approx 40%
of the dry matter [DM]). Steam pretreatment removes the major part of the hemicellulose from the solid material and makes
the cellulose more susceptible to enzymatic digestion. We studied 12 different combinations of reaction temperature, time,
and pH during steam pretreatment. The best conditions (200°C, 5 min, 2% H2SO4) increased the enzymatic conversion (from cellulose to glucose) of corn stover more then four times, compared to untreated
material. However, steam pretreatment at 190°C for 5 min with 2% sulfuric acid resulted in the highest overall yield of sugars,
56.1 g from 100 g of untreated material (DM), corresponding to 73% of the theoretical. The liquor following steam explosion
was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the inhibitory effect of the pretreatment. The achieved ethanol yield was slightly higher than that obtained
with a reference sugar solution. This demonstrates that baker's yeast could adapt to the pretreated liquor and ferment the
glucose to ethanol efficiently. 相似文献
4.
Corn stover, the most abundant agricultural residue in Hungary, is a potential raw material for the production of fuel ethanol
as a result of its high content of carbohydrates, but a pretreatment is required for its efficient hydrolysis. In this article,
we describe the results using various chemicals such as dilute H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH separately as well as consecutively under relative mild conditions (120°C, 1h). Pretreatment with 5% H2SO4 or 5% HCl solubilized 85% of the hemicellulose fraction, but the enzymatic conversion of pretreated materials increased only
two times compared to the untreated corn stover. Applying acidic pretreatment following a 1-d soaking in base achieved enzymatic
conversion that was nearly the theoretical maximum (95.7%). Pretreatment with 10% NaOH decreased the lignin fraction >95%,
increased the enzymatic conversion more than four times, and gave a 79.4% enzymatic conversion. However, by increasing the
reaction time, the enzymatic degradability could also be increased significantly, using a less concentrated base. When the
time of pretreatment was increased three times (0.5% NaOH at 120°C), the amount of total released sugars was 47.9 g from 100
g (dry matter) of untreated corn stover. 相似文献
5.
Steam-exploded corn stover biomass was used as the substrate for fed-batch separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation
(SHF) to investigate the solid concentration ranging from 10% to 30% (w/w) on the lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The treatment of washing the steam-exploded material was also
evaluated by experiments. The results showed that cellulose conversion changed little with increasing solid concentration,
and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a nearly same ethanol yield with the water-washed steam-exploded corn stover. For the washed material at 30% substrate
concentration, i.e., 30% water insoluble solids (WIS), enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 103.3 g/l glucose solution and a cellulose
conversion of 72.5%, thus a high ethanol level up to 49.5 g/l. With the unwashed steam-exploded corn stover, though a cellulose
conversion of 70.9% was obtained in hydrolysis at 30% solid concentration (27.9% WIS), its hydrolysate did not ferment at
all, and the hydrolysate of 20% solid loading containing 3.3 g/l acetic acid and 145 mg/l furfural already exerted a strong
inhibition on the fermentation and ethanol production. 相似文献
6.
Christopher J. Barr B. Leif Hanson Kevin Click Grace Perrotta Constance A. Schall 《Cellulose (London, England)》2014,21(2):973-982
Varying ionic liquid, 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium acetate, pretreatment incubation temperature on lignocellulosic biomass substrates, corn stover, switchgrass and poplar, can have dramatic effects on the enzymatic digestibility of the resultant regenerated biomass. In order to delineate the chemical and physical changes resulting from the pretreatment process and correlate changes with enzymatic digestibility, X-ray powder and fiber diffraction, 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and compositional analysis was completed on poplar, corn stover and switchgrass samples. Optimal pretreatment incubation temperatures were most closely associated with the retention of amorphous substrates upon drying of regenerated biomass. Maximal glucan to glucose conversion for 24 h enzyme hydrolysis was observed for corn stover, switchgrass and poplar at ionic liquid incubation temperatures of 100, 110 and 120 °C, respectively. We hypothesize that effective pretreatment temperatures must attain lignin redistribution and retention of xylan for optimal enzyme digestibility. 相似文献
7.
Oxidative lime pretreatment of high-lignin biomass 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lime (Ca[OH]2) and oxygen (O2) were used to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of two kinds of high-lignin biomass: poplar wood and newspaper. The recommended
pretreatment conditions for poplar wood are 150°C, 6 h, 0.1 g of Ca(OH)2/g of dry biomass, 9 mL of water/g of dry biomass, 14.0 bar absolute oxygen, and a particle size of −10 mesh. Under these
conditions, the 3-d reducing sugar yield of poplar wood using a cellulase loading of 5 filter paper units (FPU)/g of raw dry
biomass increased from 62 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass, and the 3-d total sugar (glucose + xylose) conversion
increased from 6 to 77% of raw total sugars. At high cellulase loadings (e.g., 75 FPU/g of raw dry biomass), the 3-d total
sugar conversion reached 97%. In a trial run with newspaper, using conditions of 140°C, 3 h, 0.3 g of Ca(OH)2/g of dry biomass, 16 mL of water/g of dry biomass, and 7.1 bar absolute oxygen, the 3-d reducing sugar yield using a cellulase
loading of 5 FPU/g of raw dry biomass increased from 240 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass. A material balance
study on poplar wood shows that oxidative lime pretreatment solubilized 38% of total biomass, including 78% of lignin and
49% of xylan; no glucan was removed. Ash increased because calcium was incorporated into biomass during the pretreatment.
After oxidative lime pretreatment, about 21% of added lime could be recovered by CO2 carbonation. 相似文献
8.
Laura L. G. Fuentes Sarita C. Rabelo Rubens Maciel Filho Aline C. Costa 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2011,163(5):612-625
The objective of this work was to determine the optimum conditions of sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with lime to increase
the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide component and to study the delignification kinetics. The first stage was an
evaluation of the influence of temperature, reaction time, and lime concentration in the pretreatment performance measured
as glucose release after hydrolysis using a 23 central composite design and response surface methodology. The maximum glucose yield was 228.45 mg/g raw biomass, corresponding
to 409.9 mg/g raw biomass of total reducing sugars, with the pretreatment performed at 90°C, for 90 h, and with a lime loading
of 0.4 g/g dry biomass. The enzymes loading was 5.0 FPU/dry pretreated biomass of cellulase and 1.0 CBU/dry pretreated biomass
of β-glucosidase. Kinetic data of the pretreatment were evaluated at different temperatures (60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C),
and a kinetic model for bagasse delignification with lime as a function of temperature was determined. Bagasse composition
(cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) was measured, and the study has shown that 50% of the original material was solubilized,
lignin and hemicellulose were selectively removed, but cellulose was not affected by lime pretreatment in mild temperatures
(60–90°C). The delignification was highly dependent on temperature and duration of pretreatment. 相似文献
9.
Soaking in aqueous ammonia at moderate temperatures was investigated as a method of pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis as well as simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) of corn stover. The method involves batch treatment of the feedstock with aqueous ammonia (15-30 wt%) at 40-90 degrees C for 6-24 h. The optimum treatment conditions were found to be 15 wt% of NH(3), 60 degrees C, 1:6 of solid-to-liquid ratio, and 12 h of treatment time. The treated corn stover retained 100% glucan and 85% of xylan, but removed 62% of lignin. The enzymatic digestibility of the glucan content increased from 17 to 85% with 15 FPU/g-glucan enzyme loading, whereas the digestibility of the xylan content increased to 78%. The treated corn stover was also subjected to SSCF test using Spezyme-CP and recombinant Escherichia coli (KO11). The SSCF of the soaking in aqueous ammonia treated corn stover resulted in an ethanol concentration of 19.2 g/L from 3% (w/v) glucan loading, which corresponds to 77% of the maximum theoretical yield based on glucan and xylan. 相似文献
10.
Sugar cane bagasse consists of hemicellulose (24%) and cellulose (38%), and bioconversion of both fractions to ethanol should
be considered for a viable process. We have evaluated the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse with combinations of cellulase,
β-glucosidase, and hemicellulase. Ground bagasse was pretreated either by the AFEX process (2NH3: 1 biomass, 100 °C, 30 min) or with NH4OH (0.5 g NH4OH of a 28% [v/v] per gram dry biomass; 160 °C, 60 min), and composition analysis showed that the glucan and xylan fractions remained largely
intact. The enzyme activities of four commercial xylanase preparations and supernatants of four laboratory-grown fungi were
determined and evaluated for their ability to boost xylan hydrolysis when added to cellulase and β-glucosidase (10 filter
paper units [FPU]: 20 cellobiase units [CBU]/g glucan). At 1% glucan loading, the commercial enzyme preparations (added at
10% or 50% levels of total protein in the enzyme preparations) boosted xylan and glucan hydrolysis in both pretreated bagasse
samples. Xylanase addition at 10% protein level also improved hydrolysis of xylan and glucan fractions up to 10% glucan loading
(28% solids loading). Significant xylanase activity in enzyme cocktails appears to be required for improving hydrolysis of
both glucan and xylan fractions of ammonia pretreated sugar cane bagasse. 相似文献
11.
Renata Bura Rodney J. Bothast Shawn D. Mansfield John N. Saddler 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2003,106(1-3):319-335
A batch reactor was employed to steam explode corn fiber at various degrees of severity to evaluate the potential of using
this feedstock as part of an enzymatically mediated cellulose-to-ethanol process. Severity was controlled by altering temperature
(150–230°C), residence time (1–9 min), and SO2 concentration (0–6% [w/w] dry matter). The effects of varying the different parameters were assessed by response surface
modeling. The results indicated that maximum sugar yields (hemicellulose-derived water soluble, and cellulose-derived following
enzymatic hydrolysis) were recovered from corn fiber pretreated at 190°C for 5 minutes after exposure to 3% SO2. Sequential SO2-catalyzed steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in a conversion efficiency of 81% of the combined original hemicellulose
and cellulose in the corn fiber to monomeric sugars. An additional posthydrolysis step performed on water soluble hemicellulose
stream increased the concentration of sugars available for fermentation by 10%, resulting in the high conversion efficiency
of 91%. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to ferment the resultant corn fiber hydrolysates, perhydrolysate, and liquid fraction from the posthydrolysis steps
to 89, 94, and 85% of theoretical ethanol conversion, respectively. It was apparent that all of the parameters investigated
during the steam explosion pretreatment had a significant effect on sugar recovery, inhibitory formation, enzymatic conversion
efficiency, and fermentation capacity of the yeast. 相似文献
12.
Hot water and aqueous ammonia fractionation of corn stover were used to separate hemicellulose and lignin and improve enzymatic
digestibility of cellulose. A two-stage approach was used: The first stage was designed to recover soluble lignin using aqueous
ammonia at low temperature, while the second stage was designed to recover xylan using hot water at high temperature. Specifically,
the first stage employed a batch reaction using 15 wt.% ammonia at 60 °C, in a 1:10 solid:liquid ratio for 8 h, while the
second stage employed a percolation reaction using hot water, 190–210 °C, at a 20 ml/min flow rate for 10 min. After fractionation,
the remaining solids were nearly pure cellulose. The two-stage fractionation process achieved 68% lignin purity with 47% lignin
recovery in the first stage, and 78% xylan purity, with 65% xylan recovery in the second stage. Two-stage treatment enhanced
the enzymatic hydrolysis of remaining cellulose to 96% with 15 FPU/g of glucan using commercial cellulase enzymes. Enzyme
hydrolyses were nearly completed within 12–24 h with the remaining solids fraction. 相似文献
13.
Quang A. Nguyen Fred A. Keller Melvin P. Tucker Charles K. Lombard Bryan M. Jenkins David E. Yomogida Valentino M. Tiangco 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1999,78(1-3):455-472
A mixed solids waste (MSW) feedstock, comprising construction lumber waste (35% oven-dry basis), alm ond treeprunings (20%),
wheat straw (20%), office waste paper (12.5%), and newsprint (12.5%), was converted to ethanol via dilute-acid pretreatment
followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation. The MSW was pretreated with dilute sulfuricacid (0.4% w/w) at 210°C
for 3 min in a 4-L stea mexplosion reactor, then washed with water to recover the solubilized hemicellulose. The digestibility
of water-washed, pretreated MSW was 90% in batch enzymatic hydrolysis at 66 FPU/g cellulose. Using an enzyme-recycle bioreactor
system, greater than 90% cellulose hydrolysis was achieved at a net enzyme loading of about 10 FPU/g cellulose. Enzyme recycling
using mebrane filtration and a fed-batch fermentation technique is a promising option for significantly reducing the cost
of enzyme in cellulose hydrolysis. The hexosesugars were readily fermentable using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain that was adapted to the hydrolysate. Solid residue after enzyme digestion was subjected to various furnace experiments
designed to assess the fouling and slagging characteristics. Results of these analyses suggest the residue to be of a low
to moderate slagging and fouling type if burned by itself. 相似文献
14.
Daniel J. Schell Jody Farmer Millie Newman James D. McMillan 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2003,105(1-3):69-85
Corn stover is a domestic feedstock that has potential to produce significant quantities of fuel ethanol and other bioenergy
and biobased products. However, comprehensive yield and carbon mass balance information and validated kinetic models for dilute-sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) pretreatment of corn stover have not been available. This has hindered the estimation of process economics and also limited
the ability to perform technoeconomic modeling to guide research. To better characterize pretreatment and assess its kinetics,
we pretreated corn stover in a continuous 1 t/d reactor. Corn stover was pretreated at 20% (w/w) solids concentration over
a range of conditions encompassing residence times of 3–12 min, temperatures of 165–195°C, and H2SO4 concentrations of 0.5–1.4% (w/w). Xylan conversion yield and carbon mass balance data were collected at each run condition.
Performance results were used to estimate kinetic model parameters assuming biphasic hemicellulose hydrolysis and a hydrolysis
mechanism incorporating formation of intermediate xylo-oligomers. In addition, some of the pretreated solids were tested in
a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process to measure the reactivity of their cellulose component to enzymatic
digestion by cellulase enzymes. Monomeric xylose yields of 69–71% and total xylose yields (monomers and oligomers) of 70–77%
were achieved with performance level depending on pretreatment severity. Cellulose conversion yields in SSF of 80–87% were
obtained for some of the most digestible pretreated solids. 相似文献
15.
Wheat straw was pretreated by wet explosion using three different oxidizing agents (H2O2, O2, and air). The effect of the pretreatment was evaluated based on glucose and xylose liberated during enzymatic hydrolysis.
The results showed that pretreatment with the use of O2 as oxidizing agent was the most efficient in enhancing overall convertibility of the raw material to sugars and minimizing
generation of furfural as a by-product. For scale-up of the process, high dry matter (DM) concentrations of 15–20% will be
necessary. However, high DM hydrolysis and fermentation are limited by high viscosity of the material, higher inhibition of
the enzymes, and fermenting microorganism. The wet-explosion pretreatment method enabled relatively high yields from both
enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) to be obtained when performed on unwashed slurry
with 14% DM and a low enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g cellulose in an industrial acceptable time frame of 96 h. Cellulose and hemicellulose
conversion from enzymatic hydrolysis were 70 and 68%, respectively, and an overall ethanol yield from SSF was 68%. 相似文献
16.
Zheng Y Pan Z Zhang R Wang D Jenkins B 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2008,146(1-3):231-248
Our previous research has shown that saline Creeping Wild Ryegrass (CWR), Leymus triticoides, has a great potential to be used for bioethanol production because of its high fermentable sugar yield, up to 85% cellulose
conversion of pretreated CWR. However, the high cost of enzyme is still one of the obstacles making large-scale lignocellulosic
bioethanol production economically difficult. It is desirable to use reduced enzyme loading to produce fermentable sugars
with high yield and low cost. To reduce the enzyme loading, the effect of addition of non-ionic surfactants and non-catalytic
protein on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated CWR was investigated in this study. Tween 20, Tween 80, and bovine serum
albumin (BSA) were used as additives to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute sulfuric-acid-pretreated CWR. Under the
loading of 0.1 g additives/g dry solid, Tween 20 was the most effective additive, followed by Tween 80 and BSA. With the addition
of Tween 20 mixed with cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g cellulose, the cellulose conversion increased 14% (from 75 to 89%), which
was similar to that with cellulase loading of 30 FPU/g cellulose and without additive addition. The results of cellulase and
BSA adsorption on the Avicel PH101, pretreated CWR, and lignaceous residue of pretreated CWR support the theory that the primary
mechanism behind the additives is prevention of non-productive adsorption of enzymes on lignaceous material of pretreated
CWR. The addition of additives could be a promising technology to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis by reducing the enzyme
activity loss caused by non-productive adsorption. 相似文献
17.
Vásquez MP da Silva JN de Souza MB Pereira N 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2007,137(1-12):141-153
There is tremendous interest in using agro-industrial wastes, such as cellulignin, as starting materials for the production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulignin are the solids, which result from the acid hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse. The objective of this work was to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction of cellulignin, and to study its fermentation to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cellulose conversion was optimized using response surface methods with pH, enzyme loading, solid percentage, and temperature as factor variables. The optimum conditions that maximized the conversion of cellulose to glucose, calculated from the initial dried weight of pretreated cellulignin, (43 degrees C, 2%, and 24.4 FPU/g of pretreated cellulignin) such as the glucose concentration (47 degrees C, 10%, and 25.6 FPU/g of pretreated cellulignin) were found. The desirability function was used to find conditions that optimize both, conversion to glucose and glucose concentration (47 degrees C, 10%, and 25.9 FPU/g of pretreated cellulignin). The resulting enzymatic hydrolyzate was fermented yielding a final ethanol concentration of 30.0 g/L, in only 10 h, and reaching a volumetric productivity of 3.0 g/L x h, which is close to the values obtained in the conventional ethanol fermentation of sugar cane juice (5.0-8.0 g/L x h) in Brazil. 相似文献
18.
Ferrer A. Byers F. M. Sulbarán-de-Ferrer B. Dale B. E. Aiello C. 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2002,98(1-9):135-146
A warm-season legume, Florigraze rhizoma peanut (FRP), was used as the source of fiber to produce sugars. FRP was subjected
to several ammonia-processing conditions using temperature, biomass moisture content, and ammonia loading as process variables
during a 5-min treatment. A cellulase loading of 2 FPU/g DM and 24 h incubation were used to produce the sugars. Total sugar
yield was 3.34-fold higher in the optimal treatment (1.5 g ammonia/g DM-60%-90°C) compared to untreated and was 65.3% of theoretical.
Cellulose and hemicellulose conversions increased from 30 and 15.5% in untreated FRP to 78 and 34% in treated FRP. 相似文献
19.
Corn stover was treated using low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) at controlled ammoniation temperature. Moisturized corn stover (50 % moisture) was contacted with anhydrous ammonia (0.1 g NH3/g-biomass) in a batch reactor at various temperatures (ambient to 150 °C). After ammoniation at elevated and controlled temperature, ammoniated corn stover was pretreated at various temperatures (60–150 °C) for 72–144 h. Change in composition was marginal at low pretreatment temperature but was relatively severe with pretreatment at high temperature (130–150 °C). The latter resulted in low enzymatic digestibility. It was also observed that extreme levels (either high or low) of residual ammonia affected enzymatic digestibility, while residual ammonia improved by 1.0–1.5 %. The LMAA method enhanced enzymatic digestibility compared to untreated corn stover (29.8 %). The highest glucan and xylan digestibility (84.1 and 73.6 %, respectively) was obtained under the optimal LMAA conditions (i.e., ammoniation at 70 °C for 20 min, followed by pretreatment at 90 °C for 48 h). 相似文献
20.
Steam-exploded corn stalk biomass was used as the substrate for succinic acid production via lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Succinic acid fermentation was investigated in Escherichia coli strains overexpressing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. 7120 ecaA gene encoding carbonic anhydrase (CA). For the washed steam-exploded corn stalk at 30 % substrate concentration, i.e., 30 % water-insoluble solids (WIS), enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 97.5 g/l glucose solution and a cellulose conversion of 73.6 %, thus a high succinic acid level up to 38.6 g/l. With the unwashed steam-exploded corn stalk, though a cellulose conversion of 71.2 % was obtained in hydrolysis at 30 % solid concentration (27.9 % WIS), its hydrolysate did not ferment at all, and the hydrolysate of 25 % solid loading containing 3.8 g/l acetic acid and 168.2 mg/l furfural exerted a strong inhibition on succinic acid production. 相似文献