“Hot spots” in the field of internal waves in the ocean

A review of observations of high-amplitude internal waves is presented. These waves play an important role in the global scenario of water mixing in the world ocean and also cause a considerable variability of oceanographic fields, including the sound velocity field. The main sources of intense internal waves and the regions where such waves arise are considered. It is shown that, in addition to the much-investigated trains of soliton-like internal waves, which are formed near large-scale inhomogeneities of the bottom relief because of the nonlinear evolution of internal tides, internal waves encountered in the open ocean also possess considerable amplitudes and nonlinearity.     

含崩塌概率的一维沙堆模型的自组织临界性

提出了一个含崩塌概率的一维沙堆模型，并用元胞自动机方法对该模型进行计算机模拟. 结果表明在崩塌概率p从0到1的变化过程中存在两个临界点p₁和p₂. 当p₁2时模型具有自组织临界行为，并且系统在从平凡行为到自组织临界行为之间有一个快速的转变. 当模型具有自组织临界性时，这种自组织临界行为具有普适性，两个临界指数分别是1.50±0.02和1.58±0.15. 该模型能够较好地解释一维米粒堆实验中出现的自组织临界现象 关键词： 自组织临界性 BTW模型 崩塌概率     

室内直达与非直达环境无线传播综合信道建模

本文主要针对室内无线传播信道直达(line of sight, LOS)与非直达(no line of sight, NLOS)环境, 引入参考模型研究其建模设计及其相关统计特性. 文中提出了一种基于几何散射模型的综合改进室内参考信道模型, 假设将无限数量的散射体均匀分布在三维空间的一个二维(two dimensional, 2D)水平面上. 本文推导了电磁波达信号到达角(angle of arrival, AOA) 概率分布函数(probability density function, PDF)、多普勒功率谱密度(power spectral Density, PSD)、 时间自相关函数(autocorrelation function, ACF)的解析表达式, 并分析其重要参数对函数的影响. 此外, 本文还通过非现实参考模型提出了一种高效的SOC(Sum of Cisoids) 信道仿真模型, 同时提出了设计SOC信道仿真模型的两种有效参数计算方法, 并比较两者的计算性能. 仿真结果表明, 信道仿真模型的统计特性与参考模型相匹配, 即室内参考模型可以通过的SOC信道仿真模型来近似, 同时信道仿真模型可以很好的应用于评估室内无线通信系统的性能, 拓宽了室内无线信道建模的研究, 同时减少实现开支.     

A novel interconnect-optimal repeater insertion model with target delay constraint in 65nm CMOS

Repeater optimization is the key for SOC (System on Chip) interconnect delay design. This paper proposes a novel optimal model for minimizing power and area overhead of repeaters while meeting the target performance of on-chip interconnect lines. It also presents Lagrangian function to find the number of repeaters and their sizes required for minimizing area and power overhead with target delay constraint. Based on the 65 nanometre CMOS technology, the computed results of the intermediate and global lines show that the proposed model can significantly reduce area and power of interconnected lines, and the better performance will be achieved with the longer line. The results compared with the reference paper demonstrate the validity of this model. It can be integrated into repeater design methodology and CAD (computer aided design) tool for interconnect planning in nanometre SOC.     

渤海近岸水体后向散射系数反演模型

水体后向散射系数bb是重要的海洋光学参数,在以悬浮物为主要组分的浑浊二类水体中,其对于水体光学性质起着决定性的作用,该参数的遥感反演对于海洋光学与水色遥感研究具有重要意义.利用2005年渤海近岸水体实测数据集,建立了基于水体遥感反射率光谱数据的后向散射系数bb(λ)经验反演模型(λ=442 nm,488 nm,532 nm,589 nm,676 nm),经实测数据检验,bb(442)和bb(589)反演平均相对误差约为30%;bb(488)和bb(676)反演半均相对误差优于40%;bb(532)反演半均相埘误差约为57%.通过分析模型对于输入误差的敏感性发现,当输入端引入±5%的误差时,模型反演值的误差波动在绝大多数情形下可控制在±10%以内,模型足稳定可靠的.模型适用于渤海近岸浑浊水体,可用丁水体光学参数的时空分布特征分析以及基丁固有光学参数的水色组分遥感反演.     

双包络去除和OPLS的土壤有机碳含量反演

土壤有机碳(SOC)对土壤肥力至关重要,可见-近红外光谱能对其实现快速反演,为区域监测和定量遥感提供基础。针对包络去除(CR)仅提供反射光谱的单向吸收特征,多元回归中预测信息缺失、拟合结果未充分反映波段特征,利用世界土壤数据库245份中国土样的可见-近红外光谱,首次提出双包络去除(BCR)与正交偏最小二乘(OPLS)结合的反演方法BCR-OPLS,同时纳入光谱反射率及上、下边包络去除量,讨论组分参考值偏态分布时幂函数或对数缩放在回归时的优化作用,建立多种土壤的综合与分类估计模型,并导出适用特定类型土壤的SOC指数。结果表明,对多种土壤有机碳含量反演,相较PLSR模型(决定系数R2和估计根均方误差RMSEE分别为0.69和0.45%),BCR-OPLS模型的预测能力明显改善(R2和RMSEE分别为0.9和0.26%);而对单一类型土壤的反演精度则进一步提升,根据载荷趋势和变量重要性建立的SOC指数,预测如黄色铁铝土的有机碳含量时(以400,590和920 nm),其反演结果R2达到0.94、RMSEE达到0.21%。双包络去除与OPLS相结合,增强了光谱特征诊断的鲁棒性,提高了不同类型土壤的综合与分类SOC全谱反演精度,基于直观的图谱表达可构建简单的波段预测关系,深化了物理经验吸收与统计多元回归之间的联系。     

一种激光雷达测量海洋光学参数的新方法

为了拓展海洋光学参数的激光遥感测量手段,借鉴高光谱分辨率多普勒激光雷达对大气散射信号的测量机制,提出了一种利用激光雷达水下后向散射信号测量海洋固有光学参数的新方法。在原理方面,描述了测量系统的组成和利用碘分子吸收滤波器实现水分子瑞利散射信号和悬浮物米散射信号的光谱分离测量方法, 在结论方面,给出了利用海水激光后向散射信号实现海水悬浮物后向散射系数和海水体消光系数的具体反演算法。     

南海东沙海域线性内波引起的声场统计特性

海洋内波对声传播及水声探测具有重要影响.利用南海东沙附近海域一次低频声传播起伏实验同步获取的声学与水文观测数据,从水文连续观测数据中提取了内波特征参数,验证了修正线性内波频谱公式,用蒙特卡洛方法统计分析了存在线性内波条件下的声场起伏特性,并用射线理论解释了声源与跃层相对位置对声场起伏的影响机理.结果 表明:随着频率、平...     

一种基于简化电化学模型的锂电池互联状态观测器

锂电池正、负极固相浓度分布以及荷电状态的精确估计对于开发锂电池工作状态的实时监控算法,进而构建高效、可靠的锂电池管理系统具有重要意义.本文基于多孔电极理论和浓度理论,提出基于扩展单粒子模型的锂电池关键内部参数识别的优化模型和方法;在该电化学模型简化的基础上,提出一种基于H_∞鲁棒控制理论框架的锂电池新型双向互联观测器,可同时实现对锂电池正、负电极浓度及荷电状态的估计,并通过对比分析不同工况下的仿真结果和实验数据,对所提出的互联观测器性能进行了系统验证.结果表明：所设计的互联观测器能够准确预测锂电池的输出电压和荷电状态,有效提高了锂电池系统模型的动态性能和鲁棒稳定性,为锂电池管理系统的开发奠定了理论基础.     

Temporal coherence of sound transmissions in deep water revisited

This paper examines the signal coherence loss due to internal waves in deep water in terms of the signal coherence time and compare to data reported in the literature over the past 35 years. The coherence time of the early raylike arrivals was previously modeled by Munk and Zachariasen ["Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: Theory and observation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 818-838 (1976)] using the supereikonal approximation and by Dashen et al. ["Path-integral treatment of acoustic mutual coherence functions for arrays in a sound channel," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1716-1722 (1985)] using the path integral approach; a -1 [corrected] power frequency dependence and a -1/2 [corrected] power range dependence were predicted. Recent data in shallow water in downward refractive environments with internal waves suggested that the signal coherence time of the mode arrivals follows a -3/2 power frequency dependence and a -1/2 power range dependence. Since the temporal coherence of the acoustic signal is related to the temporal coherence of the internal waves, based on the observation that the (linear) internal waves in deep and shallow waters have a similar frequency spectrum, it is argued that the modelike arrivals in deep water should exhibit a similar frequency dependence in deep and shallow waters. This argument is supported by a brute-force application of the path integral to mode arrivals based on the WKB relation between the ray and mode. It is found that the data are consistent with the -3/2 power frequency dependence but more data are needed to further test the hypothesis.     

基于Simulink的锂电池建模仿真

针对锂离子电池SOC(荷电状态)难以估算的问题,通过对电池建立等效的Thevenin电路模型,对不同时刻的SOC的模型参数进行拟合得到动态的模型参数,在Matlab中借助Simulink建立仿真模型,采用模块化结构,建立基于卡尔曼滤波算法的电池SOC估算系统;利用测得的电池电压电流,仿真系统可直接估算出实时的电池SOC,与实际的电池SOC对比,误差保持在2.5%以内,表明该方法可以有效地估计电池的SOC,对于锂离子电池在实际应用的容量估算有着重要意义。     

Self-organized Criticality in a Model Based on Neural Network

Based on the LISSOM neural network model, we introduce a model to investigate self-organized criticality in the activity of neural populations. The influence of connection (synapse) between neurons has been adequately considered in this model. It is found to exhibit self-organized criticality (SOC) behavior under appropriate conditions. We also find that the learning process has promotive influence on emergence of SOC behavior. In addition, we analyze the influence of various factors of the model on the SOC behavior, which is characterized by the power-law behavior of the avalanche size distribution.     

Ternary-material lithium-ion battery SOC estimation under various ambient temperature

Ambient temperature produces great effects on battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, due to the unstable estimation algorithm, the weakened traceability of battery model, and variable model parameters at various temperatures, especially lower temperatures. The widely used method based on the equivalent circuit model (ECM) offline in using different algorithm, like current integral, the extended Kalman filter (EKF), or the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), can obtain an accurate SOC estimation at room temperature, but it is difficult to guarantee the high precision at lower temperatures. To address this problem, the battery model is investigated at different temperature, and an offset item is proposed to develop the observer equation in the estimated model. Then, the square root of the Sigma points Kalman filter (SR-UKF) is applied, and on the basis of the individual model parameter-temperature table and the developed model, the high accuracy of SOC estimation is achieved. Additionally, considering the burden of original parameter modification (all model parameters modified) at various temperature which will increase the product cost and computational complexity of the battery management system (BMS), the relationship between individual model parameter and the error of SOC estimation is built, which is helpful for the simplification of parameter modification. The results indicate that the proposed method based on the developed estimated model and the simplified parameter modification can achieve an accurate, stable, and efficient SOC estimation.     

A vector radiative transfer model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system using matrix-operator method for rough sea-surface

A vector radiative transfer model termed PCOART has been developed for the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, using the matrix-operator (or adding-doubling) method, which considers the rough sea-surface. The theoretical formulations of the solution of the vector radiative transfer equation of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and the reflection-transmission matrices and internal radiation sources for rough sea surface are described. The model intercomparison is performed for several radiative transfer problems in the atmosphere and ocean, and the results show that PCOART can exactly predict the radiance fields for both flat and rough sea surface. Also, the polarizing remote sensing data from POLDER is used to test the capacity of PCOART to simulate the polarization radiance at the top-of-atmosphere, which shows that PCOART can perfectly reproduce the linear polarization reflectance measured by POLDER. PCOART can not only simulate the total radiance field in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system with wind-induced rough sea surface but also predict the polarization radiance field both in the atmosphere and in the ocean, which can serve as a good tool for the ocean optics and ocean color remote sensing communities.     

内波、潮导致的声简正波幅度起伏及其深度分布

分析2005黄海声传播—内波实验传播起伏数据,观察（1）号声简正波幅度起伏及其深度分布特征。非线性内波（IW）通过接收阵可以导致脉冲峰值约5 dB起伏,幅度起伏垂向分布与简正波本征函数的微分分布吻合良好,（M2）潮致信号幅度起伏也满足相同深度分布特性。然而内波和潮致起伏的垂向相位变化明显不同:前者本征函数峰值两侧起伏信号反相,而后者近乎同相。前者由接收器与简正波分布的相对移动决定,而后者取决于简正波和水听器位置变化的复合效应。      

Darboux Transformation and Soliton Solutions for the (2+1)-Dimensional Generalization of Shallow Water Wave Equation with Symbolic Computation

In this paper, the (2+1)-dimensional generalization of shallow water wave equation, which may be used to describe the propagation of ocean waves, is analytically investigated. With the aid of symbolic computation, we prove that the (2+1)-dimensional generalization of shallow water wave equation possesses the Painlevé property under a certain condition, and its Lax pair is constructed by applying the singular manifold method. Based on the obtained Lax representation, the Darboux transformation (DT) is constructed. The first iterated solution, second iterated solution and a special N-soliton solution with an arbitrary function are derived with the resulting DT. Relevant properties are graphically illustrated, which might be helpful to understanding the propagation processes for ocean waves in shallow water.     

Temporal coherence of acoustic signals in a fluctuating ocean

Temporal coherence of acoustic signals propagating in a fluctuating ocean is important for many practical applications and has been studied intensively experimentally. However, only a few theoretical formulations of temporal coherence exist. In the present paper, a three-dimensional (3D) modal theory of sound propagation in a fluctuating ocean is used to derive closed-form equations for the spatial-temporal coherence function of a broadband signal. The theory is applied to the analysis of the temporal coherence of a monochromatic signal propagating in an ocean perturbed by linear internal waves obeying the Garrett-Munk (G-M) spectral model. In particular, the temporal coherence function is calculated for propagation ranges up to 10(4) km and for five sound frequencies: 12, 25, 50, 75, and 100 Hz. Then, the dependence of the coherence time (i.e., the value of the time lag at which the temporal coherence decreases by a factor of e) on range and frequency is studied. The results obtained are compared with experimental data and predictions of the path-integral theory.     

东北黑土不同组分有机碳的近红外光谱测定

不同颗粒组分的土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)具有不同的化学组成且对不同农艺措施响应不同,因此了解其信息有助于深入理解SOC对土壤肥力的贡献。本研究旨在评价近红外光谱(near Infraredspectroscopy,NIRS)预测黑土不同颗粒组分SOC(水稳性团聚体结合碳、颗粒态有机碳及不同大小粒级有机碳)的潜力。土壤样品(n=136)采集于东北典型黑土带上,利用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型(n=100),并用独立样本对模型进行检验(n=36)。结果表明:NIRS可以在一定程度上预测水稳性团聚体结合碳含量(R2=0.69-0.82,RPD=1.2-1.8);对矿质结合态SOC(<53μm)(R2=0.97,RPD=5.4)及细粒级SOC(<20μm)(R2=0.93,RPD=3.8)预测结果较好,对颗粒态有机碳(>53μm)和粗粒级SOC(>20μm)预测结果不理想。NIRS在简化黑土不同颗粒组分SOC的测定,特别是矿质结合态(<53μm)SOC,具有很好的应用前景。     

有限深两层流体中内孤立波造波实验及其理论模型

将置于大尺度密度分层水槽上下层流体中的两块垂直板反方向平推, 以基于 Miyata-Choi-Camassa (MCC)理论解的内孤立波诱导上下层流体中的层平均水平速度作为其运动速度, 发展了一种振幅可控的双推板内孤立波实验室造波方法. 在此基础上, 针对有限深两层流体中定态内孤立波 Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), 扩展KdV (eKdV), MCC和修改的Kdv (mKdV)理论的适用性条件等问题, 开展了系列实验研究.结果表明, 对以水深为基准定义的非线性参数ε 和色散参数μ, 存在一个临界色散参数μ₀, 当μ < μ₀ 时, KdV理论适用于ε ≤μ 的情况, eKdV理论适用于μ < ε ≤√μ 的情况, 而MCC理论适用于ε > √μ 的情况, 而且当μ ≥μ₀ 时MCC理论也是适用的.结果进一步表明, 当上下层流体深度比并不接近其临界值时, mKdV理论主要适用于内孤立波振幅接近其理论极限振幅的情况, 但这时MCC理论同样适用.本项研究定量地表征了四类内孤立波理论的适用性条件, 为采用何种理论来表征实际海洋中的内孤立波特征提供了理论依据. 关键词： 两层流体 内孤立波 双板造波 临界色散参数     

顾及粗糙度的土壤有机碳成像高光谱估测模型

可见近红外非成像光谱分析技术已被广泛用于土壤有机碳（SOC）含量估测,然而该技术的使用受土壤粗糙度的影响,对样本的前处理要求较高,导致模型的实用性受限。针对这一问题,以美国爱荷华州农田土壤为研究对象,使用成像及非成像光谱仪获取土壤样本研磨前后的可见近红外反射光谱,采用去包络线（CR）、吸光度变换（AB）、S-G平滑（SG）、标准正态变换（SNV）、多元散射校正（MSC）5种光谱预处理手段,利用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和支持向量回归（SVR）算法构建并对比土壤SOC光谱估算模型,探究利用成像光谱数据估测高粗糙度样本SOC含量的可行性。实验结果表明,使用成像光谱数据能够实现高粗糙度样本的SOC含量估算,而使用非成像光谱数据则无法估算高粗糙度样本的SOC含量;基于成像光谱数据建立的高粗糙度SOC最优PLSR估算模型R2能够达到0.739以及最优SVR估算模型R2为0.712,而基于非成像光谱数据建立的高粗糙度SOC最优PLSR和SVR估算模型R2仅仅分别为0.344和0.311。基于AB,SG,SNV和MSC这4种预处理手段之后的成像光谱数据建立的土壤样本研磨前的PLSR模型性能优于样本研磨之后建立的PLSR模型,而SVR模型性能正好相反。而对于非成像光谱数据来说,土壤样本研磨后建立PLSR和SVR模型精度总是强于样本研磨前建立的模型精度。对于这两种光谱数据和两个估算模型而言,不同的光谱预处理方法提高模型估算精度的能力不同。土壤样本研磨前后,基于成像光谱数据建立的PLSR和SVR模型性能均优于非成像光谱数据所构建的模型。成像光谱技术能够增强高粗糙度土壤样本可见近红外光谱与SOC的相关性,从而提高模型估算精度;能够克服土壤粗糙度的影响;为野外大尺度估测SOC含量提供了新的手段。