基于温敏漆技术的圆锥高超声速大攻角绕流背风面流动结构实验研究

高超声速流动中, 大攻角下圆锥背风面边界层会存在流动分离与再附、边界层转捩等多种流动现象, 进而对圆锥表面温度分布产生显著的影响。为了对这一复杂流动规律及其对表面温升分布的影响进行讨论, 研究基于温敏漆技术, 得到了在Mach数为6的低湍流度来流条件下, 攻角为10°的圆锥背风面温升分布结果。通过对不同位置、不同方位角处温升分布曲线的分析, 对大攻角下圆锥背风面边界层流动发展过程及不同发展阶段的流动特征进行了讨论。同时, 通过对来流总压的调节, 得到了不同Reynolds数下的圆锥背风面温升分布结果, 总结了Reynolds数对流动的影响规律。研究发现, 高超声速大攻角圆锥背风面边界层流动发展过程中会依次出现层流分离、定常横流涡影响、转捩以及湍流分离与再附等流动特征, 而在不同的Reynolds数下, 各个流动特征产生影响的范围不同, 随着Reynolds数的降低, 层流范围和定常横流涡影响范围均有所增加, 而从观察到横流影响到转捩开始发生的范围基本相同。      

压缩拐角流动中G?rtler涡特性及热流分布实验研究

对高超声速压缩拐角流动中G?rtler涡特性及热流分布进行了实验研究.开发了温敏漆（temperature sensitive paint,TSP）系统,简要介绍了TSP技术的原理、文章所用的TSP涂料的标定曲线、辅助设备参数、实验过程数据后处理过程,采用基于离散Fourier定律的热流算法.研究在Ma=6低噪声风洞中进行,采用TSP技术,得到压缩拐角斜坡板上的热流分布图像,并对高低热流条带现象做出解释,与G?rtler涡有对应关系.通过改变拐角角度及来流参数,获得了不同拐角和单位Reynolds数条件下的热流分布图像,分析得到压缩拐角斜坡上G?rtler涡特性及热流分布在变参数条件下的变化规律.研究发现:当增加拐角角度或增大单位Reynolds数时,G?rtler涡的波长减小,且涡的起始位置更靠近拐角;随单位Reynolds数增加,斜坡上热流值整体增加,热流峰值位置前移;峰值位置后,热流缓慢减小的区域与G?rtler涡位置相对应.      

基于转捩SST模型凸起圆柱绕流数值研究

为了研究局部凸起对边界层转捩的影响,采用转捩SST模型分别对亚临界、临界和超临界状态下带突起的圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,分析了不同Reynolds数下带突起的圆柱绕流问题的近壁面流动特征以及表面时均压力与摩擦力系数的分布和凸起对圆柱表面流动分离以及转捩的影响,对比了有无凸起两侧圆柱表面时均压力、摩擦力系数的不同. 结果表明:当来流Reynolds数处于临界区时,气流在圆柱上表面凸起处形成了3个反向旋转的漩涡,之后随着θ的增大,发生了流动分离和流动转捩现象;对于不同Reynolds数下的来流,圆柱上表面的凸起可以使气流发生转捩的位置提前;圆柱上表面的凸起使流速增大、压强降低,从而导致圆柱产生升力,随着来流Reynolds数的增大,其升力逐渐变大.      

基于Ludwieg管的高超声速边界层转捩实验

高超声速边界层层/湍流转捩是高超声速飞行器气动力和气动热设计中的难点和热点问题.为了降低开展高超声速边界层不稳定性与转捩实验研究的门槛,研究基于Ludwieg管原理设计并建造了一座Mach 6高超声速管风洞,重点对Ludwieg管风洞的启动和运行过程开展了数值模拟,分析了储气段弯管布局对试验段流场的影响;之后,对该高超声速风洞的自由来流品质进行了静态和动态的标定,验证了风洞的设计Mach数,并给出了流场的动态扰动特征;最后,基于7°半张角尖锥标模开展了高超声速边界层转捩实验,通过表面齐平式安装的高频PCB传感器获得边界层不稳定波,分析了高超声速边界层不稳定波的演化特征.以上工作表明,Ludwieg管相对常规高超声速风洞具有建设和运行成本低、运行效率高、流场品质好等优点,适合开展高超声速边界层转捩等基础实验研究.      

某组合体模型气动热数据相关性研究

为进行高超声速气动热数据相关性研究, 选取了一平板-锥组合体模型为研究对象, 开展不同缩比模型的风洞试验, 分别使用3种不同方法进行气动热试验数据的相关性研究.研究结果表明, 使用正激波后Reynolds数Re_ns和修正的黏性干扰系数V*/S_w可以将不同缩比模型不同来流条件下的Stanton数进行较好的关联, Stanton数与正激波后Reynolds数Re_ns成反比例关系, 与修正的黏性干扰系数V*/S_w成正比例关系.最后基于相关性研究结论和理论分析, 提出了一种模型表面传热现象的数学模型.      

三角翼标模摩擦阻力测量的高超声速风洞实验与数据确认

描述了剪切敏感液晶涂层（shear-sensitive liquid crystal coatings,SSLCCs）在高超声速风洞中针对三角翼标模进行表面摩擦阻力（简称摩阻）测量的应用情况.建立了基于剪切敏感液晶涂层光学测量系统,在中国航天空气动力技术研究院FD-07风洞中进行了三角翼摩阻测量实验,给出了三角翼表面摩阻分布数据,表明流场结构的复杂.实验结果证明了此方法进行高超声速摩阻测量的可行性,有效解决了在高超声速流场条件下表面摩阻预测的难题,具有重要的应用价值.      

高超声速椭圆锥边界层横流转捩特性大涡模拟

横流效应显著影响高超声速飞行器的三维边界层转捩过程, 深化对该流动机制的认识有助于提升和改善飞行器气动性能及热力学环境. 针对HIFiRE5椭圆锥绕流问题, 采用大涡模拟方法计算分析了超声速边界层横流转捩特性, 并揭示其中的流动机理. 参考HIFiRE5风洞模型试验条件, 数值模拟中椭圆锥来流入口处施加人工速度扰动以激发边界层内不稳定扰动波, 进而预测了高超声速边界层流动横流失稳、转捩过程等基本流动特征, 并基于转捩热流分布形态对比, 获得了与试验数据基本吻合的计算结果. 研究发现, 椭圆锥中心线流动汇聚形成的流向涡结构非常容易失稳, 另外在中心线及侧缘之间的中部区域存在较强的横流不稳定性, 两种机制共同作用影响边界层转捩过程. 此外, 分析了来流扰动幅值对边界层横流失稳转捩的影响, 并发现静来流条件下, 横流区域出现两组独立的定常横流涡结构, 而强噪声来流条件下, 中心线主涡和中部横流涡均发生失稳转捩, 且在椭圆锥表面形成多峰状的转捩阵面. 最后, 深入分析流场的压力脉动动力学特性, 揭示了三维边界层发生失稳转捩的非线性演化机制.      

展向凹槽及泄流孔对高超声速平板边界层转捩影响的试验研究

针对展向凹槽和泄流孔对高超声速钝平板边界层转捩的影响,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心F2 m激波风洞(FD-14A)开展了试验及初步的计算与理论研究.试验的来流马赫数为6、单位雷诺数为3.3×107/m,平板的前缘半径为1 mm,攻角为–4°.在距平板前缘110 mm处布置三组不同的二维展向凹槽,凹槽的宽度与深度分别为凹槽1(2.5 mm,1 mm)、凹槽2(3.75 mm,1.5 mm)、凹槽3(5 mm,2 mm),同时凹槽1的两端可以打开泄流孔,记为凹槽4,不含凹槽时的光滑平板情况记为凹槽5或平板.采用热流传感器测量了不同情况下平板中心线的热流分布,测量结果显示,光滑平板情况在x≈340 mm处开始转捩,在x≈425 mm处转捩接近完成.凹槽导致平板边界层的转捩位置提前,且随着凹槽宽度及深度的增加,对转捩的促进作用增强,转捩位置向上游移动.凹槽1增加泄流孔后(凹槽4)其热流分布及转捩位置与光滑平板情况基本一致.边界层流动完全转捩为湍流后,各情况下的热流差别较小,表明不同规格的凹槽只影响转捩过程中的热流分布,对转捩完成后的湍流壁面热流影响较小.数值计算(CFD)结果显示,泄流孔导致了被动抽吸,试验结果显示凹槽两端的泄流孔抽吸效应抵消了凹槽对平板中心线边界层转捩的促进作用.采用线性稳定性理论(LST)及最优扰动方法分析了光滑钝平板情况的流动失稳机制.LST结果显示,本文平板流动不存在Mack第一模态、第二模态失稳,因此传统的模态失稳机制无法解释试验中观测到的转捩现象.最优扰动计算显示,平板流动存在较强的非模态失稳,可以定性解释观测到的转捩现象.     

X43高超声速飞行器的飞行热走廊研究

建立飞行器的热走廊物理模型和求解方法对于设计飞行器防热结构、确定飞行轨道和优化气动外形等均有重要的工程应用价值,本文对X43高超声速飞行器的飞行热走廊的物理含义进行了分析,初步建立了飞行热走廊的物理模型,给出了该物理模型下飞行热走廊的控制方程和求解方法,通过对X43高超声速飞行器典型位置的飞行热走廊的计算,研究了高超声速飞行器的热走廊规律和特征,研究了防热材料的性能对飞行走廊的限制,明确了防热材料的关键防热参数,通过研究发现: (1)防热材料的发射系数越大,其对应的热走廊越宽阔,飞行轨道的选择余地也越大; (2)不同位置、不同流态对应的热走廊边界不同,推迟转捩发生可以增加热走廊区域,有利于防热.     

高超声速圆锥边界层转捩实验研究

在高超声速静音风洞内, 通过基于纳米粒子示踪的平面激光散射(nano-tracer-based planar laser scattering, NPLS)技术、高频压力传感器和温敏漆(temperature sensitive paints, TSP)技术开展了0°攻角条件下7°直圆锥高超声速边界层转捩相关实验研究, 得到了圆锥边界层由层流发展至湍流完整过程的NPLS图像, 清晰地展示了第2模态波的"绳状"结构, 尖锥与钝锥边界层的NPLS结果表明尖锥边界层转捩中第2模态波占主导, 而钝锥边界层在转捩前出现波长约为第2模态波波长5倍(甚至更长)、特征频率不高于31 kHz的狭长涡结构; 采用功率谱密度(power spectrum density, PSD)分析、互相关和N值计算对高频脉动压力数据进行分析, 得到了边界层内扰动波的发展规律, 在尖锥和钝锥中均观察到了沿流向第2模态波幅值先增大后减小、特征频率逐渐降低, 低频成分逐渐增加, 表明边界层发展过程中第2模态率先发展达到饱和, 而后逐渐衰减, 而低频模态则逐渐发展; 通过TSP技术得到了不同单位Reynolds数下的圆锥表面温升分布, 结果表明, 随单位Reynolds数增大, 边界层转捩阵面前移.      

Effect of unit Reynolds number on the laminar-turbulent transition on a swept wing in supersonic flow

An experimental study of the influence of unit Reynolds number on the position of laminar-turbulent transition in swept-wing boundary layer at supersonic flow velocities was carried out. In the experiments, a swept-wing model with 3-% circular arc airfoil and 45-deg gliding angle of wing edges was used. The position of the transition was iden-tified using a hot-wire anemometer. It was found that at М = 2 and 2.5, an increase in the unit Reynolds number (Re₁) leads to a transition delay. It was shown that an increase in freestream Mach number and in the level of flow pulsations in the wind-tunnel test section leads to a less pronounced influence of Re1 on the transition position. At a high noise level due to the growth of Mach number or due to the introduction of vortical disturbances, no effect due to unit Reyn-olds number on the transition position was observed.     

Effect of the surface roughness of blunt cone forebody on the position of laminar-turbulent transition

In the present paper, data on the effect of the surface roughness of blunt cone forebody on the position of laminar-turbulent transition are reported. The study was carried out under freestream Mach 5.95. It was found that the roughness position plays a substantial role in the transition process. Critical Reynolds numbers at which the laminar-turbulent transition occurs on the nose-tip of the model were identified. For the first time, hysteresis in transition position was observed.     

Infrared thermography: An optical method in heat transfer and fluid flow visualisation

This paper deals with the evolution of infrared thermography into a powerful optical method to measure wall convective heat fluxes as well as to investigate the surface flow field behaviour over complex geometries. The most common heat-flux sensors, which are normally used for the measurements of convective heat transfer coefficients, are critically reviewed. Since the infrared scanning radiometer leads to the detection of numerous surface temperatures, its use allows taking into account the effects due to tangential conduction along the sensor; different operating methods together with their implementations are discussed. Finally, the capability of infrared thermography to deal with three complex fluid flow configurations is analysed.     

Characteristics of a hyperboloid-flare configuration at high Reynolds numbers

Results on a hyperboloid-flare model tested in a new hypersonic wind tunnel with adiabatic compression AT-303 based at ITAM SB RAS at M_∞ = 10 and 15 and in a wide range of Reynolds numbers are presented. Pressure and heat-flux distributions along the model are compared with data obtained previously in various European hypersonic wind tunnels (Longshot — Belgium, HEG — Germany) and with results of numerical computations. Pressure and heat-flux coefficients measured in the attached flow region are demonstrated to be in good qualitative agreement. Reasons for the differences in results measured in regions of flow separation and reattachment are discussed. Significant viscous effects on characteristics of the flow around the model are demonstrated; a particularly strong effect is exerted on the heat-flux distribution. This fact confirms that it is important to model real Reynolds numbers in wind-tunnel testing of aerospace plane models.     

无限展长后掠翼边界层定常横流不稳定转捩分析

采用γ-Re_θt横流转捩拓展模型对NLF （2）-0415无限展长后掠机翼进行数值模拟,重点分析来流雷诺数、机翼表面粗糙度及后掠角对边界层横流不稳定性的影响.研究发现γ-Re_θt横流转捩拓展模型能够准确预测边界层定常横流不稳定转捩,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好.结果表明来流雷诺数越大、机翼表面越粗糙,横流转捩位置越靠前;随着机翼后掠角的增加,转捩位置先前移随后逐渐靠后.     

高超声速飞行器复杂外形转捩预测

采用k-ω-γ转捩模式对某新型飞行器外形的典型流动特征和边界层失稳特性进行了分析.研究结果表明,横流是影响飞行器大面积转捩的主要因素.随着高度增加,来流Reynolds数减小,迎风面和背风面的转捩起始位置均向下游移动.随着攻角增加,头部附近背风面的展向压力梯度增大,横流效应增强,转捩起始位置向上游移动;另一方面攻角增加导致头部激波增强,波后迎风面密度显著增大,边界层外缘Reynolds数增大,导致迎风面转捩提前发生.0°攻角下背风面中心线附近由压缩面诱导的流动分离导致转捩提前,产生"凸"字型转捩型线,5°攻角时该流动分离发生于转捩之后,"凸"字型转捩型线消失.      

Oscillatory thermal structures in a reattaching jet flow

Spatially varying surface temperature oscillations in a nominally steady reattaching slot jet at a Reynolds number (Re) of 5000 are analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) for two nozzle-to-surface spacings, and three exit openings of the nozzle. The surface temperature data in these experiments were recorded using infrared thermography at a frequency of 20 Hz along two selected lines on the impingement surface corresponding to geometrically similar and dissimilar regions within the reattachment curtain. The magnitude of temperature oscillations were found to increase with an increase in exit opening for the larger nozzle spacing. The POD analysis results indicate that a majority of the temperature flucutations are well captured by 15 dominant modes. In many cases, the three dominant modes accounted for approximately 60 percent of the variance in surface temperature fluctuation.     

Describing Hydrodynamic Particle Removal from Surfaces Using the Particle Reynolds Number

The fundamental processes related to the removal of fine particles from surfaces in a hydrodynamic flow field are not adequately understood. A critical particle Reynolds number approach is proposed to assess these mechanisms for fine particles when surface roughness is small compared to particle diameter. At and above the critical particle Reynolds number, particle removal occurs, while below the critical value, particles remain attached to a surface. The system under consideration consists of glass particles adhering to a glass surface in laminar channel flow. Our results indicate rolling is the removal mechanism, which is in agreement with the literature. Theoretical results of the critical particle Reynolds number model for rolling removal are in general agreement with experimental data when particle size distribution, particle and surface roughness, and system Hamaker constant are taken into account.     

Heat Transfer Study in a Discoidal System: The Influence of an Impinging Jet and Rotation

Abstract

This article presents an experimental study of the local heat transfer on the rotor surface in a discoidal rotor-stator system air-gap in which an air jet comes through the stator and impinges the rotor. To determine the surface temperatures, measurements were taken on the rotor, using an experimental technique based on infrared thermography. A thermal balance was used to identify the local convective heat transfer coefficient. The influence of the axial Reynolds number Re _j and the rotational Reynolds number Re was measured and compared with the data available in the literature. Local convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained for a dimensionless space between the two disks G = 0.01, for Re _j between 0 and 41,666, and for Re between 20,000 and 516,000. The flow data found in the literature can be used to explain the heat transfers in this small space configuration. In fact, the rotating disk can be divided into two influence zones: one dominated by the air jet near the center of the rotor and one affected by both the air jet and rotation. Heat transfers with non zero impinging jets appear to be continuously improved compared to those with no jets, even if the two influence zones mentioned previously are situated differently.