跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径的同步测量方法

基于多波长消光法和图像法颗粒测量原理,提出了跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径同步测量方法,建立了亚微米-十微米尺度颗粒粒径消光光谱反演算法及十微米以上尺度颗粒粒径图像处理算法;采用分光棱镜,搭建了消光光谱与背光图像同步测量装置,利用500 nm～76.9μm粒径范围内的10种标准颗粒配成跨微米尺度混合颗粒样品并开展实验研究。结果表明:利用所提方法开展跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径同步测量时,亚微米-十微米尺度颗粒消光光谱与十微米以上尺度颗粒背光图像的相互影响可忽略,可同步测量得到跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径;利用消光法和图像法分别开展亚微米-十微米、十微米以上尺度颗粒粒径测量,与标准颗粒粒径相比,相对误差均小于8%,且测量重复性较好,这为跨微米尺度混合颗粒提供了一种有效的粒径测量手段。     

用于亚微米颗粒测量的后向散射光谱法

针对后向散射光谱粒径测量法对亚微米颗粒测量准确度较差的问题,提出了一种采用紫外光作为光源的测量方法.通过快速傅里叶变换计算了粒径为0.25~1 μm的聚苯乙烯亚微米颗粒的后向散射频谱,将频谱峰值对应的频率值与相应的颗粒粒径进行线性回归,各粒径值相对于回归直线的平均误差为±0.02 μm. 结果表明,本文提出的300~400 nm的紫外光适用于测量0.25~1 μm的亚微米颗粒,相比目前国外最新的采用可见光谱或红外光谱的方法准确度提高了一个数量级,同时该方法也适用于测量双峰分布亚微米颗粒系.     

煤粉燃烧火焰区域内形成的亚微米颗粒电镜研究

煤粉燃烧火焰区域是燃烧过程中温度最高的区域,同时也是温度梯度、组分浓度梯度最高的地方,以及还原和氧化气氛交错存在等复杂环境,这种环境对亚微米颗粒初始形成阶段有着重要的影响,对该区域形成的PM1进行研究有助于深入理解PM1的形成机理.本文基于25 kW一维下行炉内对自维持燃烧的煤粉火焰区域,通过两级稀释水冷等速取样系统和ELPI(荷电低压撞击分离器)系统对颗粒物进行分级收集,以及电镜分析技术,获得PM1的质量和数浓度粒径分布,以及各粒径主要成分分布,并进行单颗粒分析.结果表明火焰区域中形成的亚微米颗粒以含碳物质为主,碳烟、碱金属和硫对超细颗粒有富集的趋势.该区域的亚微米颗粒同时存在多种复杂的形成机理.     

RGB三波段消光法测量细微颗粒粒度分布研究

提出了采用彩色相机RGB信号实现三波段消光法测量微米级颗粒粒度分布的方法。当一束平行白光入射到弥散细微颗粒时,测量不同波长的透射光强信号,用多波长消光法理论反演可以测得被测弥散细微颗粒粒度。当用彩色相机拍摄透射光,得到的图像实际是RGB三个波段的透射光信号,该信号与相机的RGB响应曲线、光源光谱特性、被测颗粒粒径及颗粒浓度有关。对RGB三波段信号用消光法理论进行分析和反演计算,可以得到细微颗粒的粒度分布。通过数值模拟与实验验证,表明用彩色相机RGB三波段消光法可以测量亚微米到3 mm大小的颗粒粒度分布。将该方法与图像法颗粒粒度测量相结合,可以将彩色相机测量颗粒粒度的范围拓展到从亚微米到数百微米。     

亚微米颗粒湍流团聚特性的实验研究

燃煤电厂亚微米颗粒物排放是造成大气环境污染和影响人体健康的重要因素。本文搭建亚微米颗粒湍流团聚实验平台,通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对亚微米颗粒的团聚形貌进行微观表征以及扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)对亚微米颗粒团聚前后的粒径分布特性进行宏观测量。结果表明:亚微米颗粒湍流团聚形成多分叉颗粒树聚团结构,进口流速为0.8?5.3m/s条件下,PM1和PM0.1的脱除效率分别为5.6%?18.6%和7.0%?21.4%,且PM1和PM0.1的脱除效率曲线随速度变化呈现二次函数规律。     

用于亚微米颗粒测量的后向散射光谱法

针对后向散射光谱粒径测量法对亚微米颗粒测量准确度较差的问题,提出了一种采用紫外光作为光源的测量方法.通过快速傅里叶变换计算了粒径为0.25～1 μm的聚苯乙烯亚微米颗粒的后向散射频谱,将频谱峰值对应的频率值与相应的颗粒粒径进行线性回归,各粒径值相对于回归直线的平均误差为±0.02 μm.结果表明,本文提出的300～40...     

动态光散射实验

动态光散射技术是测量纳米及亚微米颗粒粒径的有效方法．本文介绍了动态光散射实验的原理、实验装置及方法，并测量了粒径为85nm的聚苯乙烯水溶液的粒径，分析了实验产生误差的原因．     

基于动态光散射研究pH值对茄红素胶囊粒径的影响

用微乳化技术结合复合团聚法制备了纳米及亚微米茄红素胶囊,基于动态光散射测量分析了环境p H值对胶囊的粒径大小及其分布的影响.结果表明,对纳米茄红素胶囊,当p H值为3.5、6.0及6.8时能稳定的分散,而p H值为7.4时则会出现明显的聚集现象;对亚微米茄红素胶囊,当p H值为3.5、6.0、6.8及7.4时其粒径分布均为双峰状态,其中粒径较大的为亚微米茄红素胶囊,粒径较小的为包覆不良的颗粒,且p H=7.4时的粒径明显小于其它三种p H值时的粒径.虽然亚微米胶囊在p H=7.4时粒径明显变小的结果与纳米胶囊相同,但亚微米胶囊并不像纳米胶囊那样出现聚集现象.     

风沙流中颗粒相浓度和粒度的瞬态同步测量

本文基于激光衍射技术提出了一种新的浓度测量的改进方法。该方法可以同时获得测量颗粒的浓度和粒径分布。基于这一测量方法,通过对大型风洞风沙两相流系统中不同风速,高度条件下颗粒浓度和粒径测量,获得了跃移颗粒的空间结构信息。结果显示,颗粒浓度随来流风速线性增加,且在近床面区域内来流风速对颗粒粒径具有选择性。     

光散射法测量颗粒尺寸、浓度的实验研究

为了能够准确快速地求解出微米量级颗粒系的尺寸和浓度,设计了一套基于Fraunhofer衍射,以线阵CCD为接收器件的实验颗粒测量装置.采用Shifrin积分变换方法,分析了给定样品颗粒的粒径分布、峰值、平均值和体积浓度.实验结果表明,与传统的Swithenbank方法采用环形光电管阵列为探测器接收衍射光强来反演颗粒分布方法相比,该方法不需要知道颗粒粒径上下限,各粒径区间间隔等预知信息,而且对粒径、浓度的实验测量值与理论值相差较小,样品峰值粒径为9.849 8 μm,与给定峰值的相对误差为3.432%,具有较高的测试准确度和较好的测试效果.     

基于β-X射线分析技术的大气颗粒物浓度-元素分析仪研制

针对城市大气颗粒物监测、污染物溯源等工作现场实时分析的迫切需要,研制了基于β-X射线分析技术的大气颗粒物浓度-元素分析仪。以β射线在物质中的衰减规律和能量色散X射线荧光分析原理,通过仪器总体设计、结构设计、FPGA硬件电路设计和软件设计,实现了在线分析大气颗粒物浓度及其元素识别、含量计算等功能;通过制备纯元素颗粒沉积滤膜样品作为大气颗粒物标准样品,完成了分析仪的标定。该分析仪可在线、连续监测大气颗粒物(如TSP,PM₁₀,PM_2.5)的质量浓度及其所含的30种元素种类和含量。成都东郊的现场应用显示,分析仪对大气颗粒物的浓度测量值与成都环保局的监测值具有很好的一致性,对颗粒物中所含重金属元素(如As,Hg,Cd,Cr,Pb等)的监测较为灵敏。通过技术性能测试,表明分析仪具备检出限低、快速分析、使用方便等特点,能够满足城市大气监测过程中对颗粒物浓度和元素实时分析的迫切需求,具有较强的现场应用能力。     

煤粉炉内弥散介质辐射传热的综合模拟

本文基于辐射传热计算的DT法和颗粒运动计算的随机轨道法,并结合单颗粒的辐射特性模型,构造了能够详细考虑颗粒燃尽、湍流弥散诸因素对炉内空间局部辐射特性及总体辐射传热影响的弥散介质辐射传热计算模型,并将其耦合到炉内过程的总体数值模型中。采用该程序,比较计算了几种颗粒辐射特性模型对某300MW锅炉炉内温度场的预报结果,结果表明：通常采用的均匀颗粒辐射特性模型会导致温度场的极大误差;由于炉内颗粒浓度的不均匀分布,炉内的温度分布呈现高度非均匀状态,在炉膛轴线上有大面积的高温烟气区存在;考虑残炭存在时,温度分布的不均匀性更显著．     

生物柴油/柴油颗粒的拉曼光谱分析

为了进一步降低柴油机燃用生物柴油的颗粒排放,利用激光拉曼光谱技术,研究了柴油机应用废气再循环(EGR)前后,燃烧柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)的颗粒微观结构,采用五带拟合法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,并计算了颗粒石墨微晶尺寸和石墨晶格C—C键长。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G逐渐减小,颗粒中有序石墨结构含量增加,石墨化程度提高。引入EGR会使得颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G升高,颗粒有序石墨结构含量减少,石墨化程度降低,B0,B50和B100颗粒的I_D1/I_G在应用EGR前后分别降低了约8.5%,10.6%和11.8%。六种颗粒的缺陷类型主要属于石墨烯层边缘缺陷,掺混生物柴油和引入EGR均会使得颗粒碳层边缘缺陷浓度增加,颗粒中挥发性有机物的官能团含量增加,增强了颗粒氧化活性。掺混生物柴油使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸增加,EGR使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸减小,生物柴油和EGR对柴油机颗粒石墨晶格C—C键长影响不大,C—C键长约为0.142 nm。     

影响异戊二烯大气光解形成二次有机气溶胶的环境因素研究

通过自制的烟雾腔系统研究羟基启动的异戊二烯光解形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)过程中环境因素的影响.使用气溶胶粒径光谱仪测量了SOA的粒径分布,通过光解实验研究了光照时间、反应物浓度以及CH3ONO浓度对异戊二烯光解形成SOA的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯光解形成的SOA空气动力学直径在0.4 mm～1.4 mm之间,这些粒子的直径小于2.5μm的微细粒子很容易沉积在人体肺泡内,对人体健康产生很大危害;不管是SOA粒子的粒子数浓度还是质量数浓度都随着反应时间的增长、光照强度的增强和反应物浓度的增加而增加.该研究为大气颗粒物排放源的外场测量提供了非常有用的信息.     

Scattered Light Photometer for On-Line monitoring of size distribution parameters and particle number concentration

A scattered light photometer which monitors the particle number concentration of aerosols is described. The photometer measures the scattered light from illuminated submicron particle clouds with known material properties at certain scattering angles. Intensity ratios in combination with the degree of polarization are used to determine the mean particle diameter and the geometric standard deviation of an assumed log-normal particle size distribution. The determination of the particle size distribution is based on an algorithm which compares the measured and calculated (Mie theory) relative intensity quantities described. Furthermore, the particle number concentration is monitored from a single absolute intensity measurement at one scattering angle. In order to obtain quantitative results a spherical particle shape is required.     

Submicron particles removal by charged sprays. Fundamentals

New regulations regarding the PM1 emission by power plants and transport vehicles require novel technical solutions for the abatement of particulate matter emission in submicron size range. Particles of this size are difficult to remove by conventional methods, and therefore various variants of wet electrostatic scrubbers have been developed. In such devices, the electrostatic forces between charged particles and collectors (water droplets) are used to permanently remove them from the gas. The paper focuses on the state-of-the-art of wet electrostatic scrubbing technique used for the removal of submicron particulate matter from exhaust gases with particular emphasis upon marine Diesel engines.     

Aerosol Generation Method for Measuring Particles Suspended in Water – Detection of Particulate Impurities in Ultrapure Water and Sizing of Fine Powders –

The method described is based on the fact that the measurement of particles in the gaseous phase is generally easier than that in the liquid phase for fine particles smaller than 1 μm in diameter. The system consists of a liquid nebulizing unit, evaporator, condenser, mixing diluter and two different aerosol sizing instruments. It has been found that this method can continuously detect particulate impurities in ultrapure water in situ and can measure the size distribution of fine powders in the submicron particle size range down to about 0.05 μm.     

CFD在燃煤细粒子凝聚过程中的应用

燃煤产生的细粒子富集了大量的有毒痕量元素,对大气环境和人类健康造成严重危害。本文针对燃煤细粒子的形成过程,在计算流体力学(CFD)的基础上,结合气溶胶动力学理论,模拟了烟气中细粒子在圆柱形流场中由于碰撞而凝聚的过程,并通过计算结果分析细粒子颗粒特征参量(速度、质量、直径和颗粒数目)随流场的变化趋势,为深入研究燃煤细粒子的形成演化机理提供理论基础。     

Photochemical Characterization of Up-Converting Inorganic Lanthanide Phosphors as Potential Labels

We have characterized commercially available up-converting inorganic lanthanide phosphors for their rare earth composition and photoluminescence properties under infrared laser diode excitation. These up-converting phosphors, in contrast to proprietary materials reported earlier, are readily available to be utilized as particulate reporters in various ligand binding assays after grinding to submicron particle size. The laser power density required at 980 nm to generate anti-Stokes photoluminescence from these particulate reporters is significantly lower than required for two-photon excitation. The narrow photoluminescence emission bands at 520–550 nm and at 650–670 nm are at shorter wavelengths and thus totally discriminated from autofluorescence and scattered excitation light even without temporal resolution. Transparent solution of colloidal bead-milled up-converting phosphor nanoparticles provides intense green emission visible to the human eye under illumination by an infrared laser pointer. In this article, we show that the unique photoluminescence properties of the up-converting phosphors and the inexpensive measurement configuration, which is adequate for their sensitive detection, render the up-conversion an attractive alternative to the ultraviolet-excited time-resolved fluorescence of down-converting lanthanide compounds widely employed in biomedical research and diagnostics.     

Investigations on the Capability of the Statistical Extinction Method for the Determination of Mean Particle Sizes in Concentrated Particle Systems

Due to the fast growing number of processes involving particulate systems, simple and robust measurement techniques which enable an inline monitoring of the particle size and their concentration are urgently required, since this ensures control but also process optimization. In this work, an inline measurement technique based on the statistical extinction method is developed that provides a process monitoring for a wide range of particulate processes, such as dispersion processes and spray processes. The method allows the determination of the mean size and concentration for particle systems with the size larger than 1 µm. For this purpose, a light beam illuminates the particle system, whereby the fluctuating light intensity due to the particle movement through the light beam is detected. The statistical fluctuation of the signal can be related to a mean particle size and a particle concentration. Since concentrated particle systems cause effects that additionally influence the signal, such as multiple scattering, approaches are needed to reduce or eliminate these effects. In this work, an approach using a spatial frequency filter is applied. The experimental investigations reveal that the effects can be significantly reduced with the spatial frequency filter.