石墨烯/硅肖特基太阳能电池的光电特性

以甲烷作为反应气体,利用化学气相沉积法在硅衬底表面上沉积石墨烯薄膜,制备了石墨烯/硅肖特基太阳能电池.利用原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱观察了石墨烯薄膜的表面形貌,并用紫外-可见光光谱仪和光-电流测试仪器研究了石墨烯样品和太阳电池的光电特性.实验结果表明:制备的石墨烯薄膜厚度为几个原子层,薄膜表面均匀,并具有良好的电学特性,石墨烯/硅太阳能电池的能量转换效率可达3.7%.     

铜基底上双层至多层石墨烯常压化学气相沉积法制备与机理探讨

化学气相沉积是目前最重要的ー种制备高质量、大面积石墨烯的方法.而铜是化学气相沉积法制备石墨烯中最常用的生长基底.虽然有大量文章报道了关于石墨烯的生长条件及生长机理,但是作为最广泛采用的材料,铜基底上双层及多层石墨烯的生长机理仍然在探索中,本文采用常压化学气相沉积法,以乙醇为碳源在铜基底上生长石墨烯,并将其转移到SiO_2/Si基底上.用场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱、光学显微镜对所制备的石墨烯进行表征和层数分析,对转移到不同基底上的不同层数的石墨烯进行了透光性分析.结果表明,常压条件下铜箔表面能够生长出质量较高、连续性较好的双层至多层石墨烯.此外,我们还对铜基底上双层至多层石墨烯的生长机理进行了探讨.     

化学气相沉积法制备石墨烯的铜衬底预处理研究

铜作为一种在化学气相沉积法制备石墨烯中被广泛采用的衬底材料,其表面形貌和质量对石墨烯的品质有较大的影响.提出了一种简单有效的铜衬底预处理方法,在生长石墨烯前,将铜衬底在浓度为1 mol/L的硝酸铁水溶液中进行预刻蚀,研究了不同刻蚀时间的影响.发现当预刻蚀时间为90 s时,经石墨烯生长后得到了相对平整且无杂质颗粒的表面;与盐酸预刻蚀及电化学抛光方法进行了比较,实验结果表明,硝酸铁溶液预刻蚀的效果优于盐酸处理,可与电化学抛光效果比拟,且操作更为简单快捷.经过不同型号铜衬底实验验证,此方法具有普遍适用性.     

基于化学气相沉积方法的石墨烯-光子晶体光纤的制备研究

本文利用常压化学气相沉积方法,在光子晶体光纤内孔壁上直接生长石墨烯薄膜,实现了石墨烯-光纤复合材料的直接制备.研究发现光纤中石墨烯层数和缺陷主要受生长温度、生长时间以及甲烷流量等参数影响.拉曼光谱和扫描电子显微镜等表征结果表明:石墨烯在光子晶体光纤孔内的生长均匀性良好,适当的高温、较长的生长时间以及合适的甲烷流量有利于生长高质量的石墨烯.石墨烯-光子晶体光纤复合材料的制备,对基于光纤平台的石墨烯光电器件的研究、开发和应用有着重要的推动作用,也为石墨烯全光纤集成应用提供了新的思路.     

石墨烯在Ni(111)表面生长机理的紧束缚计算研究

本文采用SCC-DFTB方法,研究了石墨烯在Ni金属(111)表面上的生长机理及在台阶面生长情况.结果分析表明,苯环在Ni表面吸附时以界面fcc构型总能最低,结构最为稳定.边缘生长时,附着在衬底表面上的石墨烯层中C原子活性从边缘向中间逐渐降低.在由(111)晶面和(111)晶面相交形成的台阶面上,石墨烯片层可连续生长,同时相对衬底表面发生一定偏转,在较大面积时将出现缺陷.改善石墨烯与衬底台阶处的界面不匹配情况将有利于其大面积高质量生长.     

化学气相沉积法制备的石墨烯晶畴的氢气刻蚀

利用化学气相沉积法在抛光铜衬底上制备出六角形石墨烯晶畴, 并且在高温条件下对石墨烯晶畴进行氢气刻蚀, 利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对石墨烯晶畴进行观测, 发现高温条件下石墨烯晶畴表面能够被氢气刻蚀出网络状和线状结构的刻蚀条纹. 通过电子背散射衍射测试证明了刻蚀条纹的形态、密度与铜衬底的晶向有密切关系. 通过对比实验证明了石墨烯表面上的刻蚀条纹是由于石墨烯和铜衬底的热膨胀系数不同, 在降温过程中, 石墨烯表面形成了褶皱, 褶皱在高温氢气气氛下发生氢化反应形成的. 对转移到二氧化硅衬底的石墨烯晶畴进行原子力显微镜测试, 测试结果表明刻蚀条纹的形貌、密度与石墨烯表面褶皱的形貌、密度十分相似. 进一步证明了刻蚀条纹是由于褶皱结构被氢气刻蚀引起的. 实验结果表明, 即使在六角形石墨烯晶畴表面也存在褶皱和点缺陷. 本文提供了一种便捷的方法来观察铜衬底上石墨烯褶皱的分布与形态; 同时, 为进一步提高化学气相沉积法制备石墨烯的质量提供了更多参考.     

碳化物形成对石墨烯生长的影响

选取了一个典型的金属碳化物体系Mo₂C对其形成在石墨烯生长中的作用进行了基于第一性原理的理论研究. 碳在Mo₂C体相中扩散十分困难,而在Mo₂C(001)表面则变得比较容易. 因此抑制碳析出和表面石墨烯生长可以同时实现. 在Mo₂C(101)表面碳扩散的难易程度依赖于扩散方向. 相对于(001)表面,(101) 表面不利于石墨烯生长.     

石墨烯在Ni(111)表面生长机理的紧束缚计算研究

本文采用SCC-DFTB方法,研究了石墨烯在Ni金属(111)表面上的生长机理及在台阶面生长情况.结果分析表明,苯环在Ni表面吸附时以界面fcc构型总能最低,结构最为稳定.边缘生长时,附着在衬底表面上的石墨烯层中C原子活性从边缘向中间逐渐降低.在由(111)晶面和(1-11)晶面相交形成的台阶面上,石墨烯片层可连续生长,同时相对衬底表面发生一定偏转,在较大面积时将出现缺陷.改善石墨烯与衬底台阶处的界面不匹配情况将有利于其大面积高质量生长.     

纳秒激光辐照下石英基单层石墨烯的损伤特性北大核心CSCD

采用化学气相沉积法在铜箔基底上生长单层石墨烯,利用湿化学方法将单层石墨烯转移到石英玻璃基底,获得石英基单层石墨烯样品。利用相衬显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,实验研究了单层石墨烯样品在紫外纳秒脉冲激光辐照下的损伤阈值和损伤概率,以及不同辐照通量下的典型微观结构。实验结果表明,单层石墨烯样品对550nm波长光的吸收率约为2.38%,与理论值2.3%接近。在波长为355nm、脉宽为5.8ns的条件下测得激光损伤阈值为78mJ/cm2。当辐照通量低于损伤阈值时,石墨烯样品表面有纳米碳球和碳花形成;当辐照通量等于损伤阈值时,石墨烯样品表面产生明显的多孔碳骨架烧蚀痕迹;当辐照通量高于损伤阈值时,则形成了特定的周期性折叠碳结构。     

纳秒激光辐照下石英基单层石墨烯的损伤特性

采用化学气相沉积法在铜箔基底上生长单层石墨烯,利用湿化学方法将单层石墨烯转移到石英玻璃基底,获得石英基单层石墨烯样品。利用相衬显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,实验研究了单层石墨烯样品在紫外纳秒脉冲激光辐照下的损伤阈值和损伤概率,以及不同辐照通量下的典型微观结构。实验结果表明,单层石墨烯样品对550nm波长光的吸收率约为2.38%,与理论值2.3%接近。在波长为355nm、脉宽为5.8ns的条件下测得激光损伤阈值为78mJ/cm2。当辐照通量低于损伤阈值时,石墨烯样品表面有纳米碳球和碳花形成;当辐照通量等于损伤阈值时,石墨烯样品表面产生明显的多孔碳骨架烧蚀痕迹;当辐照通量高于损伤阈值时,则形成了特定的周期性折叠碳结构。     

Graphene growth process modeling: a physical–statistical approach

As a zero-band semiconductor, graphene is an attractive material for a wide variety of applications such as optoelectronics. Among various techniques developed for graphene synthesis, chemical vapor deposition on copper foils shows high potential for producing few-layer and large-area graphene. Since fabrication of high-quality graphene sheets requires the understanding of growth mechanisms, and methods of characterization and control of grain size of graphene flakes, analytical modeling of graphene growth process is therefore essential for controlled fabrication. The graphene growth process starts with randomly nucleated islands that gradually develop into complex shapes, grow in size, and eventually connect together to cover the copper foil. To model this complex process, we develop a physical–statistical approach under the assumption of self-similarity during graphene growth. The growth kinetics is uncovered by separating island shapes from area growth rate. We propose to characterize the area growth velocity using a confined exponential model, which not only has clear physical explanation, but also fits the real data well. For the shape modeling, we develop a parametric shape model which can be well explained by the angular-dependent growth rate. This work can provide useful information for the control and optimization of graphene growth process on Cu foil.     

Preparation of graphene encapsulated copper nanoparticles from CuCl2-GIC

Graphene encapsulated metallic copper nanoparticle composite was prepared by reduction of stage-2 CuCl₂-graphite intercalation compounds, using both metallic potassium and potassium borohydride/ethylenediamine matrix as reducing reagents. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the reduction products. The results show that the copper nanoparticles in the graphite matrix are 30 to 70 nm in size. The copper concentration in the reduction product is experimental-condition dependant. A severe structure disorder of graphitic carbon occurs during the reduction procedure. The formation procedure of copper particles in the graphene sheets is discussed briefly.     

Direct deposition of graphene nanowalls on ceramic powders for the fabrication of a ceramic matrix composite

Uniform mixing of ceramic powder and graphene is of great importance for producing ceramic matrix composite. In this study, graphene nanowalls(GNWs) are directly deposited on the surface of Al_2 O_3 and Si_3 N_4 powders using chemical vapor deposition system to realize the uniform mixing. The morphology and the initial stage of the growth process are investigated. It is found that the graphitic base layer is initially formed parallel to the powder surface and is followed by the growth of graphene nanowalls perpendicular to the surface. Moreover, the lateral length of the graphene sheet could be well controlled by tuning the growth temperature. GNWs/Al_2 O_3 powder is consolidated by using sparking plasma sintering method and several physical properties are measured. Owing to the addition of GNWs, the electrical conductivity of the bulk alumina is significantly increased.     

Graphene growth on h-BN by molecular beam epitaxy

The growth of single layer graphene nanometer size domains by solid carbon source molecular beam epitaxy on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) flakes is demonstrated. Formation of single-layer graphene is clearly apparent in Raman spectra which display sharp optical phonon bands. Atomic-force microscope images and Raman maps reveal that the graphene grown depends on the surface morphology of the h-BN substrates. The growth is governed by the high mobility of the carbon atoms on the h-BN surface, in a manner that is consistent with van der Waals epitaxy. The successful growth of graphene layers depends on the substrate temperature, but is independent of the incident flux of carbon atoms.     

The influence of annealing temperature on the morphology of graphene islands

We report on temperature-programmed growth of graphene islands on Ru(0001) at annealing temperatures of 700°C,800°C,and 900°C.The sizes of the islands each show a nonlinear increase with the annealing temperature.In 700°C and 800°C annealings,the islands have nearly the same sizes and their ascending edges are embedded in the upper steps of the ruthenium substrate,which is in accordance with the etching growth mode.In 900°C annealing,the islands are much larger and of lower quality,which represents the early stage of Smoluchowski ripening.A longer time annealing at 900°C brings the islands to final equilibrium with an ordered moir’e pattern.Our work provides new details about graphene early growth stages that could facilitate the better control of such a growth to obtain graphene with ideal size and high quality.     

Graphene traps for cesium atoms

A significant increase in the surface concentration of cesium atoms intercalated under graphene islands on rhodium has been revealed when annealing the adsorbed layer in a ultrahigh vacuum. Heating leads to a decrease in the area of graphene islands due to the solution of carbon atoms in the metal bulk. At the same time, the edge carbon atoms in the islands, which are coupled with the surface by chemisorptive forces, prevent the leakage of the alkali metal from under the islands. This leads to the significant compression of cesium and to an increase in its surface concentration under the islands by a factor of almost 10. The desorption of cesium is observed only after the complete thermal destruction of graphene islands.     

FEM analysis of magnetic flake composites

A composite comprised of layered flake-like magnetic particles embedded in an insulating medium has been proposed as a low permeability, low loss core material. This would be an alternative to “distributed air gap” compressed powder cores that are widely used for inductors in power applications. Since the lowest loss metallic materials are manufactured in the form of very thin sheets, the particles after pulverizing would be in the form of flakes. The effective permeability and average core loss have been computed for model systems of flake composites in a two-dimensional approximation. The core loss is modeled by eddy current dissipation in the low-frequency limit, where the conductor thickness is much less than the skin depth. It is found that useful values of permeability should be obtained for a modest filling fraction of magnetic material, in contrast to the powder cores which require a value close to unity. The core loss will scale as the inverse of filling fraction, with a small additional enhancement due to perpendicular field components. It is thus expected that useful core materials may be attainable without the necessity of large compaction forces.     

Effect of point defects on the properties of silicene-like BSi3 sheets from first-principles

Density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the impact of point defects on BSi₃ nanosheets. It is shown that the defects have low formation energies and are likely to form in BSi₃ sheets. The divacancies with missing Si an B atoms are more probable than those which have two missing Si atoms and the diantisite (BSi)_anti is also more probable than (BB)_anti. It is found that the structural reconstructions caused by bond rotation in divacancies continuously lower the formation energies. Interestingly, unlike graphene or many other sheets, the presence of point defects does not change the planar structure and metallic behavior of BSi₃ and all systems are nonmagnetic. The planar and metallic BSi₃ sheets can therefore be used in devices, without any concern about the presence of defects.     

CVD合成的掺杂BNx-石墨烯纳米复合材料:结构和发光性能

用B₄C为硼源,利用CVD系统在N₂-H₂等离子体中合成了掺杂BN_x纳米棒,接着在掺杂BN_x纳米棒表面用CH₄生长了石墨烯纳米片,制备出掺杂BN_x-石墨烯三维纳米复合材料。一系列表征结果说明合成的纳米复合材料由C和O共掺杂的BN_x纳米棒和石墨烯纳米片组成,其形成与碳氢基团的转换和掺杂BN_x纳米棒的形变在石墨烯纳米片中产生的应力有关。室温发光性能表明石墨烯纳米片对掺杂BN_x纳米棒的紫外光和绿光有明显的猝灭作用,起源于掺杂BN_x-石墨烯界面上的电荷转移和电子散射。     

Role of edge atoms of graphene islands on metals in nucleation,growth, alkali metal intercalation

Physics of the Solid State - The effect of edge carbon atoms in graphene islands grown on a metal surface on the kinetics of nucleation, growth and dissolution of these islands, as well as of a...