三维切口/裂纹结构的扩展边界元法分析

在线弹性理论中,三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构尖端区域存在多重应力奇异性,常规数值方法不易求解. 本文提出和建立了三维扩展边界元法 (XBEM),用于分析三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场. 先将三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构分为尖端小扇形柱和挖去小扇形柱后的外围结构. 尖端小扇形柱内的位移函数采用自尖端径向距离 $r$ 的渐近级数展开式表达,其中尖端区域的应力奇异指数、位移和应力特征角函数通过插值矩阵法获得. 而级数展开式各项的幅值系数作为基本未知量. 挖去扇形域后的外围结构采用常规边界元法分析. 两者方程联立求解可获得三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场,包括切口/裂纹尖端区域精细的应力场. 扩展边界元法具有半解析法特征,适用于一般三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整位移场和应力场的分析,其解可精细描述从尖端区域到整体结构区域的完整应力场. 作者研制了三维扩展边界元法程序,文中给出了两个算例,通过计算结果分析,表明了扩展边界元法求解三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整应力场的准确性和有效性.      

扩展边界元法分析切口和裂纹结构应力场的准确性

在线弹性理论中,切口/裂纹结构尖端区域存在奇异应力场,数值方法不易求解。本文建立的扩展边界元法(XBEM)对围绕尖端区域位移函数采用自尖端径向距离 的渐近级数展开式表达,其级数项的幅值系数作为基本未知量,而外部区域采用常规边界元法离散方程。两者方程联立求解可获得切口和裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场。扩展边界元法具有半解析法特征,适用于一般的切口和裂纹结构应力场分析,其解可精细描述从尖端区域到整体结构区域的应力场。作者研制了扩展边界元法程序,文中给出了两个算例,通过计算结果分析,表明扩展边界元法求解切口和裂纹结构应力场的准确性和有效性。     

A new boundary element approach of modeling singular stress fields of plane V-notch problems

In this paper, a new boundary element (BE) approach is proposed to determine the singular stress field in plane V-notch structures. The method is based on an asymptotic expansion of the stresses in a small region around a notch tip and application of the conventional BE in the remaining region of the structure. The evaluation of stress singularities at a notch tip is transformed into an eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations that is solved by the interpolating matrix method in order to obtain singularity orders (degrees) and associated eigen-functions of the V-notch. The combination of the eigen-analysis for the small region and the conventional BE analysis for the remaining part of the structure results in both the singular stress field near the notch tip and the notch stress intensity factors (SIFs).Examples are given for V-notch plates made of isotropic materials. Comparisons and parametric studies on stresses and notch SIFs are carried out for various V-notch plates. The studies show that the new approach is accurate and effective in simulating singular stress fields in V-notch/crack structures.     

边界元法计算切口多重应力奇性指数

提出采用边界元法直接计算V形切口的多重应力奇性指数。首先在切口尖端挖出一微小扇形域,在该域边界列常规边界积分方程,后将扇形域内的位移场和应力场表示成关于切口尖端距离ρ的渐近级数展开式,回代入切口边界积分方程,离散后得到关于切口奇性指数的代数特征方程,从而求解获得V形切口的应力奇性指数。该法避免了常规边界元法和有限元法在切口尖端附近布置细密单元的缺陷,并可同时求得多阶应力奇性指数。     

V形切口应力强度因子的一种边界元分析方法

将V形切口结构分成围绕切口尖端的小扇形和剩余结构两部分. 尖端处扇形域应力场表示成关于尖端距离$\rho$的渐近级数展开式,从线弹性理论方程推导出了一组分析平面V形切口奇异性的常微分方程特征值问题,通过求解特征方程,得到前若干个奇性指数和相应的特征向量. 再将切口尖端的位移和应力表示为有限个奇性阶和特征向量的组合. 然后用边界元法分析挖去小扇形后的剩余结构. 将位移和应力的线性组合与边界积分方程联立,求解获得切口根部区域的应力场、应力幅值系数和整体结构的位移和应力. 从而准确计算出平面V形切口的奇异应力场和应力强度因子.      

利用边界单元法求平面问题应力强度因子K_I的应力-位移杂交法

本文提出用裂尖附近2点或3点的应力和位移计算应力强度因子K_I的杂交方法.这种方法充分利用了边界单元法的计算结果,考虑了裂尖应力场和位移场渐近展开式的高阶项,使用远离裂尖的点算出的K_I也有较好的精度,拟合线十分平坦.用算例的结果将杂交法与一般的位移法和应力法进行了比较,同时,对常量单元和线性单元也进行了比较.     

含裂纹板壳及三维裂纹体断裂问题研究进展

Ⅰ.前言由于灾难性工程断裂事故时有发生,工程结构安全性评定引起人们的极大关注。1982年美国Battelle实验室在关于断裂损失的首次综合考察中提出,材料的断裂以及为防止这类破坏所作的努力,使美国工业每年耗费达1190亿美元,相当于国家总产值的4%。但在不增加断裂危险情况下,加强检查、维护和修理,约有29%的断裂耗费可以避免。利用断裂力学的研究成果改进材料制造工艺和加强焊接过程的质量控制,可使每年耗费再减少24%。因      

Stress field at a tip of a prefabricated spiral V-notch

Based on the tranditional V-notched blasting, a technique of spirally V-notched blasting to loosen earth and rock was presented. Fracture mechanics and Westergaard stress function were adopted to build a complex stress function to derive the plane stress and strain fields at one tip of the crack under a quasi-static pressure. An expression was formulated to define the stress intensity factor of spiral V-notch loosen blasting. Factors that have effects on the stress intensity factor were studied. It is demonstrated that spiral V-notch loosen blasting is an extension of vertical V-notch blasting, straight cracking, and alike theories.     

两相材料V形切口应力强度因子边界元分析

建立了边界元法计算两相材料粘结V形切口奇异应力场的新途径。在V形切口尖端挖出一小扇形,将该扇形弧线边界的位移和面力表示为有限项奇性指数和特征角函数的线性组合,其组合系数即为广义应力强度因子,将该组合回代到在被挖去小扇形后的剩余结构内建立的边界积分方程,离散后可求解出组合系数,获得两相材料粘结V形切口尖端的应力强度因子。算例证明了本文方法的有效性。     

Equivalence of the notch stress intensity factor,tip opening displacement and energy release rate for a sharp V-notch

For an infinite elastic plane with a sharp V-notch under the action of symmetrically loading at infinity, the length of crack initiation ahead of the V-notch’s tip is estimated according to a modified Griffith approach. Applying a new conservation integral to the perfectly plastic strip (Dugdale model) ahead of the V-notch’s tip, the relationship between notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) and notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) is presented. Also, the relationship between NSIF and perfectly plastic strip size (PPSS) is found. Since there are three fracture parameters (NSIF, NTOD, and PPSS) with changeable notch opening angle in two basic relationships, it is necessary to select one critical parameter with changeable notch opening angle or two independent critical parameters, respectively. With the help of a characteristic length, it is found by this new conservation integral that the NSIF, NTOD and energy release rate are equivalent in the case of small-scale yielding. Especially, the characteristic length possesses clear physical meaning and, for example, depends on both the critical NSIF and SIF or both the NTOD and CTOD, respectively, in which SIF and CTOD are from the tip of a crack degenerated from the sharp V-notch. The dependence of NSIF on NTOD and PPSS is presented according to the equivalence, and the critical NSIF depending on the critical NTOD with a notch opening angle is also predicted.     

内部压力作用下矩形板中源于椭圆孔的分支裂纹应力强度因子的一种数值分析

应用一种边界元方法来研究内部压力作用下矩形板中源于椭圆孔的分支裂纹。该边界元方法由Crouch与Starfied建立的常位移不连续单元和笔者最近提出的裂尖位移不连续单元构成。在该边界元方法的实施过程中,左、右裂尖位移不连续单元分别置于裂纹的左、右裂尖处,而常位移不连续单元则分布于除了裂尖位移不连续单元占据的位置之外的整个裂纹面及其它边界。本数值结果进一步证实这种数值方法对计算有限大板中复杂裂纹的应力强度因子的有效性,同时该数值结果可以揭示裂纹体几何对应力强度因子的影响。     

平面幂律塑性Ⅰ型裂纹尖端应力场全解

在航空航天、船舶、石油管道和核电等领域,服役结构或部件在长期极端条件下运行,不可避免地会产生裂纹,因此,为研究含裂纹结构的准静态断裂行为,必须了解裂纹尖端附近区域的应力应变场特点.对于幂律材料裂纹构元,研究平面应变和平面应力条件下Ⅰ型裂纹尖端应力场的解析分布.基于能量密度等效和量纲分析,推导了能量密度中值点代表性体积单元(representative volume element, RVE)的等效应力解析方程,并定义其为应力因子,进而针对有限平面应变和平面应力紧凑拉伸(compact tension, CT)试样和单边裂纹弯曲(single edge bend, SEB)试样,以应力因子作为应力特征量,并构造用于表征裂尖等效应力等值线的蝶翅轮廓式和扇贝轮廓式三角特殊函数,提出描述幂律塑性条件下平面I型裂纹尖端应力场的半解析模型.该半解析模型形式简单,对CT和SEB试样的裂尖应力场的预测结果与有限元分析的结果比较表明,两者之间均密切吻合,模型公式可直接用于预测Ⅰ型裂纹尖端应力分布,方便于断裂安全评价和理论发展.     

Matched asymptotic expansions in nonlinear fracture mechanics—I. longitudinal shear of an elastic perfectly-plastic specimen

A method of analysis based upon matched asymptotic expansions is proposed for a cracked specimen which is subjected to longitudinal shear (mode III) loading. This gives the small-scale yielding estimate of linear fracture mechanics as a first approximation, and provides systematic refinements which take account of the nonlinear interaction between the elastic and the plastic regions. Explicit solutions can be generated for any specimen which is amenable to a linear elastic analysis. Fracture parameters, such as crack opening displacement and the Jintegral, are expressed as power series in the ratio of applied stress to yield stress, and three terms are given explicitly. These are defined from linear elastic solutions alone. The edge-cracked strip and cracking from a semi-circular notch are studied as examples. Comparison with an exact solution for the former geometry suggests that the three-term expansions give useful results up to 75 % of limit load. The latter example is new and shows the effect of a notch on a crack at loads beyond the normal range of validity of linear elastic fracture mechanics.     

插值矩阵法分析双材料平面V形切口奇异阶

对二维V形切口问题提出奇异阶分析的一个新方法.首先,以V形切口尖端附近位移场沿其径向渐近展开为基础,将其线弹性理论控制方程转换成切口尖端附近关于周向变量的常微分方程组特征值问题,然后将数值求解两点边值问题的插值矩阵法进一步拓展为求解一般常微分方程组特征值问题,插值矩阵法是在离散节点上采用微分方程中待求函数的最高阶导数作为基本未知量.由此,V形切口的应力奇性阶问题通过插值矩阵法获得,同时相应的切口附近位移场和应力场特征向量一并求出.     

Higher order fields for damaged nonlinear antiplane shear notch, crack and inclusion problems

Damaged nonlinear antiplane shear problems with a variety of singularities are studied analytically. A deformation plasticity theory coupled with damage is employed in analysis. The effect of microscopic damage is considered in terms of continuum damage mechanics approach. An exact solution for the general damaged nonlinear singular antiplane shear problem is derived in the stress plane by means of a hodograph transformation, then corresponding higher order asymptotic solutions are obtained by reversing the stress plane solution to the physical plane. As example, traction free sharp notch and crack, rigid sharp wedge and flat inclusion, and mixed boundary sharp notch problems are investigated, respectively. Consequently, higher order fields are obtained, in which analytical expressions of the dominant and second order singularity exponents and angular distribution functions of the near tip fields are derived. Effects of the damage and hardening exponents of materials and the geometric angle of notch/wedge on the near tip quantities are discussed in detail. It is found that damage leads to a weaker dominant singularity of stress, but to little stronger singularities of the dominant and second order terms of strain compared to that for undamaged material. It is also seen that damage has important effect on the angular distribution functions of the near tip stress and strain fields. As special cases, higher order analytical solutions of the crack and rigid flat inclusion tip fields are obtained, respectively, by reducing the notch/wedge tip solutions. Effects of damage and hardening exponents on the dominant and second order terms in the solutions of the crack and inclusion tip fields are discussed.     

Rectangular tensile sheet with a center notch root crack

This paper deals with the rectangular tensile sheet with a center notch crack. Such a crack problem is called a center notch crack problem for short. By using a hybrid displacement discontinuity method (a boundary element method) proposed recently by Yan, two center notch models are analyzed in detail. By changing the geometrical forms and parameters of the center notch, and by comparing the SIFs of the center notch crack problem with those of the center cracked plate tension specimen (CCT), which is a model frequently used in fracture mechanics, the effect of the geometrical forms and parameters of the center notch on the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of the center cracked plate tension specimen, is revealed. Some geometric characterestic parameters are introduced here, which are used to formulate the notch length and the branch crack length, which are to be determined in mechanical machining of the center cracked plate tension specimen. So we can say that the geometric characterestic parameters and the formulae used to determine the notch length and the branch crack length presented in this paper perhaps have some guidance role for mechanical machining of the center cracked plate tension specimen. In addition, the numerical investigation proves that the conventional angular notched specimen is much less sensitive to the size of notch than is the circular notched specimen.     

基于非协调元特征法的奇异性问题分析

提出了一个基于位移的、分析平面尖劈尖端奇性应力场和位移场问题的非协调FE特征分析法．该方法与过去原有求解裂纹尖端近似场的有限元特征分析方法导出公式的出发点不同，并且采用的单元形式为非协调元，尖劈尖端邻域内的位移场假定没有采用奇异变换技术，运用该方法处理了若干尖劈和接头的算例，所有的计算结果表明，该方法较原有方法使用的单元少而且精度高，具有应用广泛性。     

Contour integrals for mixed-mode crack analysis: effect of nonsingular terms

An integral formulation for computing the nonsingular stresses (NSS) in a cracked body under mixed-mode static and dynamic loads is presented. The reciprocity theorems are applied to find the integral formula. The auxiliary fields are selected to eliminate the singular terms in the asymptotic expansion of the stresses near the crack tip. For elastodynamic crack problems, the integral representation of the NSS is presented in both the time and Laplace transform domain. Required variables along the integration path and region enclosed by the integration contour are obtained from the boundary element analysis. Influence of the NSS on predicting the crack growth direction is investigated for cracks under mixed-mode load conditions.     

角度非均匀材料平面V形切口应力奇性分析

提出了一种确定角度非均匀材料平面V形切口尖端应力奇性指数的有效方法。首先,在弹性力学基本方程中引入V形切口尖端位移场的级数渐近展开,建立以位移为特征函数的变系数和非线性微分方程组。然后,采用微分求积法(DQM)求解微分方程组,可得到多阶应力奇性指数及其相对应的特征函数,该法具有公式简单、编程方便、计算量少和精度高等优点,可处理任意开口角度和任意材料组合的V形切口。典型算例验证了微分求积法的有效性和精确性。     

An effective boundary element method for analysis of crack problems in a plane elastic plate

A simple and effective boundary element method for stress intensity factor calculation for crack problems in a plane elastic plate is presented. The boundary element method consists of the constant displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfield and the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by YAN Xiangqiao. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack-tip displacement discontinuity element was placed locally at the corresponding left or right each crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. Test examples (i. e. , a center crack in an infinite plate under tension, a circular hole and a crack in an infinite plate under tension) are included to illustrate that the numerical approach is very simple and accurate for stress intensity factor calculation of plane elasticity crack problems. In addition, specifically, the stress intensity factors of branching cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate under biaxial loads were analysed. These numerical results indicate the present numerical approach is very effective for calculating stress intensity factors of complex cracks in a 2-D finite body, and are used to reveal the effect of the biaxial loads and the cracked body geometry on stress intensity factors.