质子交换膜燃料电池短时微重力性能实验研究

利用落塔开展了不同重力情况下质子交换膜燃料电池性能的实验研究.对常重力和微重力条件下质子交换膜燃料电池发电时其阴极蛇形流场内部的两相流动开展了可视化现场观测.对重力因素对质子交换膜燃料电池内部传质过程的影响进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:在常重力环境中,液态水堆积在竖置流道的底部,无法有效排出.聚集在流道内的液态水与反应气体在流道内形成气/液两相流动.在微重力环境中,液态水在气体推动力的作用下从流道的底部上升并沿流道向出口流动.聚集在流道内的液态水排除后,减小了反应气体(氧气)从流道向催化层的传递阻力,从而使质子交换膜燃料电池的性能得到提高.     

PEMFC电极表面液态水生成的可视化研究

本文设计了一个可视化直流道单片电池,通过高倍高速数字摄影装置观察记录了阴极流道壁面和气体扩散层表面的凝结水出现和成长过程,并分析了电池运行温度,阴极气体压力,气体化学当量比以及气体加湿度等参数对阴极流道内液态水的生成和排出的影响。     

PEMFC插指型流道阴极中气体扩散特性的数值分析

本文对PEMFC插指型流道阴极扩散层建立了二维单相的多组分物理数学模型,对PEMFC插指型流道的阴极扩散层中气体的扩散特性及反应行为进行了数值研究,采用有限容积法对模型控制方程进行求解,比较了插指型和平直型流道两类电池的性能曲线,以及两种流道中氧气的组分摩尔浓度和局部电流密度的分布,分析了插指型流道结构参数对电池性能的影响。     

燃料电池阴极扩散层扩散特性研究

本文采用粗粒化分子动力学方法研究了燃料电池阴极扩散层的扩散特性。采用全原子方法的计算结果校验了粗粒化方法的准确性,并提出了一种定量校正方案。分析了碳纳米管气体扩散层中气体和水的扩散特性,其中气体和水的扩散存在各向异性,气体和水两者在碳纳米管中轴向的扩散系数均较低,且气体和水的轴向扩散系数也随着该分子比例的降低而进一步降低;对带缺陷气体扩散层的研究表明气体扩散层中缺陷的形态对其扩散性能有显著的影响。     

新型的覆纳米粒子薄膜阴极的研究

采用直流磁控溅射的方法制备出Ir金属纳米粒子薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜分析了纳米粒子的形态和分布以及不同工艺条件对粒子粒径及形貌的影响,表明纳米粒子的大小可通过调节溅射气体压强来控制.在25%孔度的W海绵基体内浸入6∶1∶2铝酸盐发射物质,然后在其表面沉积上厚度为200—500 nm的纳米粒子薄膜层,最后在H₂气中1200℃烧结,即制成了新型纳米粒子薄膜阴极.利用阴极发射微观均匀性测试仪对纳米粒子薄膜阴极和传统覆膜阴极的热电子发射的均匀性进行了对比研究.采用飞行时间质谱仪测试了真空本底、纳米粒子薄膜阴极、传统覆膜阴极等各种阴极蒸发物的成分,研究了阴极蒸发速率与阴极温度的关系,比较了不同阴极蒸发速率的大小.研究了Ba-W阴极覆上纳米粒子薄膜后的发射特性. 关键词： 纳米粒子薄膜 热阴极 发射均匀性 蒸发     

PEM燃料电池内水分布和温度分布的数值模拟

本文建立了一个两相流、非等温、三维模型来研究PEM燃料电池内的传递过程,讨论了其内部水分布和温度分布特性。模拟结果表明水分布和温度分布都不均匀。沿着流动方向阳极侧水浓度逐渐降低,而阴极侧水浓度却不断升高,导致阴极容易形成液态水;在垂直流动方向上,脊下水的浓度和液态水饱和度都高于流道下;不同放电电压下阴极GDL中液态水分布趋势不同。沿流动方向温度逐渐降低,反应气体不足时降低梯度更大;脊下膜电极中温度低于流道下;垂直膜电极方向上最高温度在阴极催化层,放电电压越低,温度梯度越大;相同放电电压下质子交换膜越厚,各处的温度越低,温度梯度也越小。     

直接甲醇燃料电池阴极水淹过程实验研究

对自制可视化直接甲醇燃料电池单体阴极流场内液滴生长特性、氧气流量和氧气进气温度对流场水淹及电池性能的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:平行流场中首个液滴大多在流场右上区域冒出;流场中新液滴的出现具有瞬间涌出特性,并优先在流场板和扩散层交界的夹角处及扩散层表面碳纤维束交叉处产生;液滴生长过程具有非连续性,与流道边壁相接触的液滴和液柱的生长速度均大于未接触流道边壁的液滴生长速度,而且液柱有逆气流方向反向生长现象.氧气流量及氧气进气温度的升高,均导致阴极流道内液态水和流场中大液滴数量及形成液柱的长度减少,促使电池性能提高.     

LBM模拟PEMFC阴极流动传质电化学反应过程

在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极中,电化学反应速率较低,且反应气体传递缓慢,阴极成为限制PEMFC性能提高的主要因素之一。在阴极中发生着各种物理、化学、电学、电化学过程。从孔隙尺度研究有助于深刻理解这些过程。本文利用格子-Boltzmann方法(LBM)研究了PEMFC阴极中的流动、反应物和生成物的传质、质子传递和电化学反应过程。提出了综合模拟阴极中发生的过程的VCCP-LBM方案。讨论了利用VCCP-LBM模拟得到的结果。     

六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极的大电子发射电流和高电子发射稳定性（英文）

研制了一种六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极.在这种结构中,衬底银电极由烧结的银浆制作在透明锡铟氧化物电极上,且具有六角形边缘,相邻衬底银电极交错排列于阴极面板上.用ZnO和SnO_2颗粒作为掺杂材料,在衬底银电极和单一碳纳米管层之间制作了底部混杂层;单一碳纳米管层中的碳纳米管主要被用于发射阴极电子.给出了六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极的制作工艺,并研究了六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极用于电子源的可行性.将氮气作为保护气体,采用烧结方法除掉制备浆料中的有机粘合剂及其它有机杂质.将六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极真空密封进三极场发射显示器中,能够形成稳定的电子发射电流.测试结果表明,与普通碳纳米管阴极相比,六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有更优的电子发射特性,其开启电场为1.83V/μm,最大电子发射电流为2 718.6μA;且其具有良好的电子发射曲线趋势,当电场强度从2.17V/μm增强到3.06V/μm时,电子发射电流的增幅约为1 410.3μA.对电子发射电流随时间的波动变化进行了测试,测试结果显示六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有可靠且稳定的电子发射电流.绿色发射图像表明六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有良好的电子发射均匀性及高的电子发射亮度.鉴于其简单的制作结构和制作工艺,六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有一定的实际应用性.     

析碱金属前处理阴极基底的作用

本文针对S_(20)光电阴极标准工艺中测锑膜透过率存在的具体困难,回顾了碱金属前处理阴极基底的演变过程,认为新型多碱阴极的高灵敏度和好的光谱响应是碱金属前处理阴极基底的结果。本文从工艺的难易程度,残余气体对锑层的污染,玻璃的有关物理化学性质等几方面分析了碱金属前处理阴极基底的作用,认为碱金属前处理阴极基底等于在阴极和基底之间引进了一层增透膜。     

Ultrasonic assisted far infrared drying characteristics and energy consumption of ginger slices

Three drying methods, including far infrared drying, infrared convection drying, and ultrasonic pretreatment assisted far infrared drying, were adopted in the drying of ginger slices. The effects of main parameters (ultrasonic pretreatment power and time, far infrared temperature and power, sample thickness, infrared convection temperature) on the drying kinetics, energy consumption, and color change were investigated and discussed in detail. The results showed that the drying process of ginger slices was controlled by falling rate period. For far infrared drying, the drying rate increased with the increase of infrared temperature and decrease of sample thickness, while the infrared power had no obvious effect on the drying process. The infrared convection drying showed the fastest drying rate and the smallest color change, however, the energy consumption was the highest. For ultrasonic pretreatment assisted far infrared drying, an appropriate ultrasonic pretreatment time and power would promote the far infrared drying process and the energy consumption was only slightly increased. However, the color change was relatively large. The ultrasound technology showed its greatest potential to enhance the drying rate at the early stage of drying and increasing ultrasonic power was more effective than prolonging the pretreatment time in promoting far infrared drying.     

多组分粒子流化床半湿式烟气脱硫基础研究

本文提出了一种新型的应用多组分粒子流化床（MSFB）的半湿式烟气脱硫方法．在本研究阶段，对多组分粒子流化床的粒子流动特性、浆液的干燥特性、采用模拟烟气时的脱硫效率等进行了初步探讨，得到如下结果。（1）大、小粒子混合流化时，小粒子达到输送状态的时间有所延迟，稳定操作速度主要由大粒子的流化特性决定；（2）浆液的完整干燥过程分下落和床内两个阶段。浆液在床内的干燥过程中产生的蒸汽使粒子流化床膨胀，床层阻力下降；（3）采用CaCO3时，脱硫率可达80％以上．     

PEMFC气体扩散层内各向异性传递过程数值模拟

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)气体扩散层(GDL)具有各向异性属性,常规数值模拟对GDL采取均匀模型,忽略了各向异性传递过程对PEMFC性能的影响。本文发展了一个三维非等温单相模型,在GDL平面内和GDL厚度方向采用不同的传递系数,模拟了各向异性传递系数对PEMFC整体和局部性能的影响。在本文计算条件下,GDL各向异性和均匀模型模拟得到的电池极化曲线几乎完全相同,但电池电流密度分布和温度分布等局部特性存在很大差异。该结果进一步证明了不能单独用极化曲线来验证电池数学模型的正确性。     

Determination of the surface potential of a dielectric layer on a target bombarded by an ion beam

The electric field at the surface of a charge spot created by an ion beam on a dielectric coating of a target is calculated. An expression is obtained which relates the surface potential of the insulator to the potential of the collector corresponding to saturation of the collector secondary-electron current. It permits determination of the potential drop across the oxide layer of a cold cathode without introducing complications in the construction of the experimental apparatus. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 126–128 (September 1998)     

微流燃料电池空气阴极物质传输孔隙尺度模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了微流燃料电池空气阴极多孔扩散层内多组分物质传输特性。随机重构了扩散层,获得渗透率及有效扩散系数。建立了耦合边界电化学反应的二维模型,研究了过电位、孔隙率对氧气、水蒸气浓度分布及局部反应速率的影响。结果表明,常用的Bruggeman经验关联式会高估氧气有效扩散系数;扩散层孔隙结构对物质传输有重要影响,孔隙率减小使得传质阻力增大,导致局部氧气浓度降低,局部反应速率降低,而水蒸气浓度增大,当孔隙率从0.83降至0.7,催化界面平均氧气浓度从8.472降至8.466 mol·m^-3。     

Effects of Energetic Electrons on Collector and Source Potentials in a Finite Ion Temperature Plasma

Formation of the potential in a two-electron-temperature plasma region facing a floating collector was studied theoretically with a kinetic plasma-sheath model and by electrostatic particle simulation. The electrons were described by truncated full Maxwellian velocity distribution functions and the ions by an accelerated half-Maxwellian velocity distribution function. The collector potential and the plasma source sheath or presheath potential drop were evaluated as functions of the hot to cool electron temperature ratio and the hot electron density ratio using Vlasov and Poison equations. The results showed that the presheath potential drop varied continuously with electron composition ratio for lower values of the electron temperature ratio, while for higher values in a narrow composition ratio range, triple values of the potential were found. Of the two physically acceptable values, the lower was characterized by the cool electrons and the higher by the hot electrons. It is anticipated that a current-free double layer structure is formed in the plasma system between these two potential regions. The collector floating potential, as a function of electron composition ratio, is mainly dominated by the hot electrons, since already a small value of hot electron current is sufficient to compensate the ion saturation current. In order to complete the theoretical investigation we also study the hydrogen plasma system with the XPDP1 particule-in-cell simulation code composed at Berkeley. At certain plasma parameter values formation of a double layer structure was observed. The potential Values on the upper and lower side of the double layer, as well as that of the collector floating potential, corresponded very well to the calculated values. On the upper side the plasma was composed of ions, accelerated through the source sheath potential drop, and electrons consisting of cool full Maxwellian and hot truncated full Maxwellian populations. On the lower side only hot electrons and ions additionally accelerated through the double layer were found.     

Drops of biological fluids drying on a hard substrate: Variation of the morphology,weight, temperature,and mechanical properties

The time variation of the morphology, weight, temperature, and integral mechanical properties of drying drops of biological fluids are investigated with the aim of defining more exactly the mechanism of self-organization in the drops. Test fluids in experiments are distilled water, a physiological salt solution (0.9 wt. % NaCl), a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in water, and a solution of BSA (7 wt. %) in the physiological solution. It is shown that the variation of the weight of the drying drops can be described by a sloping straight line with two slightly nonlinear portions at the beginning and at the end of the drying process. The earlier nonlinear portion correlates with a more rapid fall of the temperature, which slows down and stabilizes as a saturated vapor layer forms over the drop. The later nonlinear portion in the drop weight variation is associated with the retardation of water diffusion through the solidifying medium. The temperature variation of the drops is a superposition of endothermal (water evaporation) and exothermal (salt crystallization and gelation) phase transitions. Phase transitions may change the mechanical properties of the drying drops, which can be detected by the method of acoustic impedancemetry.     

Significant effect of electron transfer between current collector and active material on high rate performance of Li4Ti5O12

The rate and cycling performances of the electrode materials are affected by many factors in a practical complicated electrode process. Learning about the limiting step in a practical electrochemical reaction is very important to effectively improve the electrochemical performances of the electrode materials. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, as a zero-strain material, has been considered as a promising anode material for long life Li-ion batteries. In this study, our results show that the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ pasted on Cu or graphite felt current collector exhibits unexpectedly higher rate performance than on Al current collector. For Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, the electron transfer between current collector and active material is the critical factor that affects its rate and cycling performances.     

压缩对不同疏水性处理气体扩散层内两相流的影响

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)常用于调节质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中气体扩散层(GDL)的疏水性。目前虽有很多关于PTFE对GDL中水传输影响的研究,但同时考虑三维GDL微孔结构和压缩影响的研究还很缺乏。本文研究了压缩对不同接触角(不同PTFE含量)的GDL微孔结构中水传输行为的影响。通过耦合有限元方法(FEM)和流体体积(VOF)模型来模拟未压缩及压缩GDL中的两相流现象。结果表明,采用不同的接触角时,压缩对GDL内水传输行为的影响不同。压缩有利于水从GDL中排出,并促进水在GDL中的不均匀分布;压缩还促进了亲水性GDL内水在脊下的堆积,以及疏水性GDL内水在流道下方的堆积。由此可见,在进行GDL中内水传输行为研究时,应同时考虑压缩和接触角的影响。     

集流体塑性变形对锂离子电池双层电极中锂扩散和应力的影响

针对锂离子电池双层电极结构,建立了综合考虑锂扩散、应力、浓度影响的材料属性及集流体弹塑性变形的理论模型.基于所建立的模型,主要研究了在充电过程中集流体可能发生的塑性变形对电极中锂扩散及应力的影响.数值结果表明集流体的塑性变形会减弱其对活性层的约束,这不仅使得集流体和活性层中的应力得到明显缓解,而且还促进了锂在活性层中的扩散,提高了活性层的有效容量.与此同时,研究了集流体的屈服强度和塑性模量这两个参数的影响,结果表明,较小的屈服强度和较小的塑性模量能进一步弱化约束,松弛电极活性层中的应力,并增加其有效充电容量.研究结果为分层电极的结构设计和性能优化提供了一定的参考.