Reflection and transmission of the unequal mirrors interference wedge

Some interesting features of the interference wedge of thickness 5–200 m are found which characterize its reflection and transmission when it is constructed of unequal-reflectivity mirrors. The analysis of the wedge's behaviour is made using equations derived by us for restricted laser beam illumination on the assumption of truncated Gaussian amplitude distribution and uniform phase distribution. It is shown that at resonant wavelengths the unequal-reflectivity mirrors interference wedge has a property of optical asymmetry in reflection for both contraincidences and that the earlier-reported phenomenon of spectrally controlled resurgence of light outside the nonresonantly reflected beam increases drastically to reach at resonance 60–70% of the reflected power. We ascertained that the wedge spectral selectivity is a function of the product of the reflectivities of its mirrors. Keeping one of them fixed and increasing the other, a higher wedge transmission may be obtained, but for a constant value of their product a maximum in transmission is achieved at equal reflectivities. Some of the dependences obtained have been checked experimentally.     

High-stability single-frequency green laser with a wedge Nd:YVO4 as a polarizing beam splitter

The effect of the large power depletion of the fundamental wave in the phase-matched polarization on the stability of the second-harmonic wave output from an intracavity frequency-doubled ring laser is discussed. It has been demonstrated that the instability resulting from the unbalanced power depletion of the fundamental waves can be eliminated by using a wedge laser rod. The function dependence of the wedge angle and the laser power is concluded. An intracavity frequency-doubled ring laser with a wedge Nd:YVO₄ laser crystal and a LBO doubler is designed and built. Comparing with similar lasers but without using the wedge laser crystal, the frequency-conversion efficiency, the power stability and the polarization purity of the second-harmonic wave output from the laser with a wedge laser rod are significantly improved. The single-frequency green laser of 6.5 W at 532 nm, with the polarization degree more than 500:1 and the power stability better than ±0.3% for 3 h, was experimentally achieved.     

提高深紫外光刻照明系统扩束单元光束均匀性的方法

在曝光线宽为90nm节点的投影光刻机照明系统中,针对准分子激光光源扩束后出射光束均匀性较差的问题,用高斯光束边缘叠加能够提高均匀性的原理对反射式扩束单元进行了分析。结果表明,平行反射式扩束单元出射光束之间叠加尺寸与反射板某区域透射率存在矛盾,制约了照明光束均匀性的提高。为此,提出了非平行反射扩束镜组,推导了出射光束尺寸、叠加子光束个数与两反射镜楔角之间的关系式,确定了楔角的取值范围和扩束单元的结构形式。通过建模分析,验证了设计的扩束单元在实现光束一维扩束的同时,不仅减小了叠加光束的干涉散斑效应,还提高了光束均匀性。     

Method and Experiments of Linearly Splitting He-Ne Laser Modes

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Wavelength-scalable micro-fabricated wedge for generation of optical vortex beam in optical manipulation

An optical wedge phase plate is fabricated for the study of vortex beam generation in optical manipulation. It is demonstrated that the wedge phase element provides scalability for generating the vortex beam at different wavelengths as long as the incident beam size is adjusted accordingly. The presence of singularity for different wavelengths and the associated orbital angular momentum are confirmed experimentally in optical manipulation. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. PACS 41.85.Ct; 42.82.Cr     

会聚激光扫描铌酸锂晶体写入光波导时的最佳曝光间距

对利用激光精细加工技术在铌酸锂(LiNbO₃)晶体中写入光波导时的最佳曝光间距进行了详细地理论分析和实验研究.通过数值求解简化后的光折变动力学方程组，对会聚激光束沿不同方向扫描晶体时的最佳曝光间距进行了详细的数值模拟.结果表明：最佳曝光间距的选取与写入光束的扫描方向无关；当聚焦激光束平行于光轴扫描晶体时，得不到波导结构，但可以采用“三明治”辐照方式得到对称的折射率分布.采用会聚的绿激光束扫描掺铁铌酸锂(LiNbO₃：Fe)晶体进行了实验研究，晶体中的光致折射率变 关键词： 激光精细加工 最佳曝光间距 光波导 3晶体')" href="#">LiNbO₃晶体     

激光雷达系统快速准直的方法和光学装置

 研制了一种能够方便、快速调节激光雷达收发光路准直的光学装置,分析了装置楔角的选取要求、准直误差及其相应的矫正方法。该装置结构简单,主要由两个楔形光学平板组成,通过电机转动两个楔板可使出射光束方向在一定范围内任意改变,该调节范围由楔板的楔角和折射率决定。利用折射定律,严格推导了装置中两个楔形光学平板的旋转角度与出射光束方向之间的关系。提出了将该光学装置插入到激光雷达发射光路,采用螺旋式粗扫、圆形和径向细扫相结合的光束扫描方式实现对激光雷达准直的方法,并给出了系统准直调节过程中的判断准则和具体的准直步骤。     

Contactless Transfer of an Angular Momentum to a Liquid Layer Using a Scanning Laser Beam

The contactless transfer of an angular momentum to a liquid layer using a scanning laser beam has been experimentally investigated. This effect is observed for a glassy carbon target placed in water and irradiated by a pulsed laser beam, scanning the target along a closed trajectory. The target rotates in the same direction as the laser beam if the water layer is thin and in the opposite direction in the case of thick water layer. The possibility of transferring an angular momentum to liquid in the absence of target is demonstrated. The effect observed is interpreted as the result of joint action of convective flows and thermocapillary convection, which are induced in the liquid by laser heating.     

Isochronic and isodispersive carrier-envelope phase-shift compensators

The design of mixed wedge pairs for control of the carrier-envelope phase of femtosecond laser pulses is discussed. The wedge pairs can be designed in such a way that they practically only compensate for the difference between group and phase delay, but leave either the group delay or the dispersion of the wedge assembly constant. Such isochronous or isodispersive compensators can be used for intracavity as well as for extracavity applications. Other side effects, such as the residual angular dispersion of the wedge pair are considered, and it is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that material combinations exist that even enable a good compromise in reducing practically all disturbing side effects. Based on the two commonly available Schott glasses N-BK10 and N-PK51, a compensator assembly is experimentally tested inside a 10-fs Ti:sapphire oscillator. It is found that undesired variations of the laser repetition rate are reduced by a factor 50 compared to a set of identical silica wedges.     

Lepton pair production in high-frequency laser fields

The production of electron-positron and muon-antimuon pairs in high-frequency laser fields via few-photon absorption is considered. It is assumed that an intense X-ray laser beam collides either with a relativistic ion beam or with a second, equally intense laser beam. We study the generation of free e ⁺ e ^? pairs, free μ⁺μ^? pairs, and bound-free e ⁺ e ^? pairs where in the latter case the electron is born in a low-lying atomic orbit of the projectile nucleus. Effects resulting from the finite nuclear size, the laser’s polarization state, and its magnetic field component are examined, which are testable experimentally by virtue of upcoming X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) devices.     

Investigation of magnetohydrodymamic interaction in a supersonic air flow at <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> = 8

The influence of magnetohydrodynamic interaction localized before a model on the position of a shock wave attached to a wedge is experimentally and numerically investigated. The investigation is carried out in an air flow with a Mach number of 8. It is shown that, for a hydromagnetic interaction parameter on the order of 0.1, the slope angle of the shock wave can be increased by 10°. Experiments are conducted for the case when the flow is ionized by an electron beam or by a pulsed electric discharge. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained for both ways of ionization if the Joule heating of the gas is insignificant. The conclusion is drawn that the way of providing a nonequilibrium conductivity of the flow has a minor effect on the position of the oblique shock wave near the wedge with the hydromagnetic interaction parameter being the same.     

Tuning of dye lasers with a reflecting Fizeau wedge

The reflecting properties of the Fizeau interferometer are used to obtain efficient spectral condensation and tuning of short pulse dye lasers. It is pointed out that the formation of multibeam interference fringes with a divergent beam leads to angular dispersion and resurgence of a part of the beam outside the impact area, which can be used to obtain selective feedback in a laser cavity. With a single Fizeau wedge used as a mirror in a 2 ns pulse laser, a linewidth of 0.01 nm is obtained and the tuning range is of the order of 10 nm. The Fizeau wedge mirror also permits an easy switch from a broadband laser emission to a tunable narrow line or to a tunable narrow hole in a broadband laser spectrum.     

Wedge cutting of mild steel by CO2 laser and cut-quality assessment in relation to normal cutting

In some applications, laser cutting of wedge surfaces cannot be avoided in sheet metal processing and the quality of the end product defines the applicability of the laser-cutting process in such situations. In the present study, CO₂ laser cutting of the wedge surfaces as well as normal surfaces (normal to laser beam axis) is considered and the end product quality is assessed using the international standards for thermal cutting. The cut surfaces are examined by the optical microscopy and geometric features of the cut edges such as out of flatness and dross height are measured from the micrographs. A neural network is introduced to classify the striation patterns of the cut surfaces. It is found that the dross height and out of flatness are influenced significantly by the laser output power, particularly for wedge-cutting situation. Moreover, the cut quality improves at certain value of the laser power intensity.     

Airy beam laser

A method to design lasers that emit an arbitrary beam profile is studied. In these lasers, output-coupling is performed by a diffraction grating that imposes a phase and amplitude distribution onto the diffracted light. A solid-state laser emitting beams with a two-dimensional Airy intensity profile is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. In this case, the diffraction grating adds a transverse cubic phase to the diffracted light. An Airy beam is obtained by performing optical Fourier transform of the out-coupled light. The laser beam profile and power characteristics are shown to agree with theory.     

栅扫描重离子束治癌束流配送系统对运动靶区的适形放疗(Ⅱ)可行性实验

在栅扫描束流配送系统下, 进行了重离子束对运动靶体进行适形照射的可行性实验研究. 利用实时修正束流扫描参数的方法, 使得束流追踪靶体在横向上的运动; 在纵向上利用一个机械驱动的束流降能装置(称深度扫描器)迅速调节束流 能量, 使得重离子束高剂量的Bragg峰区落在运动靶体需治疗的断层之上. 实验结果表明: 栅扫描器主动补偿靶体横向运动及深度扫描器补偿靶体纵向运动是可行的.     

Experiments and analysis of gold disk targets irradiated by smoothing beams of Xingguang II facilities with 350 nm wavelength

Gold disk targets were irradiated using focusing and beam smoothing methods on Xingguang (XG-II) laser facilities with 350 nm wavelength, 0.6 ns pulse width and 20-80 Joules energies. Laser absorption, light scattering and X-ray conversion were experimentally investigated. The experimental results showed that laser absorption and scattered light were about 90% and 10%, respectively, under focusing irradiation, but the laser absorption increased 5%-10% and the scattered light about 1% under the condition of beam smoothing. Compared with the case of focusing irradiation, the laser absorption was effectively improved and the scattered light remarkably dropped under uniform irradiation; then due to the decrease in laser intensity, X-ray conversion increased. This is highly advantageous to the inertial confinement fusion. However, X-ray conversion mechanism basically did not change and X-ray conversion efficiency under beam smoothing and focusing irradiation was basically the same.     

温度、湿度及压强对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

从实验上研究了不同大气环境(温度、湿度、气压)条件下532 nm激光在水中的衰减特性. 实验结果显示大气环境对激光的衰减系数有着重要的影响. 衰减系数随大气压强的增加而减小, 随温度的增加而增加, 最大衰减系数出现在最高水温和最低气压条件下. 当气压低并且温度高时, 衰减系数最大, 最大衰减系数值是最小衰减系数的三倍.在实验测量的基础上, 详细分析了大气环境影响激光衰减特性的物理机理, 研究结果对分析布里渊激光雷达海洋遥感探测具有重要意义.     

Output characteristics of right angle cone mirror cavity laser

The anti-misalignment stability and output characteristics of the right angle cone cavity laser are experimentally studied. When the misalignment angle of the cone mirror turns to 46.8 minutes, the single-pulse output energy of the plano-cone cavity laser decreases 24% and the near-field beam patterns have little change; as for the beam directional stability, when the measuring place stands 3.12 m in front of the output mirror, the near-field beam patterns of the plano-cone laser are located at the primary places until the misalignment angle of the cone mirror turns to 18 minutes. These results show that the plano-cone cavity laser has better performances in comparison with the plano-concave cavity laser. The analytical results of the mode instrument are also obtained, which show that the near-field beam intensity distribution of the plano-cone mirror cavity laser is near to the plane wave.     

Observation of wedge waves and their mode transformation by laser ultrasonic technique

Wedge waves (WWs) in wedges, including their dispersion characteristics and mode transformation, are investigated using the laser ultrasound technique. Pulsed laser excitation and optical deflection beam method for detection are used to record WWs. Numerous WWs are detected by scanning the excitation laser along the wedge tip. Dispersions of WWs are obtained by using the two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transformation method, and different WW orders are revealed on the wedges. Mode transformation is determined by fixing the distance between the excitation and detection position, as well as by scanning the samples along the normal direction of the wedge tip.