两次节流循环在氨制冷系统的效率分析

文中分析不同节流方式下的两级压缩制冷循环。基于冷库实例,计算出了制冷循环在一次节流和二次节流方式下的制冷系数。结果显示,使用两次节流制冷循环,理论制冷系数提高了1.3%,冷库实例制冷系数提高了0.7%-0.8%。两次节流制冷系统在满负荷下运行时,压缩机消耗的理论功率比一次节流下降5kW。使用两次节流方式的制冷系统,在初投资费用上也有所降低。     

间接冷却制冷系统的性能研究

使用间接冷却载冷剂的制冷系统既可达到制冷的要求,又可以减少制冷剂的使用量,并且制冷剂流经的设备便于集中管理,安全性能大大加强。实验研究了使用30%-40%浓度的乙二醇溶液作为载冷剂的保鲜冷库系统性能。研究发现,冷库温度、载冷剂流量、冷库湿度都对间接冷却制冷系统性能有影响,冷库温度在4℃左右,载冷剂流量过低,冷库湿度过高都对系统运行不利,在使用间接冷却制冷系统时,需要控制以上参数在合适的范围。     

英国冷库设计中的若干新技术剖析

根据现场考察和交流,介绍分析英国冷库氨制冷系统设计中的若干新技术.通过采用减少系统充氨量的系列新技术,可以使系统的充氨量大大减少,安全性大大提高.通过采用自动控制、高效热氨融霜、回收余热加热地坪、冷风机合理配置等新技术,可明显提高运行的能效.结合我国冷库情况,分析了适合我国借鉴的新技术.     

船舶冷库制冷剂替代及性能比较

寻求性能相近且环保的制冷剂取代对臭氧层有破坏作用的制冷剂R22,已成为船舶制冷装置所面临的紧迫、重要课题。文中选择R404A、R407C和R407F作为船舶制冷剂R22的替代品,分析了其制冷特性,并基于船舶冷库制冷装置上,对四种制冷剂进行了特性对比试验,比较了压缩机吸排气温度、压力、制冷性能等。结果显示,在试验工况下,R407F可作为R22的理想制冷剂替代品。文章为船舶制冷剂替代的选择提供技术支持。     

太阳能辅助CO2热泵与制冷系统实验研究

本文设计了一种太阳能辅助空气源跨临界二氧化碳热泵空调热水系统,包括太阳能集热系统,二氧化碳热泵系统以及室内室外换热系统;针对春夏秋冬不同天气条件,可采用制热、制冷,热水、制热 热水、制冷 热水五种运行模式,实现热水和空调两大功能.利用搭建的太阳能辅助空气源跨临界CO2热泵热水与空调系统实验台,进行了水-水热泵与制冷循环系统、空气-水热泵与制冷循环系统以及太阳能辅助的热泵循环系统实验研究.结果表明;气体冷却器出口温度越低,系统的性能系数越高;蒸发温度的升高同样也会提高系统的性能系数;在冬季夜间利用太阳能集热系统作为辅助热源可有效提高蒸发温度,同时延长蓄热水箱使用时间,满足整个夜间供热需求.     

热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计北大核心

冷库制冷机组配置存在的最大问题是设计冷量与热负荷不相匹配,制冷机组长期处于小于设计负荷运行状态下,造成冷库能耗增加。针对这一问题,提出热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计方案,以含有8个同温冷间的装配式冷库为例,设计制冷系统和控制系统。冷库各冷间采用分时进货方式,进货时间间隔取3小时,总共配置两套压缩冷凝机组,对于不进货、无操作人员工作的冷间使用一套压缩冷凝机组维持冷间温度,压缩冷凝机组按冷库总降温概率进行配置;对于正在进货、有操作人员工作的的冷间,使用另一套压缩冷凝机组快速降温,压缩冷凝机组按一个冷间所有的热负荷进行配置。结果表明:两套压缩冷凝机组配置的总制冷量比最大负荷法配置的制冷量减少1/4左右,同时缩短货物热量和开门热量冷却时间,提高了冷藏食品品质。     

热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计

冷库制冷机组配置存在的最大问题是设计冷量与热负荷不相匹配,制冷机组长期处于小于设计负荷运行状态下,造成冷库能耗增加。针对这一问题,提出热负荷分开配置机组的冷库制冷系统设计方案,以含有8个同温冷间的装配式冷库为例,设计制冷系统和控制系统。冷库各冷间采用分时进货方式,进货时间间隔取3小时,总共配置两套压缩冷凝机组,对于不进货、无操作人员工作的冷间使用一套压缩冷凝机组维持冷间温度,压缩冷凝机组按冷库总降温概率进行配置;对于正在进货、有操作人员工作的的冷间,使用另一套压缩冷凝机组快速降温,压缩冷凝机组按一个冷间所有的热负荷进行配置。结果表明:两套压缩冷凝机组配置的总制冷量比最大负荷法配置的制冷量减少1/4左右,同时缩短货物热量和开门热量冷却时间,提高了冷藏食品品质。     

CO_2自动化立体冷库库温与能耗实验研究

本文研究对象为某自动化立体冷藏库,该库采用地埋管作为冷凝器,CO_2作为制冷工质,相对于传统冷库在库内制冷温度方面做了改进,并对冷库的制冷温度及机组能耗进行了测试,结果库内均匀度维持在0.6℃左右,波动范围为0.05~0.4℃,且中层波动最小;冷库能耗较低,每立方米年耗电量仅为6.2k Wh。     

太阳能吸收-过冷压缩复合式制冷系统运行特性实验研究

太阳能吸收-过冷压缩式复合制冷系统是一种新型高效的制冷装置。目前相关研究主要涉及热力学模拟及热力经济设计准则,未在机组实际工作特性方面进行深入研究。因此本文主要通过实验研究复合装置运行特性。该系统能够有效利用60～70℃的低品太阳能,集热器的热效率达到0.69,吸收子系统的制冷量达到3.78 kW,COP约为0.52。与压缩子系统单独运行时相比,复合制冷装置制冷量约增加4.6 kW,COP提升了37.96%,可节约压缩机功耗1.16 kW。     

氮低温制冷循环系统在大科学装置中的应用与发展

大科学装置中低温设备的氮低温冷量需要日益快速增长,为减少能耗和保障装置的长期稳定运行,基于大科学装置氮低温系统运行需求,介绍了氮低温制冷循环系统在国内外大科学装置中的应用情况,总结了目前大科学装置中应用氮低温制冷循环系统的研究现状,并探讨以氮制冷机为核心的氮低温制冷循环系统在未来大科学装置中发展方向。     

Hot water heat accumulators in single-family houses

In Sweden, as in many other countries, there is a significant difference in electricity demand between day and night. In order to encourage the end use consumer to use less electricity during peak situations, time-of-use tariffs have become more common. The price differs from about 0.8 to 0.35 SEK/kWh, taxation included. (1ECU equals about 7 SEK.) If some of the electricity under the high price period, which falls between 0600 and 2200 during November to March, could be transferred to the low price hours, the electricity bill could be reduced. In Sweden it is common to use electricity for space and hot water heating, at least in single-family houses. By use of a hot water accumulator the need for heat could be produced during the cheap hours and the storage could be discharged when the high price hours occur. This paper describes the electricity use for hot water and space heating in a single-family house sited in Linköping, Sweden, where extensive monitoring has been utilized during 1987. Some 30 values for temperatures and electricity demands have been measured each hour, or sometimes even for shorter time intervals. These monitored data have been the base for examining if a water accumulator could be of interest for the proprietor of the building, i.e. if the cost for the accumulator is less than the money saved by the reduced electricity cost.     

冷凝器台数的优化配置与节能

选取厦门商业冷冻公司2004年压缩机的运行记录,分析统计出运行工况下每个时间段冷凝器实际排热量与系统冷凝器额定总排热量的比值,将其定义为部分负荷率,得出各部分负荷的运行时间及运行规律。并据此规律进行冷凝器优化配置分析,计算优化配置方案的能耗和回收期。结果表明:冷凝器按部分负荷的变化规律配置,有较大的节能潜力。根据制冷装置在厦门的特定条件计算分析,当冻结能力为20吨/天时,冷凝器优化配置的节能可达49.1%,回收期在两年之内;当冻结能力为10吨/天时,优化配置后节能可达55%,不增加初投资。     

Developments in geothermal energy in Mexico—Part twenty six: Experimental assessment of an ammonia/water absorption cooler operating on low enthalpy geothermal energy

Mexico possesses large amounts of geothermal brine at temperatures which are too low to enable electricity to be generated efficiently and economically. Most of the geothermal fields in Mexico are located near important agricultural areas. Perishable food losses in Mexico, resulting from inadequate handling and cold storage facilities, vary from 35 to 50%. In order to prove the technical feasibility of operating heat-driven absorption cooling systems on low enthalpy geothermal energy, a prototype ammonia/water absorption cooler was installed in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, where the ambient temperatures exceed 40°C and the cooling water temperatures reach 30°C. The unit has operated successfully with evaporative cooling loads exceeding the design value. The experimental data obtained will provide an excellent basis for the design of large scale heat-driven absorption refrigeration systems.     

一种改进的夜间数字能见度测量方法

为降低背景光噪声对数字摄像法夜间能见度测量的不确定性影响,对双光源法能见度测量系统进行改进。该系统利用避光筒限制CCD相机视场角,拍摄2个位于不同距离的LED背光源,然后对摄取到的图像进行处理得到光源图像的灰度值,再根据阿拉德定律求得大气消光系数,计算出大气能见度值。通过在无背景光、有背景光未加避光筒和加避光筒3种条件下的比对实验,分析光源图像的灰度信息,并将实验结果进行处理,得出有避光筒和无避光筒时测得的能见度值与无背景光下测量结果的相关系数分别是0.911 3和0.322 7,均方根相对偏差分别是6.87% 和23.38%。结果表明:系统抑制背景光噪声的能力明显增强,能较准确地测量夜间能见度。     

氟里昂（CF2Cl2）对电感耦合等离子体（ICP）放电特性的影响：ICP技术在 …

为了发展用于处理难消解危险废物的电感耦合等离子体技术。本文研究了当氟里昂１２进入ＩＣＰ时，在不同操作条件下ＩＣＰ的激发温度与电子密度的变化趋势，并论述了其成因及其对主发放的处理的优势。     

Spectroelectrochemical cell for in situ studies of solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are able to produce electricity and heat from hydrogen‐ or carbon‐containing fuels with high efficiencies and are considered important cornerstones for future sustainable energy systems. Performance, activation and degradation processes are crucial parameters to control before the technology can achieve breakthrough. They have been widely studied, predominately by electrochemical testing with subsequent micro‐structural analysis. In order to be able to develop better SOFCs, it is important to understand how the measured electrochemical performance depends on materials and structural properties, preferably at the atomic level. A characterization of these properties under operation is desired. As SOFCs operate at temperatures around 1073 K, this is a challenge. A spectroelectrochemical cell was designed that is able to study SOFCs at operating temperatures and in the presence of relevant gases. Simultaneous spectroscopic and electrochemical evaluation by using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is possible.     

工作于非标准环境下体吸收型激光能量计的研制

研究了能直接工作于非标准环境下的体吸收型激光能量计.由能量计热传导、热对流、热辐射的单位时间热交换方程推导出单位时间内能量计升温过程中热能损失的数学模型,根据数学模型对能量计整个升温过程的热损失进行补偿,使得能量计对于不同脉冲长度入射激光的测量结果重复性由4.7%提高到了0.6%,消除了能量计热损失给测量带来的不利影响.针对环境温度从-40℃变化到70℃测温用铜-康铜热电堆对1℃温差响应电压剧增30%的问题,在环境试验箱进行不同环境温度下的激光能量测量实验,得出了能量计不同环境温度下测量结果的修正系数,并利用最小二乘法建立了修正系数同环境温度之间的函数关系,使得环境温度对测量结果的影响得到了修正.     

输油管道运行优化研究

为了降低输油能耗,本文以输油管道热耗~电耗耦合费用为目标函数,建立了准周期性非稳态大气环境温度下,输油管道优化运行数学模型,编制了相应的软件。以庆~哈输油管道为例进行了优化计算。结果表明,该管道优化运行每年节约费用超过600万元,各加热站优化运行出口油温及压力都是年周期性变化的,且油温比大气温度延迟约2个月。因此,输油管道优化运行应该考虑温度延迟的影响。     

The methodological features of studying energy efficiency of a combined mini-TPP on the basis of a gas-piston unit and a steam turbine

The technology of electricity production by a mini-thermal power plant, operating on combined cycles of Otto and Rankine, is considered. The main aspects of the investigation methodology are outlined. It is shown that the design and layout parameters of all the major energy elements of the developed technology allow implementing it in a block and modular version; and the efficiency of electricity supply for the proposed technology will be at least 50 %.     

Accurate lidar temperatures with narrowband filters

At daytime, metal resonance lidars need narrowband spectral filtering in the receiver to measure Doppler temperatures in the mesopause region. For our K lidar equipped with a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter we demonstrate that the derived resonance temperatures can be shifted by 10 K because of the wavelength dependence of the filter transmission for the Rayleigh scattered light when this filter transmission is used for normalization. We show that, if all filter effects are considered correctly, temperature measurements at daytime can be as accurate as at nighttime without such filters.